SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Expressed Emotion”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources

PubMed1983

Family caretaking and expressed emotion: an evaluation.

Recently more and more families have assumed the role of primary caregiver for their schizophrenic relatives. The author enumerates the needs of caregiving families and reviews the work of researchers involved in family therapy approaches to the treatment of schizophrenia. After discussing theories based on the concept of expressed emotion--that is, the amount of hostility, intrusiveness, or criticism expressed by family members toward the schizophrenic relative--the author examines the effects of contact with families exhibiting high expressed emotion on patient relapse. He suggests that high expressed emotion is not a characteristic unique to families of schizophrenic patients and calls for further standardized research among families who care for individuals with other mental disorders.

Communication↗

PubMed1990

Expressed emotion and auditory evoked potentials.

The expressed emotion (EE) of key relatives has been shown to predict the course of illness in psychiatric patients. In this study, we examined whether there might be physiological correlates to the EE index in nonbiological key relatives of patients with affective psychoses. High-EE and low-EE relatives were compared concerning their slopes of the amplitude/stimulus intensity function (auditory evoked N1/P2-component). We found that the slopes were clearly steeper in the case of low-EE relatives. In comparing the slopes of all key relatives with those of an age-matched control group without psychiatrically ill partners, we could find no differences. Therefore, the slope differences between high-EE and low-EE relatives do not seem to reflect differences in the illness of partners. We speculated whether a steep slope as well as low EE could be associated with an action-oriented, impulsive communication style, which would prevent the development of an affectively tense communication pattern.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Schizophrenia and family-expressed emotions. Study of an Italian population].

Expressed Emotion (EE) is a method of assessing the emotional make-up of a family, widely used in English-speaking countries, with particular reference to schizophrenia. This research programme arose out of a trial application of EE to a group of Italian families. Data are given here relative to a sample of 19 families with a schizophrenic member (according to DSM III criteria). The results confirm the hypothesised correlation between family EE and recidivist symptomatology of schizophrenic subjects: "high family EE" is associated with the most serious and habitual schizophrenic cases. The necessary adaptations which had to be made in order to apply EE assessment methods to Italian families are also discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Detection of emotional expressions in rapidly changing facial displays in high- and low-socially anxious women.

Facial information and attention to facial displays are distributed over spatial as well as temporal domains. Thus far, research on selective attention to (dis)approving faces in the context of social anxiety has concentrated primarily on the spatial domain. Using a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm, the present study examined the temporal characteristics of visual attention for happy and angry faces in high- (n=16) and low-socially anxious individuals (n=17), to test whether also in the temporal domain socially anxious individuals are characterized by threat-confirming attentional biases. Results indicated that presenting angry faces as the first target (T1) did not aggravate the detection of the emotional expression of the second target (T2). Yet, participants generally showed superior detection of the emotional expression of T2, if T2 was an angry face. Casting doubt on the role of such attenuated attentional blink for angry faces in social anxiety, no evidence emerged to indicate that this effect was relatively strong in high-socially anxious individuals. Finally, the presentation of an angry face as T2 resulted in a relatively hampered identification of a happy-T1. Again, this "backward blink" was not especially pronounced in high-socially anxious individuals. The present anger superiority effects are consistent with evolutionary models stressing the importance of being especially vigilant for signals of dominance. Since the effects were not especially pronounced in high-anxious individuals, the present study adds to previous findings indicating that socially anxious individuals are not characterized by a bias in the (explicit) detection of emotional expressions [Philippot, P., & Douilliez, C. (2005). Social phobics do not misinterpret facial expression of emotion. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 639-652].

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Ethnicity, expressed emotion, and communication deviance in family members of patients with schizophrenia.

This study examined the relationships among expressed emotion (EE), communication deviance (CD), and ethnicity in a sample of 57 white, Latino, and black relatives of patients with schizophrenia. A new method of assessing CD from the Five Minute Speech Sample was also developed and evaluated against an existing method (the Camberwell Family Interview; CFI). As hypothesized, high expressed emotion rated (from the CFI) was associated with higher levels of CD, and the Five Minute Speech Sample and CFI methods of assessing CD were concordant. CD statements made by white family members focused most on patient behaviors/symptoms that reflected a lack of independent functioning. CD statements of Latino and black relatives, however, focused most on patient behaviors that interfered with the family's interdependent functioning. Family members may have particular difficulty communicating coherently when discussing patients' inability to uphold important values and behaviors that are sanctioned by their ethnic background.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Perceiver bias in the processing of deliberately asymmetric emotional expressions.

