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A survey of 461 amateur golfers was undertaken to assess golf injuries. There were 193 respondents of whom 57% reported injuries. Wrist, back, muscle, elbow and knee problems were the most likely ailments to compromise a player's game. Overuse and poor technique were the main aetiological factors. Attention to those factors in addition to maintenance of physique would reduce the incidence of these problems.
A review of 10 years' provision of medical cover at a major golf championship is presented. The average consultation rate was approximately 1 in 200 of those attending of whom 3% required transfer to hospital, the majority to orthopaedic or general medical departments. Familiarity with acute resuscitation and musculoskeletal complaints is required of the medical attendants. The provision of physiotherapy and chiropody services is essential, especially for the participants' complaints, two-thirds of which affected the axial skeleton. Good communications and close liaison with the Chief Marshal, Police and Ambulance Services are vital.
A 20-year-old golf player who developed recurrent dislocation of the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendon is reported. The patient was successfully treated by release of the extensor retinaculum and partial resection of the ulno-dorsal ridge of the ulnar head, because the methods caused no redislocation and required only a brief period of rehabilitation.
A multiple case study investigation is reported in which emotions and performance were assessed within the probabilistic individual zone of optimal functioning (IZOF) model (Kamata, Tenenbaum,& Hanin, 2002) to develop idiosyncratic emotion-performance profiles. These profiles were incorporated into a psychological skills training (PST) intervention, with a focus on three emotional dimensions, that is, arousal, pleasantness, and functionality, and several psychological strategies employed during practice and competition. Two female varsity golfers at a major Division I university in the Southeast participated in the case study during the Spring 2002 season. The PST intervention resulted in enhanced emotional self-regulation skills and improved golf performance. Directions for future research into the IZOF model and implications for practical application of the model are discussed.
A study of bilateral shoulder muscle activity during the golf swing was undertaken using electromyography and high-speed photography. Understanding of the muscle firing patterns could lead to injury prevention and development of appropriate training and conditioning regimens. The swings of seven adult male right-handed professional golfers without shoulder problems were examined. Indwelling electrodes were inserted into the supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, middle deltoid, and posterior deltoid on the right side. Each subject was allowed to warm up until he felt comfortable. Films of each subject were taken at 450 frames per second. The swing was broken into four segments to which electromyographic signals were synchronized electronically. The EMG tracings were subjected to analog-to-digital conversion and a relative measure of quantity obtained. All tests were repeated on the left side for each subject. Results indicate that all portions of the deltoid were inactive on the right side throughout the swing. The deltoid was likewise inactive on the left except for a brief spurt from the anterior portion during the milliseconds immediately preceding ball contact. Of the rotator cuff muscles, on the left the supraspinatus fired at a low level throughout the swing, as did the infraspinatus. The latter had a slightly larger burst of activity immediately after ball contact. The subscapularis was more active than any other muscle throughout the swing. The cuff muscles on the right side showed as much activity overall as those on the left. In addition, the latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major seemed to provide power bilaterally, with marked activity during the acceleration phase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
We describe a man with a thoracic disk prolapse whose major manifestation for 10 years was Lhermitte's symptom precipitated by a rotatory movement of the thoracic spine during during the golf swing.
The downswing phase in golf was represented as a double pendulum pivoted at the shoulder joint and hinged at the wrist. The motion of such a pendulum was used to derive a series of equations which were used to describe the instantaneous values of several of the component features of the downswing. Results of this analysis showed that an initial delay in the uncocking of the wrist would allow (a) acceleration of the arm to reach a greater value and (b) the acceleration of the club to be summed with the existing maximum angular acceleration of the proximal segment.
