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PubMed2006

Use of inert C&D materials for seawall foundation: quality control measures.

The technical viability of using inert construction and demolition (C&D) materials for the construction of seawall and breakwater foundations has been established by laboratory testing of the materials, numerical analysis of foundation stability, and a pilot field-scale engineering performance evaluation. However, quality control measures are still required so that only suitable materials are used for seawall and breakwater foundation construction. The development of different quality control measures for different site conditions is presented in this paper. The rationale, practicality, and implementation of these quality control measures are also discussed.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗

PubMed1997

Optimism for perilous times: a survey of American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Foundation and Reproductive Scientist Development Program postdoctoral research fellows.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to survey fellows of the American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Foundation and Reproductive Scientist Development Program regarding their successes and problems and to solicit suggestions for improvement. STUDY DESIGN: A survey was mailed to each past and current fellow participating in the research fellowships sponsored by the two organizations. The survey requested from each respondent information regarding current research, funding, and academic status and problems they have encountered. Additionally, each respondent was encouraged to make specific suggestions on how to improve these programs. RESULTS: Of the 54 surveys sent, all were returned (100%). Of these respondents, 30 had American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Foundation fellowships and 24 were in the Reproductive Scientist Development Program, representing 29 different academic programs. Forty-nine (91 %) had academic appointments and 6 were either division directors or departmental chairs. Of 39 graduates, 23 (59%) received funding from the National Institutes of Health. Thirty-one past fellows continued basic research and 23 (73%) work in their own or departmental laboratories. Of all respondents, 78% felt that they had good to excellent chances of obtaining funding, and 94% felt that participating in the research training fellowships was critically important for their academic careers. CONCLUSIONS: Research training fellowships sponsored by the American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Foundation and the Reproductive Scientist Development Program have been extremely successful at keeping talented young obstetricians and gynecologists in academic medicine. Most fellows continue basic science research and have obtained extramural funding. In spite of the current stresses in academic medicine regarding financial restructuring and research funding, these fellowships continue to provide outstanding opportunities for motivated young obstetricians and gynecologists to achieve academic success.

Data Collection↗

PubMed1985

Pin amalgam restoration and pin amalgam foundation.

The principles of cavity preparation, retention, pin placement, and finishing of the pin amalgam restoration differ in several respects when applied to the pin amalgam when it is intended to serve as a foundation for a cast restoration. A more conservative extension and removal of undermined enamel is indicated because the amalgam will be covered with a cast restoration. The axial reduction required during crown preparation frequently reduces retention of the pin amalgam foundation; therefore, it is necessary to plan for those alterations during the cavity preparation. The degree of finishing and polishing required is determined by the length of time the pin amalgam foundation is expected to function as an interim restoration.

Bicuspid↗

PubMed2006

Safety climate as a mediator between foundation climates and occupational accidents: a group-level investigation.

Building on recent work in occupational safety and climate, the authors examined 2 organizational foundation climates thought to be antecedents of specific safety climate and the relationships among these climates and occupational accidents. It is believed that both foundation climates (i.e., management-employee relations and organizational support) will predict safety climate, which will in turn mediate the relationship between occupational accidents and these 2 distal foundation climates. Using a sample of 9,429 transportation workers in 253 work groups, the authors tested the proposed relationships at the group level. Results supported all hypotheses. Overall it appears that different climates have direct and indirect effects on occupational accidents.

Accidents, Occupational↗

PubMed2004

Towards sound epistemological foundations of statistical methods for high-dimensional biology.

A sound epistemological foundation for biological inquiry comes, in part, from application of valid statistical procedures. This tenet is widely appreciated by scientists studying the new realm of high-dimensional biology, or 'omic' research, which involves multiplicity at unprecedented scales. Many papers aimed at the high-dimensional biology community describe the development or application of statistical techniques. The validity of many of these is questionable, and a shared understanding about the epistemological foundations of the statistical methods themselves seems to be lacking. Here we offer a framework in which the epistemological foundation of proposed statistical methods can be evaluated.

Genetic Techniques↗

PubMed1998

The foundations of bioethics: contingency and relevance.

