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PubMedDate not supplied

[Gender differences in workplace bullying].

BACKGROUND: Despite the attention that international Agencies give to the gender issue in situations of workplace bullying, few investigations have been performed on this topic. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study is describe the gender differences in victims of workplace bullying observed in an Italian survey. METHODS: A total of 243 subjects (124 males and 119 females) were examined at the Centre for Occupational Stress and Harassment of the "Clinica del Lavoro Luigi Devoto" (University of Milan and IRCCS Foundation); they were selected among patients who met the criteria for being considered victims of negative actions at work leading to workplace bullying. Data regarding the person, workplace and the workplace bullying situation were collected by means of an ad hoc questionnaire. RESULTS: Analysis of the data, compared with those of IS-TAT 2002, showed a higher prevalence of females subjected to negative actions at work. In women, the risk of being subjected to negative actions leading to workplace bullying was shown to increase in the 34-44 age range and to decrease in higher age ranges; in men the risk remained elevated also after 55 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: In general, women were victims of negative actions regarding personal values related to emotional-relational factors, while men were attacked on their work performance. Sexual harassment, may mark the onset of other types of psychological harassment or can be one of its components.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Practice parameters for child custody evaluation. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

These practice parameters are presented as a guide for clinicians evaluating the often delicate and complex issues surrounding a child custody dispute. The historical basis of child custody and the various judicial presumptions that have guided courts are reviewed. The differences between performing child custody evaluation and engaging in traditional clinical practice are emphasized. Issues that are common to all child custody disputes are presented, including continuity and quality of attachments, preference, parental alienation, special needs of children, education, gender issues, sibling relationships, parents' physical and mental health, parents' work schedules, parents' finances, styles of parenting and discipline, conflict resolution, social support systems, cultural and ethnic issues, ethics and values, and religion. In addition, special issues that complicate custody evaluations are discussed, including infants in custody disputes, homosexual parents, grandparents' rights, parental kidnaping, relocation problems, allegations of sexual abuse, and advances in reproductive technology, such as frozen embryos, oocyte donation, and artificial insemination. An outline is provided that describes the complete evaluation process, from assessing referrals and planning a strategy through conducting clinical interviews, writing the report, and testifying in court.

Child↗
PubMed1997

AACAP Official Action. Summary of the practice parameters for child custody evaluation.

This summary is presented as a guide for clinicians evaluating the often delicate and complex issues surrounding a child custody dispute. The historical basis of child custody and the various judicial presumptions that have guided courts, as well as the differences between performing child custody evaluation and engaging in traditional clinical practice, are reviewed in the complete document. Issues that are common to all child custody disputes are presented, including continuity and quality of attachments, preference, parental alienation, special needs of children, education, gender issues, sibling relationships, parents' physical and mental health, parents' work schedules, parents' finances, styles of parenting and discipline, conflict resolution, social support systems, cultural and ethnic issues, ethics and values, and religion. In addition, special issues that complicate custody evaluations are presented, including infants in custody disputes, homosexual parents, grandparents' rights, parental kidnapping, relocation problems, allegations of sexual abuse, and advances in reproductive technology, such as frozen embryos, oocyte donation, and artificial insemination.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Through women's eyes: a gendered research agenda for disaster social science.

Gender is a central organising principle in social life and hence in disaster-affected communities, yet gender issues are rarely examined by disaster scholars or practitioners. Building on findings from emerging and industrial nations, three key research directions are identified: How is gendered vulnerability to disaster constructed? How do gender relations shape the practice of disaster planning and response in households and organisations? How are gender relations affected over time by the social experience of disaster? The discussion suggests how analysis of the gendered terrain of disaster both develops disaster theory and fosters more equitable and effective disaster practice.

Disaster Planning↗
PubMed1993

[Affects in dreams of children and adolescents].

This study deals with the examination of manifest emotions in dreams as reported (written down) ba children and adolescents. The contents were examined from 407 dreams of children and adolescents regarding anxious and aggressive emotions. The emotions found by patient-children or patient adolescents, who had asked for psychotherapeutic help, were compared with those of inconspicuous children and adolescents of al school forms. Two areas of examination were of special interest: In which way do manifest dream emotions change with the beginning of puberty and in which way do social factors effect the manifestation of dream emotions? In this context especially the role of the gender issues is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Men sexually assaulted as adults and sexually abused as boys.

Previous research on sexually victimized men has mainly addressed the acute symptoms seen in hospital emergency rooms and psychiatric clinics. Findings are reported on 14 men, all but 1 of whom had been sexually traumatized much earlier in life, as boys or young adults. Several problem areas are described: repression, denial, or normalization of the trauma; self-blame and shame; posttraumatic stress disorder; male gender identity fragility; sexual orientation ambiguity and internalized homophobia; sexual difficulties; mistrustfulness of adult men; and disturbances of self-esteem and body image. Gender issues in treatment are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

"Don't forget your cotton underwear girls": femininity and Australian Army nurses in the Vietnam War (1967-1971).