PURPOSE: To determine whether a model of two subtypes of yips is supported by evidence from a range of physiological, behavioral, and psychological measures. METHODS: Fifteen golfers who experience yips symptoms while putting (mean age 58.1 yr, SD 13.6 yr), and nine golfers with no yips symptoms (mean age 39.6 yr, SD 19.3 yr) were recruited. Participants completed a golf history questionnaire to determine their playing experience and the nature of any yips symptoms experienced. In experiment 1, participants performed a putting task while electromyographic data were recorded from the forearm flexors and extensors and biceps brachii, bilaterally. The task was performed in two sessions, under low-pressure and high-pressure experimental conditions. The high-pressure condition was intended to increase anxiety through the use of a monetary incentive, video-taping of performance, and the presence of a confederate who provided negative feedback. Participants' state of anxiety was assessed using a questionnaire before each of the experimental sessions. In experiment 2, participants completed a task that required the inhibition of an anticipated response. Their accuracy and ability to inhibit their response was determined. RESULTS: The golfers who experienced yips could be categorized according to whether they reported mainly movement-related symptoms (Type I) or anxiety-related symptoms (Type II). The Type I group exhibited greater muscle activity during putting and greater errors and less inhibition of the anticipated response task. The Type II group exhibited greater changes in cognitive anxiety and normal performance of the anticipated response task. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence in support of two yips subtypes. Type I is related to impaired movement initiation and execution, whereas Type II is related to performance anxiety.
Gynecomastia can have a significant emotional and social impact on men. Although numerous drug therapies may cause this condition, we found no documented cases of gynecomastia associated with atorvastatin. We describe the development of breast enlargement and tenderness in a 52-year-old Caucasian man 6 months after his simvastatin therapy had been switched to atorvastatin. His symptoms ultimately interfered with his ability to play golf and participate in other activities. These problems resolved after atorvastatin discontinuation and did not recur despite resumption of simvastatin therapy. The gynecomastia in this patient represented a possible adverse effect of atorvastatin according to the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale. The mechanism may be atorvastatin's theoretical suppression of adrenal or gonadal steroid production through effects on cholesterol synthesis. Based on this and other case reports, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) should be considered as a potential cause when evaluating otherwise unexplainable cases of gynecomastia in patients taking these drugs.
Effects of irrigation regimen, quantity, and timing on the efficacy of three insecticides for controlling nymphs of the southern mole cricket, Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos, and the tawny mole cricket, Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder, were studied on golf courses in 1997, 1998, and 1999. Two irrigation regimen tests using two rates of bifenthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin produced inconclusive results. Mole cricket damage ratings after the applications of bifenthrin (60 g [AI]/ha) and lambda-cyhalothrin (76 g [AI]/ha) were not significantly different among the four irrigation regimens (non-irrigation, irrigation before treatment, irrigation after treatment, and irrigation before and after treatment). Mole cricket damage rating after the application of bifenthrin (120 g [AI]/ha) under irrigation before and after irrigation was significantly better than those under other irrigation regimens at 14 and 21 d after treatment (DAT). Different irrigation quantity and irrigation timing (after insecticide treatment) did not significantly affect the performance of imidacloprid (434 g [AI]/ha) in the 1998 tests. However, the results from the 1999 test indicated that mole cricket damage ratings from the imidacloprid-treated plots were significantly different between 2 and 0.5 cm irrigation water after treatment at 21 and 28 DAT. Application of bifenthrin at a rate of 120 g (AI)/ha with 0.5 cm of irrigation water after treatment resulted in significantly lower mole cricket damage ratings than those of 1.0 and 2.0 cm of irrigation water after treatment at 30 DAT only in the 1998 test. Bifenthrin with irrigation at 1 h after insecticide treatment provided better mole cricket control than that of irrigation at 5 min after treatment at 30 DAT only in the 1998 test. Mole cricket damage ratings after application of bifenthrin were not significantly different between either irrigation quantity treatment or irrigation timing treatment in the 1999 tests. Possible effects of application timing, environmental conditions, irrigation practice, and insecticide physical properties on the results are discussed.
Previous research has discussed the interaction of hand preference, eye dominance, and sport performance. In this study, the relation of eye dominance with performance and subjective ratings in golf putting was investigated. 47 right-handed Japanese students from a college of physical education putted 10 balls to a drawn circle 3 m away, each under right-handed and left-handed stance conditions. Putting performance was measured by the number of successful putts. After putting in each condition, they rated subjective visibility and feelings of hitting. Analyses indicated that right-eyed subjects had significantly better performance using the right-handed stance than the left-handed stance, whereas left-eyed subjects showed the opposite. Most subjective ratings were more positive with right-handed stance for both right-eyed and left-eyed subjects. These findings suggest that eye dominance could have some influence on putting performance of Japanese novice golfers.
