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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Econometric feeding and management for first cycle phase two DeKalb Delta hens.

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of feeding method (constant vs variable) and method of formulation (lysine vs protein) on the performance and profits of first cycle, phase 2 DeKalb Delta hens from 40 to 52 wk of age as influenced by egg and feed prices. Treatments 1 to 5 were formulated based on lysine to contain 0.65 to 0.81% TSAA and fed continuously regardless of feed consumption (constant feeding). Treatments 6 to 10 and 11 to 15 were formulated based on lysine to supply 570 to 650 mg TSAA and protein to supply 580 to 660 mg TSAA per hen per d, respectively, and fed based on feed intake. Dietary TSAA level had no overall significant effect on feed consumption, egg production, egg weight, mortality, or body weight. Hens fed diets using the constant method of feeding had significantly higher egg production, egg weight, egg specific gravity, and body weight than hens fed diets formulated based on lysine or protein using the variable method of feeding. When the treatments in the two variable feeding methods were compared, feed consumption was significantly higher for hens fed diets formulated based on protein whereas egg production, egg weight, egg specific gravity, and body weight were not different. It was concluded that method of formulation (lysine vs protein) and TSAA levels required for maximum profits can vary from at least 570 to 821 mg per hen per d depending upon energy and protein cost.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1997

[Toxicity of the combination of salinomycin and tiamulin in swine].

The toxicity of the combination of salinomycin (sal.) and tiamulin (tia.) was investigated in dependence upon dosage and feeding method. In addition the efficacy of a safe dose for prophylactic treatment of dysentery was controlled. Following feed medications were tested for toxic effects in pigs: a) 3 mg sal. + 5 mg tia./kg BW, b) 3 mg sal. + 3 mg tia./kg BW, c) 3 mg sal. + 1 mg tia./kg BW, d) 3 mg sal./kg BW, e) 10 mg tia./kg BW, f) 30 mg tia./kg BW. The daily dose was given for 2 weeks by restricted feeding (twice a day) either as bolus or mixed in the whole ration or by feeding ad libitum. Animals were controlled for clinical symptoms and activities of creatine phosphokinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) were evaluated daily. Main clinical signs of poisoning were loss of appetite and locomotor disturbances and could be noticed for dosages of 8, 6 and 4 mg sal. + tia./kg BW. Activities of CK and ASAT were increased dose-related, the feeding method also had an influence on the degree of intoxication. Some animals showed locomotor disturbances without any corresponding changes of CK and ASAT levels. Single pigs remaining without any symptoms even at high dosage pointed to differences in individual susceptibility. Toxicity was not found to be age dependent. Feed medication with 60 ppm sal. + 20 ppm tia. (feeding ad libitum) did not result in any signs of toxicity, however, the transmission of Serpulina hyodysenteriae from infected pigs to healthy, treated control animals could not be inhibited efficiently. Therefore the simultaneous application of salinomycin and tiamulin should be avoided generally, because the risk of intoxication is high and subtherapeutical dosage has an insufficient effectiveness against Serpulina hyodysenteriae.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Ecdysone agonist halofenozide affects corpora allata and reproductive physiology of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus.

Following a short swarming flight, winged adults of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus lose their wings and form tandem pairs. These dealates or primary reproductives then form incipient colonies. Topical application of 5 microg of the non-steroidal ecdysone agonist RH-0345 (halofenozide) in 0.1 microl DMSO to the primary reproductives during the 2000 season resulted in significant reduction in the number of eggs laid. There was however complete recovery of the treated females. Apparently the non-treated partner removed the treatment chemical while grooming indicating oral activity. In 2001 both topical application as well as feeding methods were tried. Significant effects were observed only in the topical treatment group, perhaps because of inconsistency in feeding. In this group, total progeny, the number of ovarioles in ovaries and the size of the female's corpora allata (CA) were all significantly reduced. Ultrastructure of the CA of treated females showed extensive vacuolation near the surface of the gland. The experiment was repeated in 2002 using both topical application and an improved oral feeding method. Whereas there was apparent recovery in the topically treated group after 90 days, the oral treatment was more persistent in its effect perhaps due to a higher amount of halofenozide consumed during feeding.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Control of Biomphalaria pfeifferi population and schistosomiasis transmission in Ethiopia using the soap berry endod (Phytolacca dodecandra), with special emphasis on application methods.

