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The author analyzes "migration of the population in the Slovak Republic during 1980-1993. The emphasis has especially been laid upon the changes of migration tendencies...due to changed social and economic conditions." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Smoking is recognized as major, the most prevalent, and at the same time the only removable factor of many diseases. The major causes of starting smoking are: stress, curiosity and staying among people who smoke tobacco. The research was conducted among students of secondary school in Stalowa Wola in the form of an anonymous poll. The sample group included 2763 people. The group of smokers included 334 people (12.09%). Results of the research were subjected to a precise statistical analysis. The fact that 24.55% young age smokers smoke more than 20 cigarettes a day is worth stressing. In spite of short time of tobacco smoking, the investigated group has reported some negative health ailments. An attempt was made to identify the combination of features affecting smoking, including sex, origin, company of smokers, economic conditions (p < 0.05). The statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between the number of cigarette smoked, economic conditions and the intention to stop smoking (p < 0.05). The obtained results may be helpful in preparing effective educational and preventive project among students, which can eliminate or lower the influence of factors predisposing to start and continue smoking tobacco.
In summary, (i) neither an immediate nor a dramatic increase in fertility will be required during the next few years for young married women to realize their family-size expectations; (ii) annual fertility trends in California do not provide a useful indicator of annual fertility trends at the national level; (iii) recent economic trends appear to merit considerable attention in an assessment of furture fertility prospects. An examination of recent economic conditions suggests that a substantial increase in annual fertility is unlikely to occur immediately. It would be more likely to occur when the current unfavorable economic conditions have been eliminated.
This paper explores the relationship between height-adjusted weight and economic conditions in Finland, using individual microdata for the period 1978-2002. If anything, the results reveal that an improvement in regional economic conditions measured by the employment rate produces a decrease in BMI, other things being equal. The Finnish evidence presented does not support the conclusions reported for the USA, according to which temporary economic slowdowns are good for health. In contrast, at least BMI seems to increase during slumps.
This study examined the relationship of demography, immigration background, and concerns and difficulties associated with living in Japan to nonpsychotic psychological disturbance (i.e., "caseness") measured by the GHQ-12. Data are from a sample of 265 Japanese Brazilians (JB) residing outside the Tokyo Metropolitan area. Employing multiple logistic regression analyses, it was found that JB who experienced lower economic conditions, lived alone, stayed relatively longer in Japan, migrated to Japan due to their dissatisfaction with the socio-economic conditions in Brazil, and who experienced severe family life concerns had a significantly higher ratio of "caseness," that is psychologically distressed. In contrast, JB over the age of 25 years, who acquired moderate Japanese language proficiency and decided to return to Brazil as soon as possible, were observed to have a significantly lower ratio of psychological distress. Socio-cultural and situational interpretations of the findings are presented.
Many children and their families have experienced "hard times" because of the current economic conditions. Five cases are presented in which neurologic illness in children was related to changes in the family's economic circumstances. Pediatricians are encouraged to look carefully at the impact of changing economic conditions upon child health.
"The forecast of Poland's population to the year 2020 was developed in two stages. The paper briefly discusses the basic assumptions of the demographic forecast...." Aspects considered include fertility, mortality, and migration. The impact of economic conditions and changes in the labor market are considered.
The reasons for the high incidence of otitis media in the Inuit population are described. The disorder seems to be related to socio-economic conditions including the adoption of many Caucasian habits such as overcrowded housing and bottle feeding. The relative merits of improving socio-economic conditions combined with medical treatment, and of medical treatment alone, and surgical treatment are outlined.
"This paper examines current models of economic and political development--social modernization theory, political and economic characteristics of stable regimes, and cross country analysis of political stability--and tests them on the Indian Ocean Island of Mauritius. The analysis continues with a causal explanation for political stability in Mauritius' recent history, derived from an examination of economic policies and demographic patterns. Political change in Mauritius over the past sixty years seems to be explained best by a model for political stability which integrates specific economic and demographic factors. The model, applicable to development in other third world nations, revises Malthus' conclusion that population and economic conditions move in an oscillatory relationship and replaces it with a more comprehensive theory, suggesting that political stability is a function of both economic development and a repeating cyclical relationship between economics and population."