Posers were requested to produce happy and sad emotional expressions, deliberately accentuated on the left and right sides of the face. Raters judged the emotional intensity of expressions when presented in original and mirror-reverse orientation. Left-side-accentuated sad expressions were rated as more intense than right-side-accentuated sad expressions. Raters were biased to judge expressions as more intense when the accentuated side was to their left. The findings indicated that the perceiver bias in weighting information from the side of the face in left hemispace extends to judgments of emotional intensity.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Rapid extraction of emotional expression: evidence from evoked potential fields during brief presentation of face stimuli.

Although the emotional expression of faces is believed to be accessed rapidly, previous ERP studies hardly found correlates of these processes. Here, we report findings from a study that investigated dichoptic binocular interaction using emotional face stimuli. Thirty-one subjects were briefly presented with schematic normal and scrambled faces (of neutral, positive, or negative expression) that occurred simultaneously in the left and right visual fields. Stimuli for both eyes could be congruent (control) or incongruent (dichoptic). Subjects decided which of the superimposed images in both hemi-fields appeared more "face-like" and during this task, the EEG was recorded from 30 channels. VEPs were analysed topographically according to the influence of the different experimental conditions (defined by presentation form, emotional expression, and location). Behavioural responses to the ambiguous dichoptic stimuli demonstrated a functional eye dominance not related to visual acuity and conventional eye preference. Electrophysiological data revealed three components with mean latencies of 85, 160, and 310 ms. Topography of the second component (equivalent to the face-related N170) differed in left-right and anterior-posterior direction compared with simple checkerboard stimuli. Dichoptic presentation caused reduced field strength of all three, and increased latency of the first component. Faces with negative expression yielded largest field strength of the second and third components. Besides that, emotional expression affected topography not only of late, but also the first component. This provides new evidence about the timing of perceptual processes related to facial expression, indicating that already VEP components occurring at 80-90 ms are sensitive to emotional content.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Detecting hemifacial asymmetries in emotional expression with three-dimensional computerized image analysis.

Emotions are expressed more clearly on the left side of the face than the right: an asymmetry that probably stems from right hemisphere dominance for emotional expression (right hemisphere model). More controversially, it has been suggested that the left hemiface bias is stronger for negative emotions and weaker or reversed for positive emotions (valence model). We examined the veracity of the right hemisphere and valence models by measuring asymmetries in: (i) movement of the face; and (ii) observer's rating of emotionality. The study uses a precise three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique to measure facial movement and to provide images that simultaneously capture the left or right hemifaces. Models (n = 16) with happy, sad and neutral expressions were digitally captured and manipulated. Comparison of the neutral and happy or sad images revealed greater movement of the left hemiface, regardless of the valence of the emotion, supporting the right hemisphere model. There was a trend, however, for left-sided movement to be more pronounced for negative than positive emotions. Participants (n = 357) reported that portraits rotated so that the left hemiface was featured, were more expressive of negative emotions whereas right hemiface portraits were more expressive for positive emotions, supporting the valence model. The effect of valence was moderated when the images were mirror-reversed. The data demonstrate that relatively small rotations of the head have a dramatic effect on the expression of positive and negative emotions. The fact that the effect of valence was not captured by the movement analysis demonstrates that subtle movements can have a strong effect on the expression of emotion.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Expressed emotion in caregivers of the dementing elderly.

This paper presents findings on the association between 'expressed emotion' (EE) and a number of factors previously investigated in relationship to caregivers of the dementing elderly. Frequency of critical comments (expressed emotion) was correlated with a number of supporter and dependent characteristics, variables within the relationship between caregivers and their dementing relatives, and help from professionals. The analysis revealed significant correlations between EE and sex of caregiver, caregivers' psychological well-being, contact with friends and the quality of the relationship between the caregiver and dementing relative. The dementing relatives' level of impairment, age and sex were not significantly correlated with EE, nor was help from the services. Also, those most critical of their dementing relatives were not more likely to express a preference for institutional care.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Anger and advancement versus sadness and subjugation: the effect of negative emotion expressions on social status conferral.