In this essay, I proceed by, first, laying out H. Tristram Engelhardt's argument for the principle of permission as the proper foundation for a secular bioethic. After considering how a number of commentators have tried to undermine this argument, I show why it is immune to some of these advances. I then offer my own critique of Engelhardt's project. This critique is two pronged. First, I argue that Engelhardt is unable to establish his own foundation for a secular bioethic. This inability leaves him with only contingent points of departure for a secular bioethic, some of the more salient of which he has ignored. Second, I argue that even if Engelhardt's project succeeds, it is in danger of being irrelevant in a practical sense because it ignores important contextual dimensions of the peculiar enterprise we call bioethics. Ultimately, the proper foundations for a relevant secular bioethic. I argue, must appeal to certain contingent features of the context that gives rise to the need for it.

Bioethics↗

PubMed1993

Noah's Ark-Red Cross Foundation: a Swedish model.

During the Spring of 1991, the author spent many weeks at the Noah's Ark-Red Cross Foundation, a support service for HIV infected persons, and their families and friends, located in Stockholm, Sweden. The purpose was to study, through interviews, observation and participation, the foundation's interactive model in order to discover what makes it work and share that knowledge with other professionals. The Noah's Ark Model consists of three spheres of activity: service, including reception services and the volunteer programme; information and education, including the Hot Line and the Newsletter; and counselling and support, including the guest house. Staff from each area interact freely with and participate in the activities of other areas. The foundation also utilizes the services of carefully trained volunteers. This use of volunteers makes it unique in Sweden. It is the dedication and flexibility of the staff and volunteers that make this model work. The report of the study follows.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2025

MutBERT: probabilistic genome representation improves genomics foundation models.

MOTIVATION: Understanding the genomic foundation of human diversity and disease requires models that effectively capture sequence variation, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). While recent genomic foundation models have scaled to larger datasets and multi-species inputs, they often fail to account for the sparsity and redundancy inherent in human population data, such as those in the 1000 Genomes Project. SNPs are rare in humans, and current masked language models (MLMs) trained directly on whole-genome sequences may struggle to efficiently learn these variations. Additionally, training on the entire dataset without prioritizing regions of genetic variation results in inefficiencies and negligible gains in performance. RESULTS: We present MutBERT, a probabilistic genome-based masked language model that efficiently utilizes SNP information from population-scale genomic data. By representing the entire genome as a probabilistic distribution over observed allele frequencies, MutBERT focuses on informative genomic variations while maintaining computational efficiency. We evaluated MutBERT against DNABERT-2, various versions of Nucleotide Transformer, and modified versions of MutBERT across multiple downstream prediction tasks. MutBERT consistently ranked as one of the top-performing models, demonstrating that this novel representation strategy enables better utilization of biobank-scale genomic data in building pretrained genomic foundation models. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: https://github.com/ai4nucleome/mutBERT.

Humans↗

PubMed1988

In search of the moral foundation of nursing.

This article is offered as an extension of the work of Yarling and McElmurry, who ostensibly discussed the moral foundations of nursing. They did not actually broach their intended topic, but they did offer important clues for further analysis. This presentation attempts to show how the moral foundation of nursing might be discerned by indicating both its linkage to the great moral ideas and certain confusions in current nursing ideology. It is claimed that the moral foundation of nursing--indeed, the moral inspiration at the heart of nursing practice--must come from a clearly developed understanding of the idea of nursing.

Ethics, Nursing↗

PubMed2003

Intelligent machines in the twenty-first century: foundations of inference and inquiry.

The last century saw the application of Boolean algebra to the construction of computing machines, which work by applying logical transformations to information contained in their memory. The development of information theory and the generalization of Boolean algebra to Bayesian inference have enabled these computing machines, in the last quarter of the twentieth century, to be endowed with the ability to learn by making inferences from data. This revolution is just beginning as new computational techniques continue to make difficult problems more accessible. Recent advances in our understanding of the foundations of probability theory have revealed implications for areas other than logic. Of relevance to intelligent machines, we recently identified the algebra of questions as the free distributive algebra, which will now allow us to work with questions in a way analogous to that which Boolean algebra enables us to work with logical statements. In this paper, we examine the foundations of inference and inquiry. We begin with a history of inferential reasoning, highlighting key concepts that have led to the automation of inference in modern machine-learning systems. We then discuss the foundations of inference in more detail using a modern viewpoint that relies on the mathematics of partially ordered sets and the scaffolding of lattice theory. This new viewpoint allows us to develop the logic of inquiry and introduce a measure describing the relevance of a proposed question to an unresolved issue. Last, we will demonstrate the automation of inference, and discuss how this new logic of inquiry will enable intelligent machines to ask questions. Automation of both inference and inquiry promises to allow robots to perform science in the far reaches of our solar system and in other star systems by enabling them not only to make inferences from data, but also to decide which question to ask, which experiment to perform, or which measurement to take given what they have learned and what they are designed to understand.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed2004

Foundations of chaotic mixing.

