Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “HABIT”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Use of a habit reversal treatment for temporomandibular pain in a minimal therapist contact format.

Previous research has suggested that a habit reversal treatment might be used effectively in a home-based minimal therapist contact (MTC) protocol to facilitate flexibility and increase treatment completion rates. Recent reviews of MTC interventions have found it to be generally efficacious, cost-effective, and generalizable. While MTC has been used for certain health-related disorders (e.g., headache), almost no research has evaluated the effectiveness of a MTC protocol with a population suffering from temporomandibular disorder (TMD). The current study utilized an oral habit reversal treatment in a MTC format in an attempt to reduce attrition and increase treatment flexibility. Twenty females suffering from TMD were randomly assigned to either a treatment (n = 10) or a wait-list control (n = 10) condition. Six individuals in each group used telephone contact while 4 used e-mail for weekly communication with the therapist. Results demonstrated that a habit reversal treatment in a MTC format led to statistically and clinically significant improvements in mean weekly pain ratings, number of pain-free days per week, and highest weekly pain ratings. Also, a significant reduction in maladaptive oral habits occurred from pre- to post-treatment and significant reductions in life stress and pain interference were observed. Results were maintained at follow-up. The implications for the use of MTC for treatment of facial pain are discussed, as are the implications of these findings for the role of oral habits in the etiology of TMD.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Habit control expectancy for drinking, smoking, and eating.

Habit-specific locus of control measures for drinking, smoking, and eating were compared to Rotter's general measure to evaluate the relationship between cognitive expectancy and substance use. For both smoking and eating, individuals who reported being addicted were significantly more external on the habit-specific expectancy measures. Measures of use, tolerance, and risk covaried more closely with the habit-specific scales than with the general scale. For eating behavior, the habit-specific scale and the compulsive eating measure were different only for individuals with a history of being overweight. The habit-specific expectancy measures were more closely related to indices of use and addiction than the general locus of control measure and should have greater utility for research and intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Changing circumstances, disrupting habits.

The present research investigated the mechanisms guiding habitual behavior, specifically, the stimulus cues that trigger habit performance. When usual contexts for performance change, habits cannot be cued by recurring stimuli, and performance should be disrupted. Thus, the exercising, newspaper reading, and TV watching habits of students transferring to a new university were found to survive the transfer only when aspects of the performance context did not change (e.g., participants continued to read the paper with others). In some cases, the disruption in habits also placed behavior under intentional control so that participants acted on their current intentions. Changes in circumstances also affected the favorability of intentions, but changes in intentions alone could not explain the disruption of habits. Furthermore, regardless of whether contexts changed, nonhabitual behavior was guided by intentions.

Cues↗
PubMed1992

Contribution of oral habits to dental disorders.

Oral habits or parafunction may contribute to dental, periodontal, or neuromuscular damage. Such habits, of which the patient is often unaware, may cause considerable damage. Habits may be occlusal or non-occlusal, and may affect the dentition and/or the oral soft tissues. Drawing a patient's attention to the damage caused by some habits of which he or she is unaware often leads to cessation, whereas with certain conscious habits, such as nail or finger biting, success is much more limited.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Association between characteristics of locomotion and accomplishment of life habits in children with cerebral palsy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: "Handicap situation" is defined in the literature as "a disruption in the accomplishment of a person's life habits (activities of daily living and social roles)." The purpose of this study was to determine the strength of association between various types of locomotion and the accomplishment of life habits, which is an indicator of the occurrence of handicap situations in children with cerebral palsy. SUBJECTS: Ninety-eight children with cerebral palsy, aged 5 to 17.8 years (mean = 10.5, SD = 3.5), were recruited. METHODS: The Life Habits Assessment was used to evaluate handicap situations in activities of daily living and social roles. Types of locomotion, the Pediatric Functional Independence Measure (locomotion section), and 2 tests representing functional activities (walking speed and stair climbing) were used as characteristics of locomotion. RESULTS: Locomotion capabilities were associated with the accomplishment of activities of daily living and social roles. Performance in variables related to locomotion, number of associated problems, and type of cerebral palsy explained 17% to 74% of the total variance in accomplishment of life habits in children who walked without technical aids. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: The results suggest that locomotion might influence the accomplishment of life habits. Other factors, however--such as environmental barriers--should also be examined to determine their impact on the occurrence of handicap situations.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Gender differences in health habits and in motivation for a healthy lifestyle among Swedish university students.