Four studies examined status conferral (decisions about who should be granted status). The studies show that people confer more status to targets who express anger than to targets who express sadness. In the 1st study, participants supported President Clinton more when they viewed him expressing anger about the Monica Lewinsky scandal than when they saw him expressing sadness about the scandal. This effect was replicated with an unknown politician in Study 2. The 3rd study showed that status conferral in a company was correlated with peers' ratings of the workers' anger. In the final study, participants assigned a higher status position and a higher salary to a job candidate who described himself as angry as opposed to sad. Furthermore, Studies 2-4 showed that anger expressions created the impression that the expresser was competent and that these perceptions mediated the relationship between emotional expressions and status conferral.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Expressed emotion and relapse in young schizophrenia outpatients.

High familial expressed emotion (EE) reliably predicts 9-month relapse rates in schizophrenia patients. Difficulties interpreting the EE-relapse finding arise, however, because EE is usually assessed during a hospital admission, yet relapse following discharge is predicted. Researchers in Scotland assessed EE in relatives while the patients were out of hospital; using conservative relapse criteria, they failed to find higher subsequent 6- and 12-month relapse rates among patients living in high-EE homes (McCreadie and Phillips 1988). Our goal was to determine the ability of EE to predict relapse in a sample of 69 schizophrenia outpatients using both conservative criteria (for 6-and 12-month rates) and standard relapse criteria (for 9- and 18-month rates). According to the conservative criteria, EE failed to predict 6- and 12-month relapse. According to the standard criteria, 9-month relapse rates were significantly greater among patients in high-EE households. In parental homes, relapse at both 9 months and 18 months was best predicted by fathers' critical comments and mothers' emotional overinvolvement. Relapse was not associated with medication compliance and the amount of contact with high-EE relatives.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Hemispheric asymmetries in processing emotional expressions.

Three experiments are reported on visual field asymmetries in the perception of emotional expressions on the face. In experiment I full faces expressing six different emotions were presented unilaterally for exposure durations, allowing the subject to judge whether the facial expression was positive or negative. Right-handed subjects judged all expressions except happiness as more negative when presented in the left visual field (LVF). This effect was smaller for left-handers and was absent in left-handers who use the non-inverted writing posture. In experiment II subjects were presented with happy, sad and "mixed" chimeric faces, projected to each visual field, for durations allowing only the detection of the existence of a face. LVF presentations produced greater differential rating of emotional valence for the three types of stimuli. In experiment III chimeric faces containing happy and sad expressions were presented unilaterally for durations allowing the subject to perceive the existence of two expressions on the face. The subjects were required to decide whether the mood expressed in the face was predominantly negative or positive. RVF presentations resulted in a bias toward positive judgments. These results indicate right hemispheric superiority for the perception and processing of emotional valence and a left hemispheric perceptual bias toward positive aspects of emotional stimuli.

Cerebral Cortex↗

PubMed1999

Family predictors of the incidence of children's asthma symptoms: expressed emotion, medication, parent contact, and life events.

Self-report measures of both parents' expressed emotion, their time spent with their children, family life events, and children's medication compliance were obtained from 32 pairs of parents with a 5- to 12-year-old child with asthma and used to predict the number of the children's asthma-related medical contacts and school absences in the preceding year. Higher levels of fathers' expressed emotion, specifically critical comments, were associated with higher school absenteeism, and the amount of time fathers reported spending with their children on weekends was inversely related to the number of times children had an asthma-related medical contact. These findings were interpreted as reflecting the father's reactions to his child's asthma. Implications for intervention are discussed.

Absenteeism↗

PubMed2006

Measuring expressed emotion: an evaluation of the shortcuts.

The construct of expressed emotion (EE) is a highly reliable and valid predictor of poor clinical outcomes in patients with major psychopathology. Patients are at early risk for relapse if they live with family members who are classified as high in EE. Conventionally, EE is assessed with the Camberwell Family Interview (CFI), a semistructured interview that is conducted with the patient's key relatives. Unfortunately, training in the CFI is difficult to obtain. The CFI is also time-consuming to administer and labor intensive to rate. In this article, the authors discuss alternative ways of assessing EE. They also evaluate the predictive validity of these measures and make recommendations for researchers and clinicians interested in using these assessments.

