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PubMed1978

A social information processing approach to job attitudes and task design.

This article outlines a social information processing approach to explain job attitudes. In comparison with need-satisfaction and expectancy models to job attitudes and motivation, the social information processing perspective emphasizes the effects of context and the consequences of past choices, rather than individual predispositions and rational decision-making processes. When an individual develops statements about attitude or needs, he or she uses social information--information about past behavior and about what others think. The process of attributing attitudes or needs from behavior is itself affected by commitment processes, by the saliency and relevance of information, and by the need to develop socially acceptable and legitimate rationalizations for actions. Both attitudes and need statements, as well as characterizations of jobs, are affected by informational social influence. The implications of the social information processing perspective for organization development efforts and programs of job redesign are discussed.

Attitude↗

PubMed1994

The relationship between information processing and language production.

We explored the relationships between information processing and language in order to further the understanding of language disturbances in psychiatric patients. To assess the impact of reduced processing capacity on language, 50 undergraduates completed an interview concurrent with a category monitoring task and a control interview without a concurrent task. Syntactic complexity, verbosity, and pause patterns were all disrupted by a reduction in processing capacity. In addition, individual differences in syntactic complexity and information processing were significantly associated, even after accounting for verbal intelligence. We discuss the relevance of the results for understanding language disturbances in psychopathology and hypothesize that a reduction in processing capacity may underlie the decreased syntactic complexity, decreased verbal output, and increased pause length found in schizophrenia.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

Relationship between SCR, heart rate and information processing.

This study was designed to investigate the relationship between the amount of information processing in concept learning (CL) and autonomic physiological activity as measured by skin conductance response (SCR). Heart rate (HR) was also measured. Two conceptual rules were used: a conjunctive and an inclusive disjunctive concept. The results indicated that the SCR rose with increasing amount of information processing at the feedback during CL. Furthermore, it was shown that SCR increased with increasing difficulty of the conceptual rule. HR appeared not to vary with amount of information processing, nor with type of concept. In the conjunctive series, however, there was a significant difference between HR at stimulus presentation and HR at feedback.

Concept Formation↗

PubMed1984

Social information processing in child psychiatric populations.

This study examined three kinds of social information-processing deficits in child psychiatric populations. The deficits studied were response decision biases, hostile attributional biases, and cue-utilization deficiencies. Subjects were diagnosed as hyperactive/aggressive (H/A) (n = 24), exclusively hyperactive (n = 14), exclusively aggressive (n = 14), psychiatric control (n = 23), and normal control (NC) (n = 60) boys according to procedures suggested by Loney and Milich (1982). They were administered several tasks to solicit information-processing patterns. The H/A group was found to be deficient in all three areas assessed, relative to the NC group. They were also deficient in response decisions and cue-utilization, relative to the other three groups of psychiatrically referred boys. Discriminant function analyses demonstrated that the H/A group displayed a distinct processing pattern. These results were found to be relevant to the study of behavior disorders, to social information processing theory, and to intervention efforts with these boys.

Aggression↗

PubMed1981

On the locus of age differences in visual information processing.

Age differences in visual information processing were investigated in a study of monoptic backward masking. Young (18 to 22) and old (58 to 73) adults were tested in three experiments utilizing both a random visual noise and a pattern (fragments) mask, with two-letter combinations serving as target stimuli. Critical target duration needed to escape masking was measured at several mask durations in Exps. 1 and 2; critical interstimulus interval was assessed at several target durations in Exp. 3. With random noise as the mask, a small but reliable age difference was seen across the range of mask or target durations, supporting previous reports of age difference in peripheral processing. With the pattern mask as the masking stimulus, there was mixed evidence for age differences in central processing. Such age effects were clearest in Exp. 3 in which the role of luminance summation had been reduced. Control procedures in Exps. 1 and 2 tended to eliminate evidence for central masking. Results are discussed in terms of the magnitude of age differences in peripheral and central processing and in terms of procedural artifacts of previous research.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Information processing and PTSD: a review of the empirical literature.

This article reviews a series of studies that have utilized information-processing paradigms with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) populations. The review suggests that pretrauma measures of intelligence (IQ) are predictive of the development of PTSD symptoms following trauma. There is also evidence of impaired performance on standardized tests of memory (independent of IQ) in PTSD populations. PTSD populations are found to exhibit deficits in memory function that may be due to hippocampus damage secondary to excessive neuroendocrine responses to conditioned stimuli. In addition, individuals with PTSD evince an attentional bias towards trauma-related stimuli at postrecognition stages of information processing. The review also includes that there is insufficient evidence to either support, or reject, the theoretical proposition that PTSD patients are sensitive to global valence effects at the earliest stages of information processing relative to traumatized non-PTSD populations. Finally, there is some evidence to suggest that the processes associated with autobiographical memory in PTSD populations are similar to those seen in depression. The implications of these findings for the behavioral and cognitive treatment of PTSD are discussed. Directions for future research with such paradigms are also discussed in light of contemporary information processing theories of PTSD.