The simplest mixing problem corresponds to the mixing of a fluid with itself; this case provides a foundation on which the subject rests. The objective here is to study mixing independently of the mechanisms used to create the motion and review elements of theory focusing mostly on mathematical foundations and minimal models. The flows under consideration will be of two types: two-dimensional (2D) 'blinking flows', or three-dimensional (3D) duct flows. Given that mixing in continuous 3D duct flows depends critically on cross-sectional mixing, and that many microfluidic applications involve continuous flows, we focus on the essential aspects of mixing in 2D flows, as they provide a foundation from which to base our understanding of more complex cases. The baker's transformation is taken as the centrepiece for describing the dynamical systems framework. In particular, a hierarchy of characterizations of mixing exist, Bernoulli --> mixing --> ergodic, ordered according to the quality of mixing (the strongest first). Most importantly for the design process, we show how the so-called linked twist maps function as a minimal picture of mixing, provide a mathematical structure for understanding the type of 2D flows that arise in many micromixers already built, and give conditions guaranteeing the best quality mixing. Extensions of these concepts lead to first-principle-based designs without resorting to lengthy computations.

Complex Mixtures↗

PubMed2005

Foundation Trusts: economics in the 'postmodern hospital'.

Foundation Trust Hospitals are community-controlled health care providers which have increased autonomy about how they produce outcomes for the British National Health Service. Although there is a literature on hospital economics it is unclear how these innovative providers will behave, if they have to compete for scarce resources with other hospitals. This paper reviews some of the earlier theories, such as the neoclassical theory of the firm, and discusses their relevance along with 'newer' economic theories such as the transaction costs and evolutionary theory of the firm, plus organizational and human resources theory, to the performance of Foundation Trusts. Much contemporary health care provision is shaped along modernist lines, using scientific endeavour to maximize the impact on health outcomes and technical and social efficiency. However, there is an increasingly postmodern standpoint--critical of modernity--being taken by both patients and hospital staff, to deconstruct processes in the organizations that serve them. Foundation Trusts are postmodern hospitals insomuch as they (to attract scarce resources in a competitive environment), need to marshal the diverse theories of the firm together in order to provide a mass-customized, quality experience, transparently and at least cost--whilst maintaining a stable organizational culture for staff.

Community Health Services↗

PubMed1976

Foundations of health education.

Health education is "the process of providing or utilizing experiences for favorably influencing understanding, attitudes, and practices relating to individual, family, and community health. As an applied science it draws its content from a variety of sources. The paradigm which depicts the foundations of health education can be visualized as five vertical pillars consisting of sociocultural, educational, psycho-behavioral, legal, and scientific foundations supporting the work of the health educator. While the components within each pillar may be altered with new developments and advances over time, the model is broad enough in scope to incorporate the changes without altering its purpose. The foundations of health viewed in this light can easily display the depth of the health education profession and will serve to orient the novice and future health educators of the underpinnings of their profession. This framework could easily be adapted for study on the college level and should serve as an orientation to those students planning to major in health.

Behavior↗

PubMed2006

The Foundation Programme assessment tools: an opportunity to enhance feedback to trainees?

The recent change in working patterns of doctors in training has meant that the traditional systems of education are under increasing pressure and that there is the need to maximise new opportunities for learning. One new opportunity may arise after the introduction of the mandatory assessment systems (Mini-CEX, DOPPS, Multi-source feedback, and Case based discussion) in the Foundation Programmes. In this review the new assessment procedures for the Foundation Programmes are outlined and the potential of these assessments (using Mini-CEX as main example) as an opportunity to give feedback to trainees discussed. The importance of feedback in professional development and some of the techniques available for giving feedback are described. The Foundation Programme assessments will occupy a significant amount of trainees' and trainers' time and it is important that opportunity for feedback and learning is maximised.

Curriculum↗

PubMed2025

NextVir: Enabling classification of tumor-causing viruses with genomic foundation models.

