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PubMed2000

Predictors of post-hospital employment status for psychiatric patients in Hong Kong: from perceptions of rehabilitation professionals to empirical evidence.

Fifty participants with mental illness and a concrete discharge plan were selected from two mental hospitals in Hong Kong and assessed on their Psychosocial support by the Chinese Version of the Significant Others Scale, social vocational competence using the Workshop Behavior Checklist and the Vocational Social Skills Scale, medical history, work history, and demographic variables. At three months after discharge, the employed participants (n = 12) were shown to have better psychosocial support and social vocational competence than the unemployed participants (n = 24) by univariate comparison. The employed and unemployed participants did not differ in their medical and work history, and demographic variables. Implications of the results for rehabilitation programming are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Environmental influences, employment status, and religious activity predict current cigarette smoking in the elderly.

The objective of this study was to describe the smoking histories, patterns of cigarette use, and quitting behaviors in a predominantly African American sample of older adults. Study participants were a convenience sample of senior center attendees in the Washington, DC metropolitan area. Self-report questionnaires were used to measure depression, nicotine dependence, smoking motives, and readiness to quit. Results showed that living with another smoker increased the likelihood of current smoking (odds ratio = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.72-36.73). Being employed or seeking work was also associated with a higher likelihood of current smoking (odds ratio = 2.73, 95% CI = 2.00-118.76). Subjects who reported less frequent participation in organized religious activities were also more likely to smoke (odds ratio = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.17-50.38). Both former and current smokers identified personal will power and physician advice as the two most influential factors in successful smoking cessation. However, current smokers believed that nicotine replacement would aid in a successful cessation attempt, while former smokers did not endorse the efficacy of these products. The findings are discussed in terms of implications for intervention.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Employment status after coronary bypass operations and some cost considerations.

The occupational consequences and expenses of the bypass operation have been investigated in 100 survivors of 102 consecutive operations for coronary artery bypass grafting. There was one late death 8 months after the operation, and four patients were lost to follow-up, providing a total of 95 patients for survey. Patients were divided into four groups: I, those working before and after the operation (43); II, those working before but not after the operation (18); III, those not working before the operation who returned to work after the operation (8); IV, those not working before or after the operation (26). The four groups were analyzed for age, type of employment, severity of disease, ventricular function, incidence of perioperative infarction, graft patency, postoperative treadmill performance, and exepnses incurred. Profiles of the four groups have emerged which may have predictive value. Group I patients tend to be under age 55, self-employed in higher skill occupations, and with significant left ventricular dysfunction. Group II patients tend to be over age 55, employed in lower skill occupations, but also without significant left ventricular function. Of the 34 patients unemployed for 6 months in 24 months before the operation, 24% (eight) returned to work after the operation. The typical total bill for diagnosis and treatment was $15,000, of which insurance paid $12,000 and the patient paid $3,000.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Occupation, employment status and chronic inflammatory bowel disease in Denmark.

BACKGROUND: Certain occupational groups have formerly been identified as having higher risks of suffering from chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. These were evaluated in an independent data set. METHODS: A cohort, comprising all 2 273 872 male and female Danes aged 20-59 years on 1 January 1986 were followed up for hospitalizations due to chronic inflammatory bowel disease until 31 December 1990. RESULTS: From 1981 to 1990 6296 first time admissions occurred. The incidence increased from 1981-1985 to 1986-1990. Of 363 male and 213 female occupational groups eight and five groups respectively had statistically significant raised standardized hospitalization ratios. Among 15 groups previously found to have significant odds ratios only female office staff and health occupations were found to have statistically significant raised standardized hospitalization ratios. Ratios for occupational groups with non-daytime work were not statistically significant. Compared to occupations without sedentary work occupations with predominantly sedentary work had a standardized hospitalization ratio of 125 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] : 116.9-133.1). Self-employed had low hospitalization rates, while 'other salaried staff' and 'not economically active' had high rates. CONCLUSIONS: We found no consistent pattern of occupations at increased risk except that sedentary work may increase the risk of attracting chronic inflammatory bowel disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Female work experience, employment status, and birth expectations: sequential decision-making in the Philippines.

The influence of women's birth parity and accumulated market skills on their current labor force participation and birth expectations is examined within a sequential choice framework. Analysis of household data from the 1973 Philippines National Demographic Survey suggests these patterns: (a) women who have accumulated larger families work less in the current period and anticipate fewer additional births; (b) women with more past work experience tend to work more hours in the current period; and (c) work experience appears to have only a weak negative effect on birth expectations among older women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Employment status passages and psychosocial well-being.

Medical students entering the labor market were studied to find out whether the improvement of psychosocial well-being depends on characteristics of their careers. Psychosocial well-being was described on the basis of psychosomatic stress symptoms, psychological distress (General Health Questionnaire), and strain resistance resources (Sense of Coherence). The 3-year follow-up showed that among women the improvement of strain resistance resources was delayed in the group with several entries into work. Among men the findings suggested associations between stress symptoms and career characteristics. Most of the results, however, did not support the hypothesis about the division of the participants into those with a stable career and improving well-being and those with a fragmented career and low well-being.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Mainstreaming and postsecondary educational and employment status of a rubella cohort.