Attitude↗

PubMed2005

Expressed emotion: relevance to rehospitalization in schizophrenia over 7 years.

Expressed emotion (EE) is an established factor in short-term relapse in schizophrenia. However, data on its long-term predictive ability are scarce. We extended our short-term investigation over 7 years' followup. The study population consisted of 108 patients, 93 with schizophrenia and 15 with schizoaffective disorder. EE of the key relatives was rated with the Five Minute Speech Sample (FMSS). Patient households were categorized by EE and its two components: criticism (CR) and emotional overinvolvement (EOI). High CR was associated with earlier first and second readmissions (Breslow p = 0.002 and 0.04, respectively). High CR was associated with a higher rate of readmissions (p = 0.01) and a longer hospital stay (p = 0.02) compared with low CR. Both compliance with pharmacotherapy and the interaction of high-CR x poor compliance were additional contributors to time to first readmission. This study is the first to demonstrate the prolonged predictive validity of EE. Our results support the value of CR as a prognostic indicator of the course of schizophrenia. The FMSS appears to have predictive power in respect to psychiatric hospitalization. Therapies aimed at lowering high EE seem warranted as a long-term preventive approach.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Expressed emotion and relapse in alcoholic patients.

Although family members' expressed emotion (EE) predicts patients' elevated relapse rates in schizophrenia and mood disorders, little is known about the relationship between EE and relapse in alcoholism. For 86 alcoholic patients (78 men, 8 women), the association between the spouse's EE and the alcoholic patient's subsequent relapse status in the 12 months after the couple began an outpatient behavioral marital therapy (BMT) program for alcoholism was examined. Alcoholic patients with high EE spouses, when compared with their counterparts with low EE spouses, were more likely to relapse, had a shorter time to relapse, and drank on a greater percentage of days in the 12 months after starting BMT. EE continued to be associated with relapse after patients' age, education, and alcohol problem severity were taken into account. Greater use of Antabuse and more sessions of BMT were associated with reduced relapse for alcoholic patients with high EE spouses.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

A quantitative measure for expressed emotion.

The items of the Five Minute Speech Sample, an instrument to elicit relatives' expressed emotion, were investigated in a follow-up study of 120 parents of adolescents with recent-onset schizophrenia. A composite scale was constructed using Mokken scale analysis. From the 9 available items, 6 formed a unidimensional and cumulative scale. This scale was applicable for the total parent group, as well as for fathers and mothers separately. A second scale of 2 items did not meet the criteria for the Mokken model completely and was applicable for the parent group as a whole, but not for fathers and mothers as separate groups. The configuration of the subscales as found with the Mokken scale analysis was comparable with the results of principal component analysis. A quantitative measure may detect smaller differences in expressed emotion than the dichotomous index and expands the possibilities for statistical tests.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Expressed emotion and psychiatric relapse: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Expressed emotion (EE) is a measure of the family environment that has been demonstrated to be a reliable psychosocial predictor of relapse in schizophrenia. However, in recent years some prominent nonreplications of the EE-relapse relationship have been published. To more fully address the question of the predictive validity of EE, we conducted a meta-analysis of all available EE and outcome studies in schizophrenia. We also examined the predictive validity of the EE construct for mood disorders and eating disorders. METHODS: An extensive literature search revealed 27 studies of the EE-outcome relationship in schizophrenia. Using meta-analytic procedures, we combined the findings of these investigations to provide an estimate of the effect size associated with the EE-relapse relationship. We also used meta-analysis to provide estimates of the effect sizes associated with EE for mood and eating disorders. RESULTS: The results confirmed that EE is a significant and robust predictor of relapse in schizophrenia. Additional analyses demonstrated that the EE-relapse relationship was strongest for patients with more chronic schizophrenic illness. Interestingly, although the EE construct is most closely associated with research in schizophrenia, the mean effect sizes for EE for both mood disorders and eating disorders were significantly higher than the mean effect size for schizophrenia. CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the importance of EE in the understanding and prevention of relapse in a broad range of psychopathological conditions.

Expressed Emotion↗