The aim of the present study was to investigate gender differences in students' health habits and motivation for a healthy lifestyle. The sample of students comprised a probability systematic stratified sample from each department at a small university in the south-west of Sweden (n = 479). A questionnaire created for this study was used for data collection. Self-rated health was measured by number of health complaints, where good health was defined as having less than three health complaints during the last month. A healthy lifestyle index was computed on habits related to smoking, alcohol consumption, food habits, physical activity and stress. Female students had healthier habits related to alcohol consumption and nutrition but were more stressed. Male students showed a high level of overweight and obesity and were less interested in nutrition advice and health enhancing activities. The gender differences are discussed in relation to the impact of stress on female students' health, and the risk for male students in having unhealthy nutritional habits in combination with being physically inactive and drinking too much alcohol.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Lesions of dorsolateral striatum preserve outcome expectancy but disrupt habit formation in instrumental learning.

Habits are controlled by antecedent stimuli rather than by goal expectancy. Interval schedules of feedback have been shown to generate habits, as revealed by the insensitivity of behaviour acquired under this schedule to outcome devaluation treatments. Two experiments were conducted to assess the role of the dorsolateral striatum in habit learning. In Experiment 1, sham operated controls and rats with dorsolateral striatum lesions were trained to press a lever for sucrose under interval schedules. After training, the sucrose was devalued by inducing taste aversion to it using lithium chloride, whereas saline injections were given to the controls. Only rats given the devaluation treatment reduced their consumption of sucrose and this reduction was similar in both the sham and the lesioned groups. All rats were then returned to the instrumental chamber for an extinction test, in which the lever was extended but no sucrose was delivered. In contrast to sham operated controls, rats with dorsolateral striatum lesions refrained from pressing the lever if the outcome was devalued. To assess the specificity of the role of dorsolateral striatum in this effect a second experiment was conducted in which a group with lesions of dorsomedial striatum was added. In relation now to both the sham and the dorsomedial lesioned groups, only rats with lesions of dorsolateral striatum significantly reduced responding after outcome devaluation. In conclusion, this study provides direct evidence that the dorsolateral striatum is necessary for habit formation. Furthermore, it suggests that, when the habit system is disrupted, control over instrumental performance reverts to the system controlling the performance of goal-directed instrumental actions.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Sleeping habits and sleep disorders during adolescence: relation to school performance].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of sleep disorders in adolescence. To describe sleeping habits of adolescents in relation to sleep disorders and associated factors. To determine the relation between sleep disorders/inappropiate sleeping habits and school performance. DESIGN: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study. SETTING: Secondary school of Cuenca (city in Spain). PARTICIPANTS: 1293 school children of first and fourth curses of secondary education. MAIN MEASURES: Structured questionnaire with opened and closed questions on sleeping habits during weekdays and at weekends and sleep disorders to be answered by the adolescents anonymously and on their own. Student's school performance with relation with to sleeping habits and sleep disorders were determined. RESULTS: 1155 students out of 1293 (response rate 89.33%) answered the questionnaire, 537 (45.9%) boys and 618 (54.1%) girls, 14 years old on average (between 11-18 years). On weekdays students went to bed at 23.17 h and got up at 7.46 h (average sleeping time =8 hours and 18 minutes). At weekends they went to bed at 1.02 h and got up at 10.42 h (average sleeping time =9 hours and 40 minutes). 45.4% of students said to sleep badly on Sunday night's. On average the number of subjects failed in class is higher with adolescents who complain about sleep (2.28 vs 1.91; P=.04), who are tired at waking up time (2.17 vs 1.97; P=.048) and who have morning sleepiness (2.17 vs 1.75; P=.004). CONCLUSIONS: Schools hours cause deficit sleeping time during weekdays which is partly made up for at weekend. At weekends there is an interruption of the adolescent's sleeping habits. School performance of adolescents with sleep disorders is lower.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Habits, tics, and stuttering. Prevalence and relation to anxiety and somatic awareness.

