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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Class matters: U.S. versus U.K. measures of occupational disparities in access to health services and health status in the 2000 U.S. National Health Interview Survey.

To inform current debates over whether occupational class is causally linked to health inequities, the authors used data from the 2000 U.S. National Health Interview Survey to compare occupational disparities in access to health services, socioeconomic resources, and health status, using (1) the United Kingdom's new National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification (NS-SEC), premised on type of labor contract (salaried vs. hourly wage) and class position (employer, self-employed, supervisory and non-supervisory employee), and (2) the conventional U.S. occupational categories, premised on status and skill. Analyses included all working-age adults (age 25 to 64) for whom data on occupation and race/ethnicity were available (N = 22,500). Risk of inadequate access to health services, poverty, and low education were two times greater for persons in NS-SEC class 5 versus class 1, compared with blue-collar versus white-collar, and for both measures persons with the worst health status were in jobs that afforded the least access to health care. Controlling for earned income and workplace health insurance markedly reduced health service disparities, especially for the NS-SEC measure, thereby implying structural characteristics of jobs are causally relevant for resources and benefits necessary to address health inequities in the United States.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Podiatric medicine and public health. Concepts and perspectives. Special Commission of the Podiatric Health Section of the American Public Health Association.

Podiatric physicians play an important role in the field of public health. In 1975, the Podiatric Health Section of the American Public Health Association (APHA) formulated an official statement of the roles and responsibilities of podiatrists in the public health field. Entitled Functions and Educational Qualifications of Podiatrists in Public Health, the document was published in the September 1975 issue of the American Journal of Public Health. For more than 2 decades, it remained the primary document defining and delineating the activities of the specialist in podiatric public health. Recently, it was recognized that in this time of rapid change in health-care delivery, a revision of this important statement was needed. A mini-grant from the APHA in 1996-1997 supported the formation of a special commission to update the formal position of the APHA and its Podiatric Health Section with respect to podiatric public health and to provide direction for the future. This article is a shortened version of the report issued by the special commission of the APHA.

Foot Diseases↗
PubMed2003

[Students awareness of health teaching: evaluation of "health education" course and the occupational health nursing practice].

The "health education" course is an important part of the baccalaureate curriculum in nursing. It is essential to teach students effective health education in a client oriented way. In order to improve the quality and content of this course, we extracted students descriptions from records of 44 students who had carried out group health education during nursing practice for the occupational health nursing course. We then analyzed students written sentences on their views concerning health teaching. After sentence analysis, we categorized these concepts into groups and titled them. The results of clarification of categories showed that the most common student awareness was in regard to technical and instructional skills, such as precise and suitable language selection for laymen, and utilization of teaching devices or mediums, during implementation of health teaching(43.6%). Secondly, assessment of health needs for a certain working population(10.3%), and effective teaching types such as instructional participant volunteers and full participation(9.2%) were deemed important. Thirdly, identification of the role of the occupational nurse(7.7%), and lastly the necessity of evaluation(2.3%) were considered necessary. Over all, in this study we found that students were most concerned about the instructional skills during the presentation of health education. Also, these results suggest that development of contents in the "health education" course to reinforce students assessment and evaluative abilities should be incorporated into the course. Furthermore, faculties who teach a "health education" course should provide a large variety of teaching materials and creative instructional methods for the students.

Awareness↗
PubMed1989

A survey of Scottish Health Boards and English Health Authorities. The extent of computerisation in health visiting records.

There is a wide variation in how computer technology has been used with regard to child health records and allied services. A survey of health boards in Scotland was extended to English health authorities (HAs) to ascertain if information was collected from health visitor records for computer analysis. The results showed Greater Glasgow Health Board uses a record which is coded for a computer. Fife Health Board also used part of this system. In England, ten of the individually described health authorities have just or are in the process of redesigning their records for health visitors. There is a wide variation of how computer technology has been used with regard to health visiting. For an overall picture of family and child most records either relied on the manual part of the record or did not require this information to be recorded. Developments in health visiting which try to ensure a service to the family as well as the child would therefore remain hidden or, more worryingly, untouched.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed1999

[Actual conditions of occupational health activities in small-scale enterprises in Japan: system for occupational health, health management and demands by small-scale enterprises].

