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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

First aid and basic life support skills training early in the medical curriculum: curriculum issues, outcomes, and confidence of students.

BACKGROUND: The importance of training physicians and other health care professionals in first aid and basic life support (BLS) is now widely recognized. The Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences of the United Arab Emirates University have been offering formal training in these skills to 1st-year medical students since 1989. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of the program and the extent to which it provides students with confidence to perform skills on their own after training. DESCRIPTION: 165 of 180 male and female students comprising 3 cohorts (91.7% response rate) completed a self-administered anonymous questionnaire. The questionnaire contained open- ended and Likert-type questions regarding course organization, content, strengths and weaknesses, teaching--learning approaches, and skills development and confidence. The authors analyzed assessment outcomes and associations between self-perceived levels of confidence and ability to practice. EVALUATION: Students were uniformly enthusiastic and highly motivated by the program. Self-assessed confidence in ability to perform skills on their own after completing the program was moderately correlated with perceived frequency of opportunity to practice many skills. There was nevertheless a consistent desire for more practice time. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the program provides students with sound basic knowledge and adequate practical skills in first aid and BLS and that adequacy of time and physical and human resources are important prerequisites to facilitate practice and engender confidence in skills.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation↗
PubMed1997

[First aid kits: for whom and why?].

Anyone traveling far from home should take along a first aid kit. Contents should be chosen carefully with the awareness that infection is not the main problem facing travelers. The basic kit is the same regardless of the purpose or duration of the trip or of the health and knowledge of the traveler. Priority should be given to allergic risks, to the quality of the thermometer, to the packaging of indispensable medications to a medical certificate justifying transport of drugs and syringes for personal medical use, and to preventive devices for sexually transmitted diseases. Travel in tropical zones raises special requirements especially with regard to infectious risks such as traveler's diarrhea, malaria, fungal and bacterial contamination. Protection against insect-borne disease and sun exposure are also important considerations for travel in the tropics. Depending on planned activities, travelers should carry medication for prevention and treatment of motion sickness and emergency treatment of envenimation. Due to local inavailabilities, it may be necessary to pack contraceptives, personal hygiene products, and common medications.

Bites and Stings↗
PubMed1999

New methods of seafarer's training: an internet "refresher course on first-aid and medical care on board".

Our objective is to facilitate seamen's health education, according to the recommendations of international organisations like IMO (STCW 1995) and EC (Directive 92/29): They recommend a refresher course on first-aid at least every 5 years for persons in charge of medical care on board. In Spain the transposition of this Directive was published (RD 258/99). So, we thought that in order to help seafarers and officers in their training in prevention and in solving health problems derived from their occupational risks on board, continuing education could be implemented using an innovative and adaptable tool. No first-aid course can be useful without practical exercises. The term "refresher" (in this paper) is a way of reminding what people have learnt and practised in a previous practical course. In 1998, the Spanish Society of Maritime Medicine promoted a pilot internet refresher course for seafarers in its web, URL: "http://www.semm.org/curso/pauxm.html++ +". There are 10 didactic units (resources for medical assistance on board, radio-medical advice, environmental problems, travel medicine, cardio-respiratory resuscitation, prevention of problems in diving, death on board, occupational risk prevention ... etc.). Hypertext linked keywords help the student to revise the subject, a teacher can counsel him by e-mail and a multiple choice test, and clinical cases are included to check the comprehension of the didactic units. A CD and an English version of the course is being prepared.

First Aid↗
PubMed1991

First-aid reports of acute chlorine gassing among pulpmill workers as predictors of lung health consequences.

Workers in pulpmills can be exposed to a multitude of gases hazardous to respiratory function, the most common of which is chlorine gas. First-aid reports of acute gas overexposure incidents ("gassings") over an 8 year period were used to generate exposure data on a group of pulpmill workers whose respiratory function had been studied cross-sectionally in 1981 and 1988. Three hundred forty-eight incidents representing 174 workers were identified, 78% of these being treated solely by the first-aid attendant with the administration of O2 and cough suppression medication. Among 316 workers tested during a 1988 respiratory health survey, 78 had at least one chlorine or chlorine dioxide "gassing" incident. There was a significant decrease in the FEV1/FVC ratio (p less than .05) as well as increased risk for workplace associated chest symptoms in this group with at least one "gassing" incident. In an age- and smoking-matched analysis, among workers tested both in 1981 and 1988, there was a greater decline in FEV2/FVC ratio and MMF (p less than .05) in the "gassed" group than in the nonexposed group over the 7 year period of observation. These results emphasize the need for worker protection against accidental chlorine gas exposures.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

[Haute-Vienne First Aid Service to drowned people in XVIIIth].

Ph.-N. Pia, an apothecary of the Paris City Council, created in 1772 a First-Aid-Service to drowned people. Within 15 years, a hundred people were rescued; that's why the Government decided to endow each french department with an identical service. The author describes here the Haute-Vienne First Aid Service to drowned people.

Drowning↗
PubMed1982

[First aid in excessive heat loss].

The main physiopathological changes occurring in heat loss and therapeutic warming stages are examined. Excessive heat loss in water is much more frequent than is imagined and effects: Swimmers through cutaneous transpiration and respiration. Sailors and surfers through heat dispersion in water and exposure to air and wind. Deep and Scuba divers due to respiratory mixes as well as heat dispersion. The first aid treatment of heat loss whether mild or severe is then analysed. As far as possible first aid should concentrate on maintaining the cardiorespiratory functions. Heat treatment should be reserved for specially equipped treatment centres.