This study examines the prevalence of nervous habits, tics and stuttering in 256 college students, as well as the relationship between these behaviors and self-reported general anxiety and awareness of bodily sensations. Improving on previous studies, this study strengthens the operational definition of a nervous habit by using a more stringent operational definition, giving what is arguably a more valid set of prevalence statistics. Participants were asked to complete self-report measures of general anxiety and somatic awareness. Relationships were found between number of nervous habits and tics that participants endorsed and their self-reported awareness of bodily sensations, as well as between number of habits endorsed and self-reported general anxiety. This article concludes with suggestions for future research in the area of nervous habits and motor tics.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Pathological habit disorder?

This paper outlines a diagnostic entity called 'Pathological Habit Disorder' which is suggested for inclusion in the DSM as an Axis II option. Specific areas of concern, either mental (Axis I) or physical (Axis III), would delineate the syndrome. Pathological Habit Disorder (PHD) points to treatment options where the syndrome is wholly or partly habit-driven. Whether the syndrome is habit-driven or not will remain a clinical judgement even though many conditions, previously thought immutable except by medication, are proving accessible to behavioural engineering. In the ICD system, PHD seems to fit in "Special Symptoms or Syndromes not elsewhere Classified". It is demonstrably useful to have a diagnosis such as PHD and to incorporate it into the body of medical classification, recognizing current practices for dealing with unwelcome or damaging habits.

Habits↗
PubMed2005

The goal-dependent automaticity of drinking habits.

In recent treatments of habitual social behaviour, habits are conceptualized as a form of goal-directed automatic behaviour that are mentally represented as goal-action links. Three experiments tested this conceptualization in the context of students' drinking (alcohol consumption)habits. Participants were randomly assigned to conditions where either a goal related to drinking behaviour (socializing) was activated, or an unrelated goal was activated. In addition, participants' drinking habits were measured. The dependent variable in Experiments 1 and 2 was readiness to drink, operationalized by speed of responding to the action concept 'drinking' in a verb verification task. Experiment 3 used the uptake of a voucher to measure drinking behaviour. Findings supported the view that when habits are established, simply activating a goal related to the focal behaviour automatically elicits that behaviour. These findings are consistent with a goal-dependent conception of habit. Possibilities for interventions designed to attenuate undesirable habitual behaviours are considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Lesion to the nigrostriatal dopamine system disrupts stimulus-response habit formation.

Acquisition and performance of instrumental actions are assumed to require both action-outcome and stimulus-response (S-R) habit processes. Over the course of extended training, control over instrumental performance shifts from goal-directed action-outcome associations to S-R associations that progressively gain domination over behavior. Lesions of the lateral part of the dorsal striatum disrupt this process, and rats with lesions to the lateral striatum showed selective sensitivity to devaluation of the instrumental outcome (Yin et al., 2004), indicating that this area is necessary for habit formation. The present experiment further explored the basis of this dysfunction by examining the ability of rats subjected to bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway to develop behavioral autonomy with overtraining. Rats were given extended training on two cued instrumental tasks associating a stimulus (a tone or a light) with an instrumental action (lever press or chain pull) and a food reward (pellets or sucrose). Both tasks were run daily in separate sessions. Overtraining was followed by a test of goal sensitivity by satiety-specific devaluation of the reward. In control animals, one action (lever press) was insensitive to reward devaluation, indicating that it became a habit, whereas the second action (chain pull) was still sensitive to goal devaluation. This result provides evidence that the development of habit learning may depend on the characteristics of the response. In dopamine-depleted rats, lever press and chain pull remained sensitive to reward devaluation, evidencing a role of striatal dopamine transmission in habit formation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Removal of sucking habits and myofunctional therapy: establishing swallowing and tongue rest position].