War and nursing are unequivocally linked and the impact that this type of nursing has had upon the nursing profession in indisputable. However, a review of the Australian scholarly nursing literature revealed that the contribution and experiences of Australian nurses in the Vietnam War has not been widely published. The direct involvement of Australian women in the Vietnam War was limited and, as female nurses, they were unquestionably a minority. This paper describes the gender issues that confronted the nurses who worked within the confines of war.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2003

[Gender perspective relevant in many medical school subjects. Essential to perceive men and women holistically].

Gender perspective in medicine implies that people are seen as biological as well as social and cultural creatures and the concept of wholeness is important. Still, it is common that biological explanations dominate when gender differences in various symptoms and disorders are discussed in medicine and medical training. Applying a gender perspective implies a change in that attention is then also paid to social conditions for men and women in various contexts, for example in education, on the labour market, and in different ethnic groups, parallel and simultaneously to biological causes. In this article it is shown that a gender perspective is relevant in many fields of medical training. A gender perspective can bring new insights in education about the healthy and diseased body, investigation and treatment of disease, communication and the patient-doctor-relationship, as well as career and speciality choices. The need for education of teachers on gender issues is a crucial issue for those responsible for the academic syllabus.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2004

Gender inequality and domestic violence: implications for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention.

Domestic violence and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are problems of great public health worldwide, especially sub-Saharan Africa and much of the developing countries. This is due to their far reaching social, economic and public health consequences. The two problems have gender inequality and gender power imbalances as the driving force behind the "epidemics". HIV infection is mainly acquired through heterosexual relations, which themselves are greatly influenced by socio-cultural factors, underlying which are gender power imbalances. Unfortunately gender relations, and gender issues in general, have not been given much emphasis in the medical perspective, especially in efforts for prevention and control of HIV infection. There is thus a need to mainstream gender relations in reproductive health. This article aims at emphasizing the intersection between domestic violence, gender inequality and HIV infection.

Domestic Violence↗
PubMed1999

Do students' attitudes toward women change during medical school?

BACKGROUND: Medical school has historically reinforced traditional views of women. This cohort study follows implementation of a revitalized curriculum and examines students' attitudes toward women on entry into an Ontario medical school, and 3 years later. METHODS: Of the 75 students entering first year at Queen's University medical school 70 completed the initial survey in September 1994 and 54 were resurveyed in May 1997. First-year students at 2 other Ontario medical schools were also surveyed in 1994, and these 166 respondents formed a comparison group. Changes in responses to statements about sex-role stereotypes, willingness to control decision-making of female patients, and conceptualization of women as "other" or "abnormal" because they are women were examined. Responses from the comparison group were used to indicate whether the Queen's group was representative. RESULTS: Attitudinal differences between the primary group and the comparison group were not significant. After 3 years of medical education students were somewhat less accepting of sex-role stereotypes and less controlling in the doctor-patient encounter. They continued, however, to equate adults with men and to see women as "not adult" or "other." Female students began and remained somewhat more open-minded in all areas studied. INTERPRETATION: A predicted trend toward conservatism was not seen as students became older, more aware and closer to completion of medical training, although they continued to equate adults with male and to see women as "other." Findings may validate new curricular approaches and increased attention to gender issues in the academic environment.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

When a client develops an attraction: successful resolution versus boundary violation.

Psychiatric mental health nursing in correctional institutes is an exciting field, presenting the correctional nurse with a number of challenges. A challenge of particular significance is that encountered when a client develops an attraction to a nurse. Nursing education traditionally has not equipped nurses with the theoretical knowledge or experience to address this phenomenon in clinical practice. Consequently, attractions may not be successfully resolved, resulting in boundary violations that leave the correctional nurse feeling battered. Although attraction in the therapeutic relationship is a well-documented phenomenon in the psychosocial literature, nursing has not addressed this issue sufficiently. Only when the precipitating factors are defined clearly from a sociocultural context, which includes the profession and the correctional environment, can interventions for implementation be identified. The socialization of nurses, how nursing conceptualizes professionalism, gender issues, the atmosphere of the correctional environment and the potential for dual relationships that stem from the multiple roles of the nurse, are factors that the author contends contribute to a lack of boundary setting and maintenance in the nurse-client therapeutic relationship. Consequently, this results in difficulties in assisting a client to resolve attraction successfully.