Diving↗
PubMed1994

Outcome of war-injured patients treated at first aid posts of the International Committee of the Red Cross.

This study describes the effects of 'echelons' on the outcome of victims of the Afghan internal armed conflict in terms of mortality and drain of surgical resources. A group of 1127 victims of war treated at ICRC first aid posts (FAPs) and subsequently referred to a surgical hospital of the International Committee of the Red Cross (group A), and a group of 596 victims who were transported directly from the area where the injury occurred to the hospital (group B) were analysed retrospectively. Mortality in patients treated initially at a FAP and admitted within 6-24 h after injury was slightly lower than in patients admitted directly. The number of surgical interventions was higher in patients initially treated at the FAP. Notably, patients belonging to group A with gunshot injuries underwent operation more often than those belonging to group B. No differences were found in relation to the incidence of fever, number of units of blood transfused and average stay in hospital. The study shows that initial treatment at a FAP had no significant influence on the prognosis of the injured. Presumably the best ways to improve the prognosis of the victims of war are to train local people in first aid, to support locally existing medical facilities and to establish an evacuation system in order to support these first aiders and medical facilities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Life supporting first aid training of the public--review and recommendations.

Since the introduction around 1960 of external cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) basic life support (BLS) without equipment, i.e. steps A (airway control)-B (mouth-to-mouth breathing)-C (chest (cardiac) compressions), training courses by instructors have been provided, first to medical personnel and later to some but not all lay persons. At present, fewer than 30% of out-of-hospital resuscitation attempts are initiated by lay bystanders. The numbers of lives saved have remained suboptimal, in part because of a weak or absent first link in the life support chain. This review concerns education research aimed at helping more lay persons to acquire high life supporting first aid (LSFA) skill levels and to use these skills. In the 1960s, Safar and Laerdal studied and promoted self-training in LSFA, which includes: call for the ambulance (without abandoning the patient) (now also call for an automatic external defibrillator); CPR-BLS steps A-B-C; external hemorrhage control; and positioning for shock and unconsciousness (coma). LSFA steps are psychomotor skills. Organizations like the American Red Cross and the American Heart Association have produced instructor-courses of many more first aid skills, or for cardiac arrest only-not of LSFA skills needed by all suddenly comatose victims. Self-training methods might help all people acquire LSFA skills. Implementation is still lacking. Variable proportions of lay trainees evaluated, ranging from school children to elderly persons, were found capable of performing LSFA skills on manikins. Audio-tape or video-tape coached self-practice on manikins was more effective than instructor-courses. Mere viewing of demonstrations (e.g. televised films) without practice has enabled more persons to perform some skills effectively compared to untrained control groups. The quality of LSFA performance in the field and its impact on outcome of patients remain to be evaluated. Psychological factors have been associated with skill acquisition and retention, and motivational factors with application. Manikin practice proved necessary for best skill acquisition of steps B and C. Simplicity and repetition proved important. Repetitive television spots and brief internet movies for motivating and demonstrating would reach all people. LSFA should be part of basic health education. LSFA self-learning laboratories should be set up and maintained in schools and drivers' license stations. The trauma-focused steps of LSFA are important for 'buddy help' in military combat casualty care, and natural mass disasters.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Legal aspects of first aid and emergency care: 1.

The decision whether or not to intervene in a first-aid situation carries certain implications for nurses. This article, the first in a 3-part series, examines nurses's duty to act at the scene of an accident and the legal implications of intervention.

Emergency Medical Services↗
PubMed2004

First-aid treatment of anaphylaxis to food: focus on epinephrine.

Avoiding food triggers for anaphylactic reactions (severe acute systemic allergic reactions) is easier said than done. Most episodes of anaphylaxis to food occur unexpectedly in the community in the absence of a health care professional. All individuals at risk should therefore have an emergency action plan in place. The cornerstone of first-aid treatment of anaphylaxis is epinephrine injected intramuscularly in the vastus lateralis muscle (lateral aspect of the thigh). In this review, we focus on epinephrine. We examine a therapeutic dilemma: the issue of epinephrine dose selection in an individual for whom no optimal fixed-dose auto-injector formulation exists, and a therapeutic controversy: the issue of epinephrine injection versus an oral H1-antihistamine in anaphylaxis episodes that appear to be mild. The pharmaceutical industry could address the first of these issues by providing a wider range of epinephrine fixed doses in easy-to-use auto-injectors, or by providing adjustable epinephrine doses in auto-injectors. The second issue could be addressed in part by development of alternative routes of epinephrine administration for the first-aid, out-of-hospital treatment of anaphylaxis.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1982

Chemical burns: effect of prompt first aid.

Chemical burns account for a relatively small proportion of the patients treated within a burn center; however, certain characteristics of these injuries, particularly in the initial stages of treatment, justify their separate consideration and review. Thirty-five patients were treated in the Baltimore Regional Burn Center from July 1976 through June 1980, with 14 different agents involved. The majority of injuries were work related; however, 20% were the result of assault. All patients received copious water lavage as primary therapy. In approximately one half of the patients this was begun as a first-aid measure at the scene of the accident. Compared to the group which did not receive lavage until admission to the hospital, the patients receiving appropriate first aid showed significantly less full-thickness injury and more than twofold shorter hospital stay, indicating the importance of public and industrial medical awareness of the role of immediate copious lavage. The problems of systemic toxicity with and specific therapy for certain agents is discussed with particular attention given to an unusual case involving cutaneous absorption of dichromate.

Aged↗