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PubMed1992

[Help for behaviorally disordered children and their families].

1. A comprehensive survey is given on the divergence of opinions on child education in this century. 2. The aim of this survey is to find out the causes of children's behavioral disorders using psychoanalytical methods. 3. The factors of behavioral disorders occurring in families today are discussed. 4. Conclusions for psychoprophylaxis and -therapy of behavioral disorders of children are drawn. They describe the important roles of parents, pediatricians and psychologists and the social responsibilities of the family of a child suffering from a behavioral disorder.

Child↗
PubMed1984

Physicians at risk. Some epidemiologic considerations of alcoholism, drug abuse, and suicide.

Physicians are at high risk of addiction by alcohol and other chemicals. The consequences are costly and disastrous, the scope of the problem is grossly underestimated and underreported, treatment is not overwhelmingly favorable, and prevention is even less successful. A modern treatment facility dealing with the problem is described and suggestions are made regarding the underlying issues and policies that face the administrators of training programs and treatment centers. Even more important is the need to persuade physicians to "cherish themselves" and avoid the dangers of "role strain" - two important self-help behavior modifications that may help lessen an important occupational health risk.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1982

[The influence of one's birthday on one's help-seeking behavior].

For 500 patients the date of the initial telephone contact for registration with a psychotherapeutic institution was considered in respect to the patients birthdays. With a supposed prohability of an even distribution between .10 and .20 a trend was observed showing that less than the expected percentage of patients made these contacts in the last two months preceding their birthdays whereas more patients than expected did so within the first two months after their birthdays.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Types of drunk-driving intervention: prevalence, success and gender.

OBJECTIVE: Survey research suggests that there are few, if any, gender differences in the types and frequency of informal drunk-driving intervention. This contrasts sharply with laboratory studies of helping behavior which report that men are more likely to help than are women. The present study examined the frequency and success rate of several different types of informal drunk-driving intervention for women and men. The influence of the gender of the intervenor and the intoxicated individual and the intervenor's familiarity with the individual on the use and success of the different interventions were also examined. METHOD: Students (N = 388) at a major West Coast university completed a drinking and driving questionnaire. Of these subjects 303 (78%) reported having been in a DUI situation within the last year, and 68% at these students (n = 206) who reported having intervened at least once in the past year were used in the present study. RESULTS: Women were just as likely as men to intervene. There were few gender differences in the frequency and success rates of the different types of intervention examined. Familiarity with the intoxicated individual increased the frequency and success of intervention. However, intervention with strangers occurred under certain circumstances. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that there are few gender differences in the use and success rate of different types of informal drunk-driving intervention. However, since the interventions examined in this study were determined a priori, gender differences may still be operative. There is some research evidence that suggests that men and women approach potential drunk drivers differently. Furthermore, the role of familiarity in drunk-driving intervention needs to be further examined.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Helping others: a response to HIV disease.

Previous research supports that helping behaviors can be as beneficial to the person providing the help as to the recipient. Ten individuals infected with HIV describe how helping others became an important strategy in helping them live with their diagnosis of HIV/AIDS. A grounded theory study was done to identify and describe psychosocial responses to being infected with HIV. Audiotaped interviews were analyzed using grounded theory methodologies. The core category that emerged from the data was fighting to survive. Taking care and restructuring one's life were the supporting concepts. Processes involved in taking care were everyday work and illness work. Helping others was one strategy of everyday work the participants found to be helpful in the fight to survive. The benefits of helping are described and the various ways of helping are presented in this article.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1982

Evaluation of a community-based system for training natural helpers. II. Effects on informal helping activities.

A set of 37 rural "natural helpers" chose to become involved in a community-based program of training to enhance their helping skills. Data were collected on the following dimensions of the helpers' informal helping activities: number of helping interactions, different persons helped, relationship to helpee, length of helping contact, location, types of helpee problems, kinds of helping behaviors used, and helper-perceived confidence, helpfulness, and satisfaction. Comparison of helpers' reports on these dimensions prior to and after training showed these changes: (a) a greater proportion of interaction with spouses, (b) more interaction in helpees' homes, and (c) more confidence in helping. Comparisons of changes between helpers who acquired specific helping skills and those who did not gave indeterminant results. Helpers' reports of their community behaviors were not congruent with direct observations of their behavior in evaluation sessions.

Community Health Workers↗
PubMed2005

The use of alternative medicine among Taiwanese psychiatric outpatients.