"The limitations of available migration data preclude a time-series approach of modeling interstate migration [in the United States]. The method presented here combines aspects of the demographic and economic approaches to forecasting migration in a manner compatible with existing data. Migration rates are modeled to change in response to changes in economic conditions. When applied to resently constructed data on migration based on income tax returns and then compared to standard demographic projections, the demographic-economic approach has a 20% lower total error in forecasting net migration by state for cohorts of labor-force age."
This paper is a product of the reflection on the decentralization and sectorization experiences in Mexico since 1917 with particular emphasis on the 1980s. The historical analysis included the creation of an analytical model designed to identify the relationship between the distinct sanitary policies implemented in Mexico and the tendencies towards decentralization and integration. This analysis is combined with a critical review of the recent decentralization experiences undertaken in the states of Guerrero, Oaxaca and Nuevo León. While comparing Guerrero and Oaxaca, restitution and deconcentration under similar socio-economic conditions were discussed. The comparison between Guerrero and Nuevo Leon allowed the discussion of the benefits and limits of restitution under different socio-economic conditions. In addition, with this model the author discusses a few generalizations regarding the possible future of decentralization.
There is a growing literature which demonstrates that (a) conditions throughout the life-course are important for health outcomes in older people and (b) "contextual" conditions in the place of residence, as well as individual characteristics influence health variations. This paper contributes to this debate by presenting results of an analysis of data from the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study (LS) for England and Wales. The analysis makes use of a new set of variables, which have been added to the LS, describing the social and economic conditions in the 1930s in residential areas where members of the LS sample were registered as living in 1939. The analysis focuses on people who were aged 0-16 in 1939. The health outcomes considered are death between 1981 and 1991, and for those still living, whether long-term illness was reported in the 1991 census. Regression analysis is used to examine the effects of residence in 1981, and data on the registered place of residence in 1939. The analysis shows that individual characteristics and type of area of residence in 1981 were associated with health outcomes. In addition, some variables describing socio-economic conditions in the 1930s contribute independently to the regression models (notably measures of economic deprivation and unemployment). The results suggest that conditions in residential area in early life may help to explain relatively poor health experience of populations in some parts of Britain today.
The importance of social and economic conditions for people's health has been receiving more and more attention during the past 10 years. The question that is raised in this study is if the link between socio-economic factors in society, seen in the more composite sense, and cardiovascular mortality are dependent on different socio-geographical contexts? Two contextual situations are used; one concerns the dimension which places the analysis in an urban-rural context and the other, the dimension placing it in a context which describes people's forms of work. The study is based on aggregated data on the social and economic conditions for men in the municipalities in Sweden for the period 1983-1987. The results show that the link between various dimensions of the socio-economic structure and IHD rates is more pronounced in the urban and white-collar community types than in rural and blue-collar communities. In the community type where the links are more pronounced the IHD rate is lower and in the type where the links are less pronounced the IHD rate is higher. The results are discussed in relation to different theoretical perspectives.
BACKGROUND: In the province of Québec, video lottery terminal (VLT) gambling has proliferated under government control since 1993. The aims of this study were to describe the spatial distribution of video lottery terminals (VLTs) in the municipalities of Montréal and Laval and to identify neighbourhood socio-economic conditions associated with their distribution. METHOD: Locations of all establishments holding VLT licences in Montréal and Laval (n = 834) were geocoded by their street address. Boroughs (n = 49) were characterized by socio-economic indicators (unemployment, educational attainment, lone parenthood), a neighbourhood distress index, and measures of VLT prevalence, VLT adoption and VLT density. RESULTS: VLT prevalence, adoption and density were strongly correlated (p < 0.01) with lower borough socio-economic conditions. Although liquor establishments were also more likely to be located in poorer neighbourhoods, the adoption rate of VLT licences by bars in poorer neighbourhoods was systematically higher than in more affluent ones. CONCLUSIONS: The spatial distribution of VLTs in Montréal and Laval closely reflects local geographies of socio-economic disadvantage. Any public health effort to reduce the burden of gambling-related health and social problems must recognize the spatial distortion of gambling opportunities in the urban environment.