The endod (Phytolacca dodecandra)-based schistosomiasis mansoni control project was implemented in Ethiopia between 1994 and 1999. The aim was to develop an effective, cheap and sustainable method of controlling schistosomiasis. First, different formulations of the Ethiopian endod strain 44 (E-44) were compared for potency in the laboratory. Secondly, spray and drip-feeding methods were compared for simplicity and effectiveness in the field. Lastly, the efficacy of endod powder soap was compared with the endod spray method. In Bati stream, endod powder soap was distributed to the residents every weekend at laundry sites. In Worke stream, endod was sprayed along a 1-km stretch of the stream at 3-month intervals. No endod was applied in Harbu stream. The immediate and long-term effects of endod application on the snail population and schistosomal infection were determined. Using the spray method, 100% snail mortality could be obtained, and it was simpler and more effective than the drip-feeding method. Snail mortality ranged from 20 to 100% using endod soap. There was a progressive decline in the snail population and infection in Bati stream compared with Worke stream, mainly due to sustained use of endod soap. The advantages and disadvantages of the different endod delivery systems are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effect of expectant mothers' feeding plan on prediction of fathers' attitudes regarding breast-feeding.

A mother's perception of the father's attitude toward breast-feeding may strongly influence her prenatal choice of infant feeding method; however, research has demonstrated that women do little better than chance in predicting these attitudes. this study sought to determine if differential perceptions of fathers' attitudes regarding breast-feeding existed between women who had made a prenatal decision to breast- or formula-feed their children. The 268 expectant mothers in prenatal classes completed a self-administered questionnaire. Chi-square analysis was performed to determine the significance of the association between maternal attitudes toward breast-feeding and intended feeding plan (breast or formula) and each predicted paternal attitudinal variable. The majority of subjects were white (80%) and married (95%). Seventy percent planned exclusive breast-feeding, and 68% felt the baby's father wanted them to breast-feed. Mothers who planned breast-feeding were more knowledgeable of its benefits, had more favorable perceptions, and were more likely to predict positive attitudes of fathers toward breast-feeding than those who planned formula feeding. Women who planned formula feeding predicted less positive paternal attitudes regarding breast-feeding; this perception (whether correct or incorrect) likely impacted on their choice of infant feeding method. More time should be devoted in prenatal classes and prenatal physician visits to breast-feeding education for mothers and fathers. Active encouragement of paternal participation in breast-feeding classes, usually directed toward women only, would foster understanding of the benefits of breast-feeding and the support fathers can provide.

Attitude↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bottle- and breast-feeding: effects on transcutaneous oxygen pressure and temperature in preterm infants.

Transcutaneous oxygen pressure (tcPO2) and body temperature were monitored for the duration of feeding sessions in five small preterm infants who served as their own controls for bottle-feeding (BoF) and breast-feeding (BrF). Longitudinal data were collected twice weekly for BoF and BrF sessions from infants' first oral feeding until discharge, for a total of 71 feeding sessions: 32 BoF and 39 BrF. Markedly dissimilar for the two feeding methods, tcPO2 patterns suggested less ventilatory interruption during BrF than BoF. Sequential tcPO2 values at baseline, immediately postfeed, and 10 minutes postfeed were significantly different for the feeding methods, with greater declines for BoF. Maximal temperature change, calculated by subtracting the baseline from the most extreme temperature for each feeding session, indicated that infants became significantly warmer during BrF than BoF. Although the small sample size necessitates replication, these results do not support the widely held assumption that BrF is more stressful than BoF for small preterm infants.

Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous↗
PubMed1994

Diurnal variation in concentrations of plasma urea nitrogen and amino acids in pigs given free access to feed or fed twice daily.