MOTIVATION: Oncoviruses, pathogens known to cause or increase the risk of cancer, include both common viruses such as human papillomaviruses and rarer pathogens such as human T-lymphotropic viruses. Computational methods for detecting viral DNA from data acquired by modern DNA sequencing technologies have enabled studies of the association between oncoviruses and cancers. Those studies are rendered particularly challenging when multiple species of oncovirus are present in a tumor sample. In such scenarios, merely detecting the presence of a sequencing read of viral origin is insufficiently informative-instead, a more precise characterization of the viral content in the sample is required. RESULTS: We address this need with NextVir, to our knowledge the first multi-class viral classification framework that adapts genomic foundation models to detecting and classifying sequencing reads of oncoviral origin. Specifically, NextVir explores several foundation models-DNABERT-S, Nucelotide Transformer, and HyenaDNA-and efficiently fine-tunes them to enable accurate identification of the sequencing reads' origin. The results demonstrate superior performance of the proposed framework over existing deep learning methods and suggest downstream potential for foundational models in genomics.

Humans↗

PubMed2000

Evaluation and management of proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome in children: recommendations from a pediatric nephrology panel established at the National Kidney Foundation conference on proteinuria, albuminuria, risk, assessment, detection, and elimination (PARADE).

OBJECTIVE: The development of this review article evolved from a National Kidney Foundation consensus conference on recent advances in the importance of evaluating and treating proteinuria. From this conference, a series of recommendations for the evaluation of adults with proteinuria was published. Because specific pediatric aspects of the problem were outside the scope of the original National Kidney Foundation publication, an ad hoc committee of 6 pediatric nephrologists who were active participants in the National Kidney Foundation conference was established to provide primary care physicians with a concise, up-to-date reference on this subject. METHODS: The recommendations that are given represent the consensus opinions of the authors. These are based on data from controlled studies in children when available, but many of the opinions are, by necessity, based on uncontrolled series in children or controlled trials performed in adults, because controlled trials in children have not been performed to evaluate many of the treatments described. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: These recommendations are intended to provide primary care physicians with a useful reference when they are faced with a young child or teenager who presents with proteinuria, whether this is mild and asymptomatic or more severe, leading to nephrotic syndrome.

Child↗

PubMed2006

Patient assistance programs and patient advocacy foundations: alternatives for obtaining prescription medications when insurance fails.

PURPOSE: The role of patient assistance programs and patient advocacy foundations as a safety net for Americans without health insurance or with inadequate insurance, the financial impact of 14 years of experience promoting enrollment in such programs at a cancer treatment center, and resources and strategies that pharmacists can use to increase patient enrollment and access to needed medications are discussed. SUMMARY: Various patient assistance programs and patient advocacy foundations offer financial and other support for patients who need help obtaining prescription medications because they lack health insurance or their insurance fails to meet their needs. Patients must complete an application and provide personal financial information. Efforts by a pharmacist at a cancer treatment center to enroll patients in such programs produced a marked reduction in write-offs over a 14-year period. Pharmacists can promote patient enrollment in assistance programs by screening for costly drugs and patients who are likely to have difficulty obtaining these drugs. These patients include those who exceed Medicaid coverage or for whom Medicaid coverage is pending, patients without any health insurance, patients without a prescription drug benefit, patients for whom the planned drug therapy is not covered by insurance, and patients enrolled in charity programs. CONCLUSION: Patient assistance programs and patient advocacy foundations provide a valuable safety net to ensure that Americans without health insurance or with inadequate coverage receive needed prescription medications.

Cancer Care Facilities↗

PubMed2004

Influence of adhesive polymerization mode on dentin bond strength of direct core foundation systems.

This study examined the influence of various adhesive systems on dentin bond strength of direct core foundation resins. Two commercially available direct core foundation resin systems and 2 adhesive polymerization modes were used. Facial bovine dentin surfaces were wet ground on 600-grit SiC paper. Dentin surfaces were treated according to the manufacturers' instructions and were light polymerized (control). Chemical- and light-polymerized adhesive systems were used separately. The resin paste was condensed into a mold and bonded to the dentin surface. Ten specimens per test group were stored in water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours, and a shear test was conducted at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/minute using a universal testing machine. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple comparison test were performed (alpha = 0.05). Dual polymerization of resin pastes revealed higher bond strength with the combination of light-polymerized adhesive (22.8-24.3 MPa), but significantly lower bond strength with the combination of a chemical-polymerized adhesive (4.2-5.7 MPa). The present data suggests that dentin bond strengths in direct core foundation systems can be influenced by the combination of adhesive and resin paste.

Animals↗