BACKGROUND: The prolonged habit of pacifier sucking and the prolonged use of feeding bottle may cause myofunctional disorder, such as incorrect swallowing pattern and inadequate tongue rest position. AIM: To study the effect of myofunctional therapy (MFT) associated with the removal of the habit of pacifier sucking and the use of feeding bottle (REM) on the rehabilitation of swallowing and tongue rest position. METHOD: Two groups with ten children, ages ranging from four to four years and eight months, who initially presented a pacifier sucking habit and used the feeding bottle were studied. Children on REM group underwent the process of sucking habits removal using the Modified-Counselling Method, whereas children on MFT group underwent the same procedure associated to myofunctional therapy. Pre-treatment assessments were made, as well as 60 and 180 days post-treatment assessments. Data were analyzed using the statistical tests of Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Results indicate that children in the MFT group presented adequate swallowing patterns after 60 and 80 days, and presented adequate tongue rest position after 180 days. Children on the REM group, however, presented adequate swallowing pattern only after 180 days and did not present a significant improvement on the tongue rest position during the assessments. CONCLUSION: Myofunctional therapy associated to the removal of sucking habits presented a better and faster improvement of the swallowing pattern and of the tongue rest position.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed2006

An atypical lingual lesion resulting from the unhealthy habit of sucking the lower lip: clinical case study.

Unhealthy oral habits may be involved in the etiology of a malocclusion, since they may affect development of the orofacial region. There is little information on the habit of sucking the lower lip, to which practitioners attribute less clinical consequences. However, lower lip sucking is a harmful habit which appears frequently in children, especially during situations requiring increased attention and mental concentration. In patients presenting lower lip sucking, strong contractions of the lower lip's orbicular's muscle and the mentalis muscle, associated with hypertonicity of the upper lip caused by sucking, has to be balanced by lingual thrusting during the act of deglutition. A case is presented in which failure to identify the habit of lower lip sucking led to an atypical lesion on the tongue, caused by the tongue's impaction against the orthodontic appliance prescribed to correct a malocclusion. The recognition and elimination of an unhealthy habit is of great importance in diagnosis and the establishment of a treatment plan, so that undesirable complications can be avoided.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Sleep habits and their association with mortality during 5-year follow-up after coronary artery bypass surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To study various aspects of sleep quality and sleep patterns prior to and after coronary artery bypass surgery and their implications for 5-year survival. METHODS: All patients from western Sweden who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) between 1988 and 1991 (n = 2,121) received a questionnaire addressing sleep habits prior to and I year after surgery. Various symptoms and habits related to sleep at the two evaluations were compared. Symptoms and habits related to sleep prior to CABG were then related to 5-year survival. RESULTS: In all, 1,224 patients took part in the evaluation. A highly significant improvement was observed with regard to the following symptoms and habits related to sleep: feeling refreshed upon awakening, feeling tired during daytime, waking up with headache, nightmares, sweating during night time, medication for pain relief at bedtime, involuntarily falling asleep during daytime, apnoea during sleep and mouth dryness during the night. Various symptoms and habits associated with sleep prior to CABG were generally not strongly related to prognosis. Exceptions were feeling refreshed upon awakening and infrequent consumption of pain relief medication at bedtime which both were associated with an improved long-term survival. CONCLUSIONS: A variety of symptoms associated with sleep improve highly significantly after CABG. The occurrence of these symptoms prior to CABG do not generally seem to influence the long-term prognosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Protopopov's ideas on habit formation and their relation to the Pavlovian theory of higher nervous activity.

In 1929 Viktor P. Protopopov began to replicate E. L. Thorndike's animal experiments on habit acquisition. To determine the conditions necessary for habit formation, Protopopov used the natural experiment method, in which dogs encountered environments that prevented them from reaching a stimulus-bait. Not all dogs acquired the behavior necessary for obtaining the bait. Explaining the results within the framework of the Pavlovian theory of higher nervous activity, Protopopov concluded that habits were acquired when an active animal provoked by a bait-stimulus encountered an environmental barrier. The dogs tried a series of phylogenetic behaviors until the stimulus-bait was reached. The latter movements were retained, forming an ontogenetic habit. The dogs also learned not to produce the unsuccessful movements. In accord with the Pavlovian theory, individual differences in habit formation were related to temperament types. A critique of the Thorndikian Law of Effect is provided in terms of the Pavlovian theory of higher nervous activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Process of the tooth brushing habit formation in children. 2. Factors forming the behavior of tooth brushing in children].