To determine the role of sensory information in golf putting 22 subjects were classified as either high or low in skill. Subjects from both groups putted from two distances (5 and 15 ft.) under three different conditions: relevant visual cues (look at ball), no visual cues (blindfolded), and irrelevant visual cues (look at offset marker). The 2 X 2 X 3 analysis of variance with radial error as the dependent variable indicated significant main effects for each factor but no significant interactions. Relevant visual cues provided greater accuracy than did no visual cues or irrelevant visual cues.
This study was designed to examine the contextual interference effect on teaching golf skills in a naturalistic setting to 2 groups of 18 novice golfers who as undergraduate students practiced four foundational skills under conditions of low and high contextual interference, respectively. A t test for independent samples indicated no significant differences between groups. Findings are discussed and recommendations for research are made.
This study examined the debilitative and facilitative perceptions of trait anxiety among 94 students enrolled in a college golf class. Analyses indicated no differences in performance between those classified as debilitating interpreters, i.e., those with negative perceptions of trait anxiety, versus those classified as facilitating interpreters, i.e., those with positive perceptions of trait anxiety. Also, no differences were found in perceived intensity and direction of trait anxiety as a function of performance. Results differ from previous research on direction of trait anxiety among elite and high level performers so direction of perceptions may be correlated with competition or skill of the performer.
This study involved professional golfers who played in 1999 on the Professional Golfers' Association Tour (PGA Tour, N=2,967), Senior Professional Golfers' Association (SPGA Tour, N=2,751), and the Ladies Professional Golfers' Association (LPGA Tour, N=2,638) and investigated whether there is independence between golfers' scores on consecutive rounds within tournaments. The mean correlations between scores on consecutive rounds for players on the PGA Tour (r=-.08, p<.01) and LPGA Tour (r=-.03, p=.05) were negative although negligible and of little practical importance. There was a small, positive correlation (r=.27, p<.01) between scores on consecutive rounds for players on the SPGA Tour. Such evidence suggests the greater dependence of golf scores on the SPGA Tour may be due to the greater range of players' skill on that tour.
We report a cluster of 4 cases of acute histoplasmosis (1 culture proven and 3 with positive serology, of which 2 were symptomatic) associated with exposure to soil during a golf course renovation. Patients in western Canada with compatible symptoms should be tested for histoplasmosis, regardless of their travel or exposure history.
The study on the temporal niche, spatial niche and spatial distribution of dominant grub populations in different athletic areas of golf courses in subtropics showed that except the lower temporal niche breadths of individual grubs in greens III and IV, the dominant grub populations in 4 areas of fairways and greens all had a >0.9 temporal niche breadth. The temporal niche breadth of 4 grub species in fairway highland and greens I and II was the highest, and that in rough highland and green IV was the lowest. For the grub species except Holotrichi-avata, the one-sided low vertical spatial niche breadth was 0.2-0.7. The temporal niche overlap in fairways and greens of 4 grub species was above 0.8, and the spatial niche overlap of great majority grub species was about 0.1-0.6. The spatial niche overlap between Anomala corpulenta and Anomala cupripes in fairways was the highest (>0.8), and that between Anomala corpulenta and Anomala cupripes and between Holotrichi asauteri and Holotrichi-avata in greens was the highest (>0.8). 4 grub species in fairways and greens mainly activated in 0-5 and 5-10 cm soil layers, a few grubs in 10-15 cm soil layer of fairway, and 4 grub species almost could not activate and feed in 10-15 cm soil layer of green.
In summary, a sport-specific exercise program for golfers includes warming up, stretching, strengthening, and cardiovascular conditioning. The goals of such a program incorporated with playing the game of golf are to optimize performance and prevent injuries. The integration of each of these components represents a well-balanced fitness approach to sport and enhances the enjoyment of the game.