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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

[Ethics in clinical research: contextualizing and reductionist problem definitions, forms of ethical reflection and some particular implications].

The present paper starts off with a short outline of issues, conflicts, and goals of ethical reflection about clinical research. It is then argued that non-reductionist, patient-centred ethics should critically reflect on medically preformed problem definitions, ways of problem solution, and evaluations. The shortcomings of such preformed perceptions and interpretations are illustrated using the examples of dementia research, and the complexities of the notion of risk. A more comprehensive approach including the perceptions, interpretations, and evaluations of the patients' perspective necessitates a form of ethical reflection which takes into account the social and cultural contexts of clinical research, and which therefore relies on concepts and methods of the cultural sciences (in particular history, sociology, and cultural anthropology). The decision for a reductionist, or for a contextualising mode of ethical reflection represents in itself a value decision and needs to be explicitly justified.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2003

[Ethics, culture and psychiatry: the ethics of Mediterranean Europe].

The defence of the rights of the person, in Mediterranean ethics, is based on a synthesis of civic humanism and liberalism, derived from the spirit of Greek democracy and Enlightenment, and including the achievements of the XIX and XX centuries. It tempers liberalism with the principles of social welfare. Present bioethics, specialy in European countries, try to integrate both the mediterranean ethics of virtues and the anglosaxon ethics of principles, further adding and integrating a social element, the principle of solidarity and distributive justice (equity). Therefore, European ethics do not proclaim the autonomy of persons and the independence of the individual from society, but the interdependency of persons and nations. They advocate a greater equity and a better management of resources in health care.

Cultural Characteristics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A "next generation" ethics committee. St. Joseph Health system has integrated performance-improvement features into its ethics work.

Understanding the limitations that accompany the traditional model of ethics committees, St. Joseph Health System (SJHS), Orange, CA, has been working to integrate ethics expertise and quality-improvement methodology into its "Next Generation Model" (NG Model) for such committees. However, moving from a traditional structure to the NG Model (introduced to SJHS facilities in 1999) brought some challenges, not the least of which was a deep-rooted culture of resistance to change. Following a 2004 audit of how the NG model was working, some common challenges were identified. To deal with those challenges, SJHS developed some tools and techniques that have helped ease the ongoing transition. These tools have helped the system's ethics committees address such issues as collaboration for the sake of organizational integration, setting goals, and measuring performance of various ethics roles.

California↗
PubMed1989

Ethics and rehabilitation--how to develop your ethical awareness.

The professional responsibility of nurses is to help patients achieve an optimal quality of life. The ANA Code for Nurses (1976) mandates that nurses are advocates for patients. Some of the challenges that this mandate poses for nurses are addressed in this article. Interest in the unique issues of rehabilitation ethics is increasing, and nurses need to take the responsibility of obtaining training in ethics. Strategies to achieve this are discussed and an "Ethical Seminar Outline" is provided. This increase in ethical awareness will define to patients and the general public the nurse's professional role. It will also give nurses the tools they need to be the advocates the patients need in these complex times.

Awareness↗
PubMed1982

Ethics revisited; further ethical explorations for biocommunicators.

This article explores further ethical considerations for biocommunicators. The focus is on professionalization and the need for professional standards to guide conduct and decisions. What makes formation of an ethical code for the profession of biocommunications desirable? Examples of issues facing the profession and general areas which may need to be examined in order to form a code are considered in relation to a philosophy of professionalism. The pros and cons of forming an ethics code are discussed. The authors call upon biomedical communications professionals to conscientiously deliberate the advantage or disadvantages of a code of ethics to the future of their profession.

Communication↗
PubMed1998

[Interaction-directed nursing ethics. Sketch of an integrated theory, didactics and methodology of nursing ethics].

The articles seeks to outline an integrated theory, didactics, and methodology of nursing ethics. To do so requires an analysis of the social and institutional situation in which nursing takes place as well as reflections on the theoretical status of nursing ethics as part of so-called applied ethics. From this starting point didactical and methodological conclusions may be drawn which finally lead to an interaction oriented ethics of nursing.

Education, Nursing↗
PubMed1998

The ethics of narrative ethics: some teaching reflections.

Narrative is reemerging as a teaching tool. Narrative ethics is being seen as a rich endeavour both for clinical practice and academic teaching and research. Narrative helps put ethics into context. However, the use of narrative increasingly raises issues in teaching and research: for instance, how do we do justice to the people and narratives we utilise, and what does our practice reveal about our ethics? In this article examples are drawn from clinical practice, teaching and case notes to draw out some lessons to help further critical understanding.

Anecdotes as Topic↗
PubMed2003

Alzheimer disease ethics--informed consent and related issues in clinical trials: results of a survey among the members of the Research Ethics Committees in Sweden.

The rapid advances in biomedical sciences have induced special moral and ethical attitudes, which ought to be