Attention↗

PubMed1981

Information processing dysfunction in paranoid schizophrenia: a two-factor deficit.

The authors investigated information processing in schizophrenia by studying 30 paranoid schizophrenic patients and 30 depressed inpatients. The basic methodology relied on tachistoscopic presentation of stimuli. First, the critical stimulus duration needed for identification of a target stimulus was determined. Second, when the target stimulus was followed by a masking stimulus, a measure of speed of information processing was obtained. The schizophrenic patients were imparied on input factors and speed of processing. The authors think it is unlikely that the results were due to medication effect or to gross psychopathology. Their discussion centers on how this two-factor deficit in information processing may result in cognitive disruption and how this study relates to other investigations.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Memory and verbal learning functions in twins with bipolar-I disorder, and the role of information-processing speed.

BACKGROUND: Euthymic bipolar-I disorder (BP I) patients and their siblings have shown impairments in verbal learning and memory functions compared with controls, suggesting that these impairments may be genetic in origin. Reduced information-processing speed has been associated with impaired memory in the elderly, and recently in schizophrenia. The authors compared verbal learning and memory functioning in twins with BP I and co-twins to control twins, and examined whether the observed deficits are related to information-processing speed. METHOD: Finnish Medical and Population Registers and Twin Cohorts were used to identify the BP I and control twins. Neuropsychological tests assessing verbal learning and memory, working memory, facial recognition, visual memory, and information-processing speed were administered to 26 BP I twins, 19 non-bipolar co-twins, and 114 controls. Group differences were analyzed by generalized estimation equation modeling. RESULTS: BP I patients, but not co-twins, showed impairments in all memory tests compared with controls. Female co-twins showed impairment in verbal learning and memory. Information-processing speed had a significant effect on encoding and learning efficiency. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed for the first time that information-processing speed is related to memory functioning and verbal learning in BP I in a population-based, representative and euthymic sample. Furthermore, the data support the view that defects in verbal memory may be related to the genetic factors predisposing to BP I in females.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Further argument for the existence of a pacemaker in the human information processing system.

To support the idea that temporal information processing may depend on an internal clock, Treisman et al. proposed a pacemaker model (Treisman, M., Faulkner, A., Naish, P.L.N., Brogan, D., 1990. The internal clock: Evidence for a temporal oscillator underlying time perception with some estimates of its characteristics frequency. Perception 19, 705-743.) and a technique for interfering with it by introducing an external periodic phenomenon. Experimental results obtained by these authors on time estimation and production tasks support this model. In another study, Treisman et al. established that the pacemaker also affects reaction times (RT) (Treisman, M., Faulkner, A., Naish, P.L.N., 1992. On the relation between time perception and the timing of motor action: Evidence for a temporal oscillator controlling the timing of movement. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 45A, 235-263.). In the present study, we addressed the question as to which information processing stage (Sanders, A.F., 1980. Stage analysis of reaction process, In: Stelmach, G.E., Requin, J. (Eds.). Tutorials in motor behavior. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 331-354.) is affected by this internal clock. For this purpose, we used the Additive Factors Method (Sternberg, S., 1969. The discovery of processing stages: Extension of Donder's method. In: Koster, W.G. (Ed.). Attention and Performance II. Acta Psychologica 30, 276-315.). To vary sensorial processing time, we used two visual stimulus intensities. Stimulus-response mapping was manipulated to enhance central processing time. To modify the duration of the motor stages, the two responses could be given by two fingers on the same hand (right ring vs. middle finger) or by two fingers of the different hands (right ring vs. left middle finger). Intensity of the stimulus, stimulus-response mapping, and repertoire of responses were found to be additive. We obtained RT modulations similar to those obtained by Treisman et al. in 1992. No first order interactions were observed between the periodical phenomenon and the other manipulated factors but only a third order one. Two possible interpretations of these results are proposed.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Contribution of amygdalar and lateral hypothalamic neurons to visual information processing of food and nonfood in monkey.

