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Results for “Economic Recession”

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PubMedDate not supplied

HIV / AIDS in Zimbabwe.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

Finance for health care: part of a broad canvas.

The economic crisis of the 1980s led to cuts in both government and household expenditure on health in the Third World. In order to address these issues it is necessary to adopt a macroeconomic approach to the analysis of the health sector; this allows its relationship to the whole economy to be understood. The efficient and equitable utilization of resources is particularly important in times of severe financial constraint.

Africa↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fertility and family planning in Vietnam.

This report provides the first reliable statistical data on fertility patterns and the family planning program in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Findings are from the 1988 Demographic and Health Survey of Vietnam and the 1989 census survey. The data show that the total fertility rate has declined from over 6 children per woman in the early 1970s to under 4 in the later 1980s. Contraceptive prevalence for modern methods is estimated at 37 percent among married women of reproductive age in 1988. The average duration of breastfeeding is over 14 months; marriage is relatively late. The IUD is the most common contraceptive method and abortion is widespread. The major factors likely to influence fertility and family planning in the future are the government's population policy, improved access to modern methods of contraception, and the institution of new economic policies that are currently under way in Vietnam.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Economic change and sex-specific cardiovascular mortality in Britain 1955-1976.

Analyses directed toward recent declines in cardiovascular disease mortality rates have typically focused on alterations in important physiological and behavioral risk factors resulting from lifestyle changes and medical advances. In this study, a multivariate model of the impact of more fundamental changes in the socioeconomic and bio-physical environments has been developed and applied to cardiovascular disease mortality rates, by sex, in England and Wales and Scotland during 1955-1976. The predictive model includes factors associated with (1) long-term growth in the economy, (2) deleterious behavioral risk factors loosely associated with economic growth--especially cigarette consumption per capita, (3) economic instability--especially recession as indicated by factors related to unemployment, income loss, and recessional declines in average weekly hours worked in manufacturing industries, (4) health care, and (5) physical environmental disturbances--especially very cold temperatures. This model proves to be an excellent instrument for the statistical explanation of trends and fluctuations in CVD mortality rates for both sexes and both regions in Britain in the post-War period. In general, the overall exponential rate of economic growth is found to be the most powerful factor in the long-term decline in CVD mortality rates. Similarly, disturbances to the national and regional economic situations--especially recessions--have regularly been associated with elevated death rates for all populations observed. Cigarette and unusually high spirits consumption, as well as particularly cold winter temperatures, have also had important deleterious effects on CVD mortality. The proportion of government expenditures devoted to health care is associated with a reduction in CVD mortality in England and Wales.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Suicide and unemployment in young people. Analysis of trends in England and Wales, 1921-1995.

BACKGROUND: The influence of the macro-economic climate on suicide is unclear. During the recent recession, rates have increased in young males but declined in females. AIMS: To investigate associations between unemployment and suicide in 15- to 44-year-old men and women over a period spanning two major economic recessions (1921-1995). To minimise confounding by changes in method availability, analyses are restricted to suicides using methods other than poisons and gases. METHOD: Time-series analysis using routine mortality and unemployment data. RESULTS: There were significant associations between unemployment and suicide in both males and females. Associations were generally stronger at younger ages. CONCLUSIONS: Secular trends in youth suicide may be influenced by unemployment or other factors associated with changes in the macro-economic climate. These factors appear to affect women to the same extent as men. Although it is not possible to draw firm aetiological conclusions from time-trend data, our findings are in keeping with those of person-based studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Unemployment and health in the context of economic change.

Evidence relating unemployment to health is found at every level of social science analysis from national population rates to individual psychophysiological stress response. At the population level of analysis, increase in the unemployment rate indicates recession and/or structural economic decline. At the individual level, unemployment is interpreted as a stressful life event. In both cases, inverse associations are found between measures of unemployment and indicators of health. We identify social science literatures associating health indicators with each of the following: economic growth, socioeconomic status, sociocultural change, economic instability, the status of being unemployed, social stress and work stress. Outstanding research issues include the requirements to identify and measure the effects of conditional factors and control variables in multivariate analysis and to examine a broader range of both severity of unemployment and severity of health outcomes. A research agenda proposes studies at the macro, meso and micro levels of analysis. We urge such research for its potential contribution both to analytic social science and to economic and social policy.

Health↗
PubMed1978

Medical malpractice insurance. Part I: A consideration of some of the factors.

The "crisis" of medical malpractice insurance is a product of a number of factors, both social and economic. Physicians, patients, insurance companies, and lawyers have all made individual and collective contributions. Social forces, changing physicians' roles and reorientation of patient attitudes have made institution of litigation against doctors much more culturally acceptable. Contingency fees, the need for compensation, and aggressive legal attitudes have increased the number of lawsuits and the size of awards, inflation, recession, and other economic developments have caused the insurance industry to be concerned about their financial welfare. The responses of various groups to these factors are presented, and their effect upon the cost and availability of medical malpractice insurance are considered.

Economics, Medical↗