The present study is intended to examine the use of alternative therapy and their help-behavior among patients who first visited psychiatric clinic in Taiwan. We recruited 150 patients from three general hospital psychiatric clinics. We collected the information of their demographic data, help-seeking behavior, and the use of alternative therapy, then screened them using Beck's Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and World Health Organization's Quality of Life assessment. We found that 53 (35.3%) of 150 psychiatric outpatients visited an alternative therapists or received some type of alternative therapy at least once. Alternative medicine users were more likely to be married (P=0.004), to suffer from more intensive anxiety symptoms (P=0.018), to have visited more psychiatrists (P=0.006), to have visited more clinics (P=0.001), and to have taken longer between onset of the symptoms and their first visit to the psychiatric clinic (P=0.028). Based on these findings we suggest that alternative therapy plays important roles in the help-seeking behavior of Taiwanese psychiatric patients, and that alternative medicine users tend to delay proper psychiatric care. Clinicians should inquire about patients' past history of seeking alternative therapy, build a firm trust in the doctor-patient relationship, and increase the compliance of psychiatric treatment in alternative therapy users.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Self-help treatment for insomnia: a randomized controlled trial.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Insomnia is a prevalent health complaint that often remains untreated. Several interventions are efficacious but they are not widely available. This study evaluated the efficacy of a self-help behavioral intervention for insomnia. DESIGN: The study used a 2 (conditions; self-help treatment, no treatment control) x 3 (assessments; pretreatment, posttreatment, 6-month follow-up) mixed factorial design. SETTING: This study was part of a larger epidemiologic study conducted with a randomly selected sample of 2001 adults of the province of Quebec in Canada. PARTICIPANTS: One-hundred ninety-two adults (n = 127 women, 65 men; mean age, 46 years) with insomnia, selected from a larger community-based epidemiologic sample, were randomly assigned to self-help treatment (n = 96) or no-treatment control (n = 96). INTERVENTIONS: The self-help intervention included 6 educational booklets mailed weekly to participants and providing information about insomnia, healthy sleep practices, and behavioral sleep scheduling and cognitive strategies. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Participants completed sleep diaries and questionnaires at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 6-month follow-up. Significant but modest improvements were obtained on subjective sleep parameters for treatment but not control participants. Treated participants averaged nightly gains of 21 minutes of sleep and a reduction of 20 minutes of wakefulness, with a corresponding increase of 4% in sleep efficiency. Improvements were also obtained on measures of insomnia severity (Insomnia Severity Index) and of sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), and those changes were maintained at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: A self-help behavioral intervention was effective in alleviating a broad range of insomnia symptomatology in a community sample. Self-help may be a promising approach to make effective intervention more widely available.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Sex differences in bystander intervention in a theft.

A series of studies demonstrated a strong relationship among the situation-defining variable of degree of harm to victim, sexual configuration among participants, and bystanders' willingness to intervene to stop a theft. A pretest showed that a prior verbal commitment was absolutely necessary for intervention. The remaining data showed that high harm to a victim produced a high rate of intervention and showed strong sex differences in helping behavior in low-harm conditions. A high percentage of female bystanders helped in both low- and high-harm situations, whereas frequent helping by males was observed only when harm to the victim was high. Female victims elicited a significantly greater amount of helping, and sex of thief had no effect. A significant sex of bystander, sex of victim, and harm to victim interaction best describes the data. Results are interpreted in terms of different motivational sets held by males and females when they are responsible for the fate of others. Results also support the utility of an interactionist approach to the question of how individual and situational variables influence prosocial action.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Dispositional attribution: multiple inferences about motive-related traits.

This research views dispositional inference as a process whereby perceivers integrate multiple inferences about a target person's motives and traits. The findings suggest that although perceived motives may stimulate extra attributional processing (S. Fein, 1996), the content of the inferred motive is important as well. Perceivers learned about situational forces implying that a target person had free choice, no choice, or an ulterior motive for helpful behavior. Inferences about the target's helpfulness differed depending on whether the target's behavior was attributed to an obedience motive (no-choice condition) or to a selfish motive (ulterior-motive condition). In general, inferences about motives were more predictive of dispositional inferences than were global causal attributions (to situational vs. dispositional forces) or base rate assumptions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Calling emergency medical services during drug overdose: an examination of individual, social and setting correlates.

AIMS: The purpose of this study was to examine individual, social and setting correlates of calling the emergency number, 911, during an overdose. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. METHODS: A sample of 397 current or former drug users in Baltimore, MD, USA who reported having ever witnessed an overdose. FINDINGS: Participants reported calling an ambulance in 23% of the overdose cases. Results from multivariate logistic regression indicate that having ever overdosed and having four or more bystanders present independently decreased the likelihood of calling 911. Having ever witnessed a fatal overdose and having any female bystanders present increased the likelihood of calling 911. There was a significant interaction between fear of arrest and prior exposure to the police. Setting of the overdose (public versus private) was not associated with calling 911 after controlling for other factors. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that in addition to personal characteristics of witnesses, social factors influence calling 911. Intervention at the social level may be a viable means to increase bystander helping behaviors.

Adult↗