A repeated-measures experiment was conducted to test the effect of sampling times after feeding on concentrations of plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) and plasma free amino acids (PFAA) in pigs fed by two feeding methods. Seven castrated male pigs (mean weight of 65 kg) were randomly assigned to switchback treatments that were 3-d periods of either free access to feed or twice daily feeding. Blood was sampled at 2-h intervals (sampling points) during the day (0800 to 1800 h) and again during the night (2000 to 0600 h) on the last day of each of three 3-d feeding treatment periods. Concentrations of PUN and most PFAA were not affected by the feeding method and time of day (day and night), but they were affected by sampling points. The pigs fed twice daily had postprandial peak PUN at 4 h (32% increase over prepandial) and peak PFAA at 2 h after feeding during 12-h day and night periods. However, the pigs with free access to feed exhibited only a slight fluctuation of PUN during the day and night and almost constant concentrations of most PFAA during a 24-h period. The PFAA results suggest that concentrations of most plasma essential and nonessential amino acids varied relatively more than those of other amino acids in response to sampling times.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2001

Method of feeding and transmission of HIV-1 from mothers to children by 15 months of age: prospective cohort study from Durban, South Africa.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk of HIV transmission by infant feeding modality. DESIGN AND SETTING: A prospective study in two hospitals in Durban, South Africa. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 551 HIV-infected pregnant women enrolled in a randomized trial of vitamin A. INTERVENTIONS: Women self-selected to breastfeed or formula feed after being counselled. Breastfeeders were encouraged to practice exclusive breastfeeding for 3-6 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cumulative probabilities of detecting HIV over time were estimated using Kaplan-Meier methods and were compared in three groups: 157 formula-fed (never breastfed); 118 exclusively breastfed for 3 months or more; and 276 mixed breastfed. RESULTS: The three feeding groups did not differ in any risk factors for transmission, and the probability of detecting HIV at birth was similar. Cumulative probabilities of HIV detection remained similar among never and exclusive breastfeeders up to 6 months: 0.194 (95% CI 0.136-0.260) and 0.194 (95% CI 0.125-0.274), respectively, whereas the probabilities among mixed breastfeeders soon surpassed both groups reaching 0.261 (95% CI 0.205-0.319) by 6 months. By 15 months, the cumulative probability of HIV infection remained lower among those who exclusively breastfed for 3 months or more than among other breastfeeders (0.247 versus 0.359). CONCLUSION: Infants exclusively breastfed for 3 months or more had no excess risk of HIV infection over 6 months than those never breastfed. These findings, if confirmed elsewhere, can influence public health policies on feeding choices available to HIV-infected mothers in developing countries.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Weight comparisons of infants with complete cleft lip and palate.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the success of the Enlarge, Stimulate, Swallow, Rest (ESSR) feeding method for infants with complete cleft lip and palate. METHOD: Sixty-nine infants comprised of two groups: an ESSR group and a control group. Paired t-tests compared mean weights at birth and time of surgery according to feeding method. RESULTS: Infants fed by ESSR method showed greater mean weight gain. CONCLUSIONS: The ESSR method appeared to be successful in promoting weight gain.

Body Weight↗
PubMed2002

Factors influencing a mother's choice of feeding after discharge of her baby from a neonatal unit.