The postsecondary education and work status of 46 rubella deaf young adults was described and evaluated as an outcome of ethnicity, socioeconomic status, preschool attendance, early parent involvement, and degree of prior mainstreaming. With regard to postsecondary education attendance, 24 had two or more years, 11 had one year or less, and 11 had none. At time of interview, 19 were still attending school, 22 were working and five were neither working nor attending an educational program. Ethnic minority young adults were underrepresented in the group with two or more years of postsecondary education, and overrepresented in the group neither working nor in school at time of interview. Prior mainstreaming was a determinant of postsecondary education attendance over and above the effects of demographic and background characteristics. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Deaths from injury in children and employment status in family: analysis of trends in class specific death rates.

OBJECTIVE: To examine socioeconomic inequalities in rates of death from injury in children in England and Wales. DESIGN: Analysis of rates of death from injury in children by the eight class version of the National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification (NS-SEC) and by the registrar general's social classification. SETTING: England and Wales during periods of four years around the 1981, 1991, and 2001 censuses. SUBJECTS: Children aged 0-15 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Death rates from injury and poisoning. RESULTS: Rates of death from injury in children fell from 11.1 deaths (95% confidence interval 10.8 to 11.5 deaths) per 100,000 children per year around the 1981 census to 4.0 deaths (3.8 to 4.2 deaths) per 100,000 children per year around the 2001 census. Socioeconomic inequalities remain: the death rate from all external causes for children of parents classified as never having worked or as long term unemployed (NS-SEC 8) was 13.1 (10.3 to 16.5) times that for children in NS-SEC 1(higher managerial/professional occupations). For deaths as pedestrians the rate in NS-SEC 8 was 20.6 (10.6 to 39.9) times higher than in NS-SEC 1; for deaths as cyclists it was 27.5 (6.4 to 118.2) times higher; for deaths due to fires it was 37.7 (11.6 to 121.9) times higher; and for deaths of undetermined intent it was 32.6 (15.8 to 67.2) times higher. CONCLUSIONS: Overall rates of death from injury and poisoning in children have fallen in England and Wales over the past 20 years, except for rates in children in families in which no adult is in paid employment. Serious inequalities in injury death rates remain, particularly for pedestrians, cyclists, house fires, and deaths of undetermined intent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Cigarette smoking and employment status.

The smoking habits and health knowledge of the unemployed and the full-time workers were investigated in a cross-sectional study of over 10,000 men and women throughout Scotland. For both sexes (age range 40-59 years), the proportion of current smokers and ever smokers was found to be considerably higher among the unemployed. Only a small part of the difference could be explained by standardisation for social class. The unemployed smokers had began to smoke at an earlier age, with significantly more smoking whilst still at school. Amongst current smokers, the unemployed males reported smoking fewer cigarettes a day, whereas unemployed women smoked more than their full-time counterparts. The reported levels were confirmed by the biochemical measures of smoking; serum thiocyanate and expired air carbon monoxide levels. In contrast to their differences in smoking habit, the two groups were very similar in their knowledge of the hazards of smoking. Smoking habits among the unemployed reflect a complex interaction of financial and both current and previous social factors. Such relationships present a particular challenge to health promotion campaigns.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Asthma, employment status, and disability among adults treated by pulmonary and allergy specialists.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Identify risk factors for work disability among adults with asthma treated by pulmonary and allergy specialists. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey, including retrospective work history data. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-eight pulmonary and 16 allergy internal medicine subspecialists maintaining a registry of patient visits for asthma; 698 registered patients aged 18 to 50 years, of whom 601 (86%) were studied. MEASURES: Computer-assisted, telephone-administered structured interview assessing asthma severity, perceived general health status, asthma quality of life, demographics, and work history. Complete work disability defined as total work cessation attributed to asthma; partial work disability defined as change in job, duties, or reduction in work hours attributed to asthma. RESULTS: Complete cessation of work due to asthma was reported by 40 (7%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5 to 9%) and partial work disability by 53 (10%; 95% CI, 7 to 12%) of 550 subjects with a history of labor force participation. Severity of asthma score predicted both complete disability (odds ratio [OR], 7.9; 95% CI, 4.2 to 15 per 10-point increment) and partial disability (OR 2.6; 95% CI, 1.6 to 4.2). Taking illness severity into account, job conditions, occupation, and work exertion carried a combined disability OR of 3.9 (95% CI, 1.7 to 8.6). CONCLUSIONS: Work disability is common among adults with asthma receiving specialist care. Severity of disease is a powerful predictor, but not the sole predictor of disability in this group. Working conditions, including job-related exposures, are associated with added disability risk even after taking illness severity into account.

Adult↗