In order to clarify the real conditions of occupational health services (OHS) in small-scale enterprises (SSEs) in Japan, we analyzed questionnaires recovered from 765 SSEs in the area of a city neighboring Osaka City (recovery rate, 69.3%). The SSEs included 358 SSEs with 1 to 4 workers (46.8% of total SSEs), 203 with 5 to 9 (26.5%), 163 with 10 to 29 (21.3%) and 41 with 30 to 49 (5.4%). The main types of businesses were manufacturing (374, 48.9% of total SSEs), wholesale/retail trade/restaurants (153, 20.0%), community, social and personal services (132, 17.3%) and construction (72, 9.4%). Health examinations were performed in 47.7% of SSEs. The reason for the lack of examinations were "shortage of time" (33.3% of SSEs lacking health examination) and "employees do not want to be examined" (28.1%). Some health promotion measures were conducted in 29.2% of SSEs. Health examination (59.0% of SSEs), health promotion (36.5%), measure of mental health (25.9%) and information service for employers and employees (25.5%) were demanded by SSEs as OHS. Financial subsidies and economical incentives were demanded by 46.4% and 28.8% of SSEs, respectively. Regional occupational health center in this area was poorly known among SSEs (8.2%), but health examination (48.4%), information service (37.5%), assessment of work method and advice to improve (19.8%) and environment measurement (12.4%) are demanded of the center by SSEs.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Formulating a health strategy at the local level using the "Urban Health Profile" and "Urban Health Planning"].

The aim of this article was to describe the method that Croatian cities have used in the development of the City Health Profile and City Health Plan. Selected as the most appropriate and applied was the Rapid Appraisal to Assess Community Health Needs. Three sources of information were used in this research: panelist essays reflecting local community views on health, problems and potentials of their city, observations about what is diminishing and what is giving beauty of living in their city and information derived from the existing written data sources. A free-text processing program analyzed essays. During the Consensus conference, based on presented data, participants had selected (Healthy City Project) priority areas. Between 1996 and 2002 The Rapid Appraisal was applied in six Croatian cities: Pula, Metković, Rijeka, Karlovac, Varazdin and Zagreb. By applying the method of Rapid Appraisal the cities assessed their health and health needs and created the City Health Profile. They selected their (Healthy City Project) priority areas, established the working groups on priority areas, and developed the City (action) Plan for Health. The method proved that communities have the capacity to recognize and deal with their health problems.

Community Health Planning↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Global Health Watch Canada? Mobilizing the Canadian public health community around a global health advocacy agenda.

Growing poverty, collapsing health care systems, the AIDS pandemic and the widening of health and health care inequities within and between countries all point to the limited success of global public health interventions over the past few decades. Notwithstanding the efforts of multilateral agencies such as the World Health Organization and the many existing contributions from the Canadian community of health professionals, this commentary argues and appeals for further action particularly in relation to the social and political impediments to better health and justice. Specifically, it calls for the development of a robust instrument to assess the impact of Canada as a whole on the state of global health, and to monitor the performance of key Canadian institutions. It is suggested that such an instrument would result in a process that enhances global citizenship and public accountability, and buttresses the efforts of civil society to forge trans-national links in pursuit of a fairer and healthier world. Public health professionals, by virtue of their social standing as well as the nature and tools of their discipline, should be at the forefront of such civic efforts.

Canada↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health knowledge, health behaviour and health status among a 65-74-year-old population in eastern Finland.

Health knowledge, health behaviour and health status was studied among a 65-74-year-old population in eastern Finland by using self-administered questionnaires, interviews and health examination. Among men, low health knowledge was related to smoking and poor self-perceived health status. Among women, low health knowledge was related to poor self-perceived health status, lowered functional capacity, abstinence from alcohol, high fat consumption, and low coffee consumption. These findings were discussed in the light of their implications for health education.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Survey of accredited master of public health (MPH) programs with health education concentrations: a resource for strengthening the public health workforce.

The authors designed survey research to assess accredited master of public health (MPH) programs with health education concentrations. A Web-based survey was distributed to program directors and was used to collect characteristics of program faculty, students, graduates, internships, employment, and competency development. Results indicate that students and graduates are diverse; 72% of students complete internships and 61% of graduates work in government or community public health-related agencies; 98% of faculty hold a doctoral degree and 67% have at least one degree from an accredited public health school or program; and 85% of programs build competencies in most of the Institute of Medicine-suggested areas. The authors conclude that accredited MPH programs with a concentration in health education train diverse public health practitioners highly likely to work in a government or community public health agency with competencies to enhance public health.