Empathy↗
PubMed1999

A discussion of the legal aspects of female genital mutilation.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the position of the nurse/midwife in the United Kingdom when involved with the care of a woman or female child who has suffered genital mutilation, which is an illegal practice in this country and most other areas of the world. The types of circumcision commonly practised are introduced, the prevalent reasons for the continuation of the practice among certain ethnic groups are presented, and the range of issues to be considered by the nurse is examined. These include international and national legal aspects which do not exist in isolation and are considered in context with cultural, medical, human rights and gender issues. Nursing legal issues include child protection, consent, advocacy and confidentiality, which invoke the Code Of Professional Conduct of the United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing Midwifery & Health Visiting. Midwives and nurses working in the field of gynaecology have raised questions regarding possible courses of action to take when presented with this issue. Increased knowledge can help to inform those decisions. Therefore, implications for future practice are addressed, together with recommendations to assist nurses with decision making when faced with this scenario in the future.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nurse--physician communication. Women and men at work.

Delivering comprehensive nursing care has become more of a challenge in the current environment, which demands efficiency of effort and resources. To provide such care, nurses are encouraged to establish alliances with other providers. Physicians are certainly key to this model. This article identifies the gender issues that may impede nurse--physician communication and offers suggestions for improving it.

Assertiveness↗
PubMed2004

Outcome studies among men with micropenis.

Adult stretched penile length (SPL) was determined among 22 males who were diagnosed with micropenis. These adult SPL values were compared with SPL at the time of diagnosis, age of diagnosis and etiologic category in 20 men who were diagnosed before puberty. A portion of this group completed a structured questionnaire interview, the Social Adjustment Self Report Questionnaire and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist to assess social and psychosexual milestones and the presence of psychiatric morbidity. Results show that the majority of men who had been diagnosed with micropenis had an adult SPL within 2 standard deviations of the normal adult mean, with only a minority showing values below this. It appeared that men with micropenis might have greater than average interval SPL growth between diagnosis and adulthood; it remains unclear whether this supranormal growth represents a catch-up phenomenon or results from augmentation by intermittent androgen therapy. There was no clear relationship between SPL at diagnosis and SPL in adulthood. The responses to the questionnaires indicated that men who had been diagnosed with micropenis were comparable to control men in regard to gender issues, body image, social fitness, sexuality, work, family adjustment and the presence of psychopathology.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Gender and identity issues in the analytic process.

The influence of gender--of analyst and analysand--in the unfolding of the analytic process is being addressed. A brief discussion of the reasons why such influence was either dismissed or denied in the analytic literature until recently, is followed by an overview of possible analyst-analysand interactions in the four gender-related dyads. Finally two specific developments, not uncommon in the transference of female patients in analysis with female analysts (and their countertransference implications) are presented. The first refers to the issues around closeness and distance with the maternal object (usually expressed as issues over control and as a sado-masochistic struggle with the analyst in the transference), while the second to the erotization of the transference.

Acting Out↗
PubMed2000

Beyond Experimentation: Emerging Issues in the Institutionalization of Joint Forest Management in India.

/ During the last decade, a major initiative for community involvement in the management of state forest lands was started in India in the form of Joint Forest Management (JFM) programs. Despite the progress and positive impacts, the JFM program is still in the experimental phase. Latent conflicts related to caste, class, and gender issues are threatening JFM institutions at the village level. The Forest Department is also facing a number of internal conflicts as it tries to adjust to its new role under JFM. Some thoughtful and creative attempts have been made to resolve these conflicts. However, a much more concerted effort is required along with creation of suitable mechanisms at local, state, and national levels to discuss and resolve present and future conflicts.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

The problem of gender in family therapy theory.

The field of family therapy is now a continuous process like a car cruising on automatic control with the driver comfortably in the lotus position. Family therapy theory rests on normative concepts of the traditional family and idealized conceptions of family relationships. Inequalities in the family associated with gender have been regarded as of little importance to the development of macro theory in the field. The two most influential therapeutic models, psychodynamic and systemic approaches, are each marked by gender bias. The alpha prejudice of psychodynamic theories exaggerates gender differences; the beta prejudice of systemic approaches ignores them. The construction of gender role concepts has led to a false dichotomy, whether supported by traditionalists or feminists. On close examination, gender role ideals turn out to be simplifications and caricatures. The uncritical use of gender role concepts supports power differences between men and women and ignores the complexities and commonalities of human experience. The failure of family therapy theory to deal with gender issues needs to be addressed if a theory that is not just "more of the same" is to be developed.

Employment↗
PubMed2000

Gender and drought: experiences of Australian women in the drought of the 1990s.

A unique collaborative, sociological study undertaken during 1995-7, explored the social construction of drought as a disaster, looking at farm families in two Australian states: Queensland (beef producers) and New South Wales (sheep/wheat producers). A decision was made to interview the women and men separately to test our hypothesis that there would be gender issues in any analysis of a disaster, but particularly one which has had so much long-term impact on individuals, families and communities, such as drought. Interviews were conducted with over 100 individuals male and female. We conclude that drought as a disaster is a gendered experience. The paper draws on the narratives of some women involved in the study to identify 'themes of difference' which confirm the necessity to maintain gender as a variable in all studies of the social impacts of disaster.

Adaptation, Psychological↗