Visual information processing was investigated in the inferotemporal cortical (ITCx)-amygdalar (AM)-lateral hypothalamic (LHA) axis which contributes to food-nonfood discrimination. Neuronal activity was recorded from monkey AM and LHA during discrimination of sensory stimuli including sight of food or nonfood. The task had four phases: control, visual, bar press, and ingestion. Of 710 AM neurons tested, 220 (31.0%) responded during visual phase: 48 to only visual stimulation, 13 (1.9%) to visual plus oral sensory stimulation, 142 (20.0%) to multimodal stimulation and 17 (2.4%) to one affectively significant item. Of 669 LHA neurons tested, 106 (15.8%) responded in the visual phase. Of 80 visual-related neurons tested systematically, 33 (41.2%) responded selectively to the sight of any object predicting the availability of reward, and 47 (58.8%) responded nondifferentially to both food and nonfood. Many of AM neuron responses were graded according to the degree of affective significance of sensory stimuli (sensory-affective association), but responses of LHA food responsive neurons did not depend on the kind of reward indicated by the sensory stimuli (stimulus-reinforcement association). Some AM and LHA food responses were modulated by extinction or reversal. Dynamic information processing in ITCx-AM-LHA axis was investigated by reversible deficits of bilateral ITCx or AM by cooling. ITCx cooling suppressed discrimination by vision responding AM neurons (8/17). AM cooling suppressed LHA responses to food (9/22). We suggest deep AM-LHA involvement in food-nonfood discrimination based on AM sensory-affective association and LHA stimulus-reinforcement association.

Affect↗

PubMed1995

Rate of information processing in patients with Wilson's disease.

This study investigated the rate of information processing, independent of motor speed, in neurologically affected Wilson's disease (WD) patients. Two scanning tasks based on the Sternberg item-recognition paradigm were administered to 17 neurologically symptomatic WD patients and 17 normal control (NC) subjects. Although WD subjects do have longer response latencies than NC subjects, their rate of information processing is the same as the rate of the NC subjects. The longer response latencies are attributable to their motor deficits. The clear impact of motor impairment on test performance underlines the necessity for specialized assessment measures that can accurately reflect the cognitive abilities of motor-impaired patients. These findings suggest that Wilson's disease is not characterized by slowed information processing.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Preattentive information processing in schizophrenia.

Preattentive and attentive information processing was investigated in 24 schizophrenic patients and 24 control subjects using a texture discrimination task based on Julesz's texton theory. Texton theory essentially defines a certain limited number of texture elements that can be detected readily and simultaneously without attentional effort irrespective of the size and information content of the rest of the visual field. During the first task, subjects had to detect texton elements (one 'L' among 35 '+'), which were presented on slides for 40 ms and were followed by a mask after different stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA: 200-800 ms). At all SOAs tested schizophrenics reported significantly fewer correct responses compared to the control group. In the second task, subjects had to search for texton (one 'L' among 35 '+') and non-texton elements (one 'L' among 35 'T') in the stimulus displays, whereby response times were measured. Schizophrenics showed significantly slower response times only to texton elements, whereas response times to non-texton elements did not significantly differ from controls. Additionally, schizophrenics made significantly more errors detecting non-texton elements than controls. The results suggest a deficit in processing of visual information in schizophrenic patients, which is confined to preattentive processes and may consist of a slowing of those processes. Schizophrenics may also have difficulty in sustaining their attention during search tasks.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

[Sensory information processing during general anesthesia. The effect of propofol and ketamine on mid-latency auditory evoked potentials].

Experimental evidence from various neuropsychological and neurophysiological fields indicates that an oscillatory brain mechanism in a frequency range of 30-40 Hz is necessary for adequate sensory information processing. An oscillatory component of that particular frequency range can also be observed in the mid-latency auditory evoked potentials. Thus general anesthesia can be defined as a suppression of sensory information processing, and the effect of the i.v. anesthetics, Propofol and ketamine, on auditory perception and auditory-evoked potentials was therefore studied. In 22 patients anesthesia was induced with Propofol (2.5 mg/kg body weight, group I: n = 10) or ketamine (2 mg/kg body weight, group II: n = 12). Auditory-evoked potentials were recorded before, during, and after induction of general anesthesia. In the awake state, an oscillatory component with an energetically dominant 30-40 Hz frequency was present between 20 and 100 ms poststimulus latency. Propofol suppressed the mid-latency oscillatory component, whereas the component persisted under ketamine. Under Propofol, the 30-40 Hz leading frequency shifted to the lower frequency range, whereas under ketamine, the AEP were still dominated by a 30-40 Hz oscillation. Propofol suppresses the oscillatory brain mechanism necessary for adequate sensory information processing like various other general anesthetics. In contrast to Propofol, ketamine does not alter auditory perception. Suppression of sensory information processing must take place at a higher cortical level in a dissociative manner. The persistence of a 30-40 Hz oscillation must be seen in connection with dreams and hallucinations as reported for the drug and may be interpreted as insufficient suppression of sensory information processing under ketamine anesthesia.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Information processing speed and sentence comprehension in Parkinson's disease.