The economical conditions remarkably influence through food supply the nutrition although it is an a priori biological category. These determine the implementation of nutritional habits, conscious nutritional intentions, and limit the chances of individual decisions. The influence of economical conditions could be measured by use of "income elasticity" and "dietary efficiency". The latter serves as background for the elaboration of diets of different price but approaching the nutritional physiological optimum. The households have an important economical role because of value of time used for food purchasing and preparation of meals. In general the GNP/capita values determine the proportion of nutrients in diet and by this means the risk and frequency of diet-related diseases. Some of Central and Eastern European countries, among them Hungary as well, take place in groups higher by one-two categories, than appropriate to their GNP/capita. In Hungary the price of foodstuffs increased vigorously and the food consumption decreased by 3 per cent between 1994 and 1980 or 1992. Mainly the consumption of meat, milk and dairy products has diminished. The meat consumption has been shifted towards the consumption of poultry showing lower rise in prices. The consumption of vegetable oil and margarine has increased essentially because the lard became more expensive than the vegetable oil. The changes in prices touch more strongly the people of low income, their diet is combined chiefly from cheap foodstuffs and therefore it is monotonous, the qualitative starvation appears. Sociological surveys showed poverty in 17-31 percent of population in 1992. The inequality in income shows a strong association with the health status of population, furthermore with the lifestyle and the features of nutrition. Also in Hungary we should reckon with the unfavourable consequences of economical factors in the scope of health status and nutrition.
The importance of socio-economic conditions in the causation of postnatally-acquired cerebral palsy has not been stressed in previous studies. A comparative survey was undertaken in Cape Town, South Africa. Three ethnic groups were compared--white, coloured (mixed ancestry) and black. The percentage of postnatally-acquired cerebral palsy in these groups was 13.2, 24.0 and 36.1 per cent, respectively. These figures can be explained by the differing socio-economic conditions of each group, the white group belonging to the highest socio-economic stratum and the black group to the lowest. The main causes of postnatally-acquired cerebral palsy were cerebral infections (particularly meningitis), cerebral trauma and cerebrovascular accidents. The proportion in each group, the main causal factors, age at onset, types of cerebral palsy and intellectual status are similar to those of most previous studies.
A detailed information on a total of 448 consecutive Nepali births which occurred between January 1, 1985 and December 31, 1994 was collected from the birth registers of the Khasi-Jaintia Presbetyrian Synod Hospital of Shillong, Meghalaya. After the exclusion of still and twin births, and the cases of missing information of birth weight, 418 single live births were considered to find out the distribution of birth weight and the risk factors of low birth weight (LBW) among the Nepali babies of this state. The incidence of LBW was 21.53%. The results of univariate analysis revealed that sex, maternal age, parity, gestation period, economic condition and maternal education were significantly related to the incidence of LBW. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that all the above mentioned factors had independent risk for LBW except the economic condition and father's education. Thus, the present results suggest conducting further studies among other ethnic groups of North-East India to understand the problem of LBW at the population level which may help to formulate an effective maternal and child health care program in this region.
"This article suggests that the special case of [international migration in] southern African countries (Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe), in which the majority of permanent movers have historically been whites of European origin, requires that greater attention should be given to the politico-structural context of voluntary international migrations [as compared to economic motivation]. Statistical data on international migrations to and from Zimbabwe during the past quarter of a century are used to demonstrate that the temporal magnitude and spatial patterns of population movements are best explained by reference to the changing political, rather than economic, conditions within the country."