OBJECTIVE: To assess feeding methods chosen by mothers of babies who spent time in a neonatal unit. Factors influencing this decision were investigated. DESIGN: Descriptive study. METHODS: Mothers were interviewed on the day they took their babies home. Basic demographic data on mother and baby were collected from the hospital records. SETTING: The neonatal unit, Pelonomi Hospital, Bloemfontein from May 1996 to May 1998. SUBJECTS: Eighty-one mothers of babies admitted to the neonatal unit. OUTCOME MEASURES: At discharge 60% of mothers intended to breast-feed their babies exclusively the next day. The mother's decision to breast-feed her baby at home was significantly associated with her decision before delivery (P = 0.0050). Other factors positively associated with the decision to breast-feed exclusively at home were a significantly higher birth weight of the baby (P < 0.0008) and gestational age of the baby (P < 0.0005). The only hospital practice positively associated with this decision was the frequency with which mothers saw their babies during their stay in the unit (P = 0.0153). Mothers' knowledge of how to increase breast-milk supply was very poor. CONCLUSIONS: Infants with a lower weight and gestational age, who stayed in the unit longer, were less likely to be breast-fed after discharge from the neonatal unit. The mothers' experience in the unit did not seem to alter their choice of feeding method decided upon before delivery. This suggests that efforts to promote breast-feeding in the neonatal unit were either ineffectual or inadequate. In order to remedy this situation it is necessary to keep the mother-infant pair together (lodger mothers) and to promote breast-feeding before and after delivery. It would also be necessary to train staff in the management of lactation problems.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1982

[Methods of feeding infants at home and in Homes for Small Children in Cracow in the past 20 years].

The observations of infants feeding practices are a part of a longitudinal study on the effect of nutrition upon health and development in the first years of life. The food intake of infants living in families was evaluated by 24-hour dietary recall, monthly for six months and then at three-monthly (till 1 year) and half-yearly intervals. In "Homes for Small Children" the individual weighed inventory method was used. The basis of presented results are 772 questionnaries about infants feeding in first six months and 445 questionnaries of infants feeding till the age of 24 months, the data for 14 days of nutritional survey in "Homes for Small Children" in the years 1961/62 and for 17 days in 1973/74. The number of feedings per day decreases in infants throughout the first year from mainly 7 in the first month till mainly 5 at the age of 12 months. Meals composition of infants aged 4 months and older is comparable to the schedule recommended by the National Research Institute for Mother and Child. Of importance is the observation concerning the short duration of wholly breast (41,5% of infants at the 1 month and nearly null at 4 months) and the early introduction of "solid" foods (that is gluten containing cereals), by adding them to milk formulas (30% of infants at 1 month and 78% at 2 months). In conclusions, there is stressed the need for encouragement by medical staff of all mothers to longer full breast feeding of their babies. Further observations are necessary to evaluate the effect of meals number and the possible unsatisfactory contribution of early cereals introduction for the health and wellbeing of infants.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed1979

Simplified method of feeding infants born with cleft palate with or without cleft lip.

Most infants born with a cleft palate with or without cleft lip are undergrown and have histories of difficult feeding. For the past two years, all of the infants born with isolated cleft palate with or without cleft lip, referred to the Boston Floating Cleft Palate Clinic, were fed using a simplified method. A standard nipple that was cross cut and a standard glass baby bottle were used. The infants were fed in the sitting position and burped frequently. Data indicating that nutrition in these infants is adequate as judged by weight gain was provided.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed1976

Shame and other anxieties associated with breast-feeding: a systems theory and psychodynamic approach.

It is easy to be over-simplistic about breast-feeding--what determines the choice of the breast; what causes rejection of breast-feeding as a feeding method; what determines success and what its failure? In fact, a bewildering range of factors, physical, psychological and sociological play a part. How can these be related to each other and ordered in general and for the individual? A general systems theory approach, in which the elements are envisaged as interacting dynamically, seems to offer a possible satisfactory explanatory model. Moving from social systems to the individual's intrapsychic system helps to understand the complexity of emotions aroused about the breast and breast-feeding. Shame and anxieties are seen to arise from the confluence of life history and current events. Intervention is necessary at many levels--societal, family and individual--if breast-feeding is to be re-established as the feeding method of first choice.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Bottle-feeding as a tool to reinforce breastfeeding.

Babies may need supplementation due to difficulty breastfeeding. Others must be fed by alternative feeding methods because they are separated from mothers who have returned to employment or school. Recognizing that mothers and caregivers are often not comfortable using other alternative feeding devices, the author endeavored to develop a method of bottle-feeding that would meet the needs of these mothers and their babies without causing suck confusion. The resulting bottle-feeding method requires babies to expend effort and use their oral anatomy in ways very similar to breastfeeding.

Adult↗