The purpose of this study was to find in the factors forming the habit of tooth brushing in children. Questionnaires about the habit of tooth brushing were collected in Nagoya and the suburbs from mothers of kindergarten pupils aged from one to six. These data were analysed by the second class of Hayashi's quantifying theory. The results of this study were summarised as follows: 1. Habit of tooth brushing: 1) A high correlation ratio was obtained in the discriminatory efficiency of the habit of tooth brushing, at ages one to three this was 0.44 and for ages four to six it was 0.47. 2) The following six items were chosen in relation to the habit formation of tooth brushing at ages one to three, "motive for starting tooth brushing", "frequency of tooth brushing per day on the average", "co-operative of the child towards its mother's help", "positive attitude towards tooth brushing", "experienced guidance in tooth brushing from its mother", "experienced guidance in tooth brushing from a dentist or dental hygienist". 3) Similarly for ages four to six, the following four items were chosen, "frequency of tooth brushing per day on the average", "persons who actually brush the children's teeth at night", "attitude of the child towards tooth brushing", "experienced guidance in tooth brushing from a dentist or dental hygienist". 2. Ability of tooth brushing: 1) A comparative high correlation ratio was obtained in the discriminatory efficiency of the ability of tooth brushing, at ages one to three this was 0.37 and for ages four to six it was 0.20. 2) The following five items were chosen in relation to the ability of tooth brushing at ages one to three, "age", "motive for the start of tooth brushing", "mother's attitude to child not brushing its teeth", "frequency of using tooth paste", "experienced guidance in tooth brushing from a dentist or dental hygienist". 3) Similarly for ages four to six, the following five items were chosen, "age", "persons who actually brush the children's teeth at night", "co-operative attitude of the child towards its mother's help", "attitude of the child towards tooth brushing", "frequency of using tooth paste".

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Relationship of blood lead levels to personal hygiene habits in lead battery workers: Taiwan, 1991-1997.

BACKGROUND: The blood lead concentrations of workers in lead battery factories are more than 4 times higher than those of the general population in Taiwan. Therefore, efforts are needed to reduce lead exposure in this high-risk population. A health promotion program on personal habits that reduce lead exposure has been carried out in a lead battery factory since 1991. This study investigated the longitudinal relationship of workers' blood lead concentrations and personal hygiene habits from 1991 through 1997. METHODS: In each of the 7 years of the study, occupational physicians questioned workers regarding nine personal hygiene items, personal information, and medical history before their annual health examination. The relationship between blood lead concentrations and personal hygiene habits was analyzed by longitudinal multiple regression in a mixed effect model with adjustment for potential confounders. In addition, the risk ratio of a blood lead concentration exceeding 40 micrograms/dL in men and 30 micrograms/dL in women (the action levels set by the Department of Health, Taiwan) was estimated by generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: Blood lead levels decreased significantly in the first 5 years of the study. The personal habits most closely related to blood lead concentrations were smoking at work sites (estimated coefficient = 3.13, P < 0.001), and eating at work sites (estimated coefficient = 1.38, P = 0.069). The risk ratio for workers with both these habits exceeding the action level of blood lead was 2.93 (95% CI 1.27-6.77). Difference in job titles, however, accounted for a major portion of the variance in blood lead. For example, working in "pasting" and "plate-cutting" was associated with blood lead elevations > 20 micrograms/dL in comparison to the "low- or no-exposure jobs." CONCLUSIONS: Health promotion programs can decrease exposure of lead workers; reducing the practices of smoking and eating at work sites should be the core of such programs. However, a major reduction in lead exposure for some jobs (e.g., "pasting" and "plate cutting") in lead battery factories in Taiwan is unlikely to occur without major engineering changes.

Feeding Behavior↗