This study tests the hypothesis that sentence comprehension difficulty in Parkinson's disease (PD) is related in part to altered information processing speed that plays a crucial role in grammatical processing. The authors measured information processing speed in 32 PD patients without dementia using a lexical list-priming paradigm in which the interstimulus interval (ISI) between the prime and the target varied. Sentence comprehension accuracy was also assessed in 22 of these patients. Sentence comprehension accuracy for object-relative center-embedded sentences was impaired in a subgroup of PD patients. This subgroup of PD patients primed at an abnormally long ISI. Similarly, only PD patients who primed at a long ISI had greater difficulty understanding sentences with an object-relative clause than a subject-relative clause. Findings suggest that slowed information processing speed contributes to sentence comprehension difficulty in PD.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Verbal and spatial information processing constraints in children with specific language impairment.

A dual-processing paradigm was used to investigate information processing limitations underlying specific language impairment (SLI). School-age children with and without SLI were asked to recall verbal and spatial stimuli in situations that varied the number of tasks that were required and the speed at which stimuli were presented. Children recalled digits or locations of X's that were presented on a computer screen. In some conditions, they were asked to name or point to the color of the stimuli before completing the recall task. In comparison to their typically developing peers, children with SLI had generally poorer recall of digits and locations across all conditions. Typically developing children derived greater benefit than the children with SLI under conditions that enabled them to disperse processing efforts across verbal and spatial response modalities. It appears that limitations in general cognitive capacity and central executive functions in working memory work synergistically with response modality to constrain information processing in children with SLI.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1995

Plasma cobalamin levels affect information processing speed in a longitudinal study of HIV-1 disease.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether information processing speed is influenced by change in plasma cobalamin status in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 disease. DESIGN: A longitudinal study, using autoregression, to evaluate the relationship between plasma cobalamin status and change in information processing speed assessed by Posner Letter Matching, Sternberg Short-Term Memory Search, Figure Visual Scanning and Discrimination of Pictures, and continuous paired associates learning tasks. SETTING: University of Miami (Fla) School of Medicine from fall 1987 through summer 1991. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-four human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected homosexual men aged 20 to 55 years. None of the subjects displayed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining symptoms at baseline; over the course of the study, 9.5% progressed to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Biochemical measurement of plasma cobalamin; performance on information processing speed tasks. RESULTS: Significant improvement in the Posner Letter Matching NI-PI (Name Identity minus Physical Identity) differential was associated with becoming cobalamin adequate or remaining adequate. Becoming cobalamin deficient, in contrast, was associated with a significant decline in the speed of accessing overlearned name codes. CONCLUSION: Normalization of plasma cobalamin inadequacy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 disease may provide significant improvement in the speed of retrieving overlearned information from long-term memory.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Differences between Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia on information processing measures.

This study evaluated information processing differences between 30 vascular dementia (VaD) patients, 30 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, and 30 normal elderly (NE) controls. They were administered a complex reaction time test, a continuous performance test (CPT), and a neuropsychological battery. Compared to NE, both dementia groups had significantly slower motor reaction times and made more errors on the CPT. Compared to AD patients, the VaD patients were slower in stimulus categorization time and had increasing omission errors and persistent commission errors throughout the CPT trial, VaD, which usually includes frontal-subcortical circuit injury, can impair mental speed and stimulus response initiation.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Remitted schizophrenia-spectrum patients with spared working memory show information processing abnormalities.

Working memory and information processing abnormalities are often reported in schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to examine visual backward masking (BM) functions in remitted schizophrenia-spectrum patients with spared working memory functions. Seventy-two patients with DSM-IV schizophrenia-spectrum disorders were screened using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the digit span forward/backward tasks. Patients with spared WCST and digit span performances were selected and administered a spatial working memory test and two BM procedures (target identification and location). The schizophrenia-spectrum group with spared WCST and digit span performances included individuals with schizophreniform disorder (N=11), schizophrenia (N=2), and schizoaffective disorder (N=2). These patients were clinically remitted and demonstrated spared IQ, normal spatial working memory, and relatively high psychosocial functioning. However, there was a significant impairment in the BM procedure, most prominently in the target location task and at short interstimulus intervals. These results suggest that the BM dysfunction is a trait marker of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and may be present in the absence of working memory abnormalities.

Adult↗