Accreditation↗
PubMed2006

Determinants of self-rated health: could health status explain the association between self-rated health and mortality?

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors related to self-rated health and to mortality among 2490 community-living elderly. Respondents were followed for 7.3 years for all-cause mortality. To compare the relative impact of each variable, we employed logistic regression analysis for self-rated health and Cox hazard analysis for mortality. Cox analysis stratified by gender, follow-up periods, age group, and functional status was also employed. Series of analysis found that factors associated with self-rated health and with mortality were not identical. Psychological factors such as perceived isolation at home or 'ikigai (one aspect of psychological well-being)' were associated with self-rated health only. Age, functional status, and social relations were associated both with self-rated health and mortality after controlling for possible confounders. Illnesses and functional status accounted for 35-40% of variances in the fair/poor self-rated health. Differences by gender and functional status were observed in the factors related to self-rated health. Overall, self-rated health effect on mortality was stronger for people with no functional impairment, for shorter follow-up period, and for young-old age group. Although, illnesses and functional status were major determinants of self-rated health, economical, psychological, and social factors were also related to self-rated health.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Health-health analysis-an alternative method for economic appraisal of health policy and safety regulation. Some empirical Swedish estimates.

Health-health analysis (HHA) focuses on statistical lives themselves as a numeraire. The underlying principle is that the expected gains in health and safety of reduced risks in one area may result in increasing risks somewhere else in society. By reducing one risk other risks may increase due to changed individual behaviour. In addition to this direct effect, another indirect effect will also be present. Expenditure on a particular health policy or safety regulation must be financed in one way or another, which will result in an opportunity cost or income effect leaving less resources for other health and safety promoting activities in society. Thus, we will have an effect that reduces safety and health benefits induced by that income loss. Whether the total net health effect from a specific safety regulation or health policy is positive or negative must be empirically analysed. One way of estimating the income loss that induces one death, which we call the value of an induced death (VOID), is to estimate it as a multiple of the traditional value to avert a statistical death, also named the value of a statistical life (VOSL).A contingent valuation (CV) study eliciting the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for reducing the overall risk of dying was performed as a postal questionnaire in Sweden in 1998. By use of data from this study, it was possible to estimate the VOID and the VOSL in Sweden amounting to SEK116 and SEK20.8 million respectively, indicating that the net health result confined to mortality effects, will be negative (more lives will be lost than saved) if a health policy or safety regulation will cost more than SEK116 million per life saved.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2002

[The Child and Adolescent Health Survey--a foundation for prevention, health promotion and health goals].

At the beginning of the 21st century, the German Health Interview and Examination Survey of Children and Adolescents will for the first time provide the data essential for programmes of disease prevention and health promotion as well as for the development of health targets. This it will create key information for an evidence-based health policy. The results of the study can be projected to the general population of children and adolescents in Germany. The data will be collected conjunct at the level of the individual subject. They will facilitate valid and distinct description of prevalent physical, psychological and social health problems, as well as on who has them under which circumstances and settings. Information on the impact, e.g., in terms of utilisation of the health system or impairments of quality of life, will also be available from the same subjects. In addition, indicators of risks to health in later life are included. Hence, the data will support prevention of health problems in infancy, childhood and adolescence as well as of chronic diseases in later life. Finally, the data shall be a basis for the definition of new reference values for many variables. This will improve valid and clear judgement not only in epidemiological studies but also in medical care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

From equal access to health care to equitable access to health: a review of Canadian provincial health commissions and reports.

Having achieved equality of access to health care, Canadian policymakers are setting new policy goals, within resource constraints, primarily to achieve equity of access to health. Across the country, provincial royal commissions have explored a number of policy options to achieve this goal. These options are reviewed and critically analyzed within the context of such challenges in health policy as insufficient access to high-technology care and the limits of medical care, and such external challenges as economic and demographic trends, federal-provincial disputes, and ideological beliefs. Particular attention is given to the implications of a broader definition of health and the concept of regional health authorities. Based on the provincial reviews, the authors conclude that Canada wants to achieve equitable access to health. With the shift of health policy away from the formerly protected arena of medical care, achieving equitable access to health will require both an alteration of priorities and values and considerable political will. Canada will be forced to meet these new challenges to maintain current achievements and to make its system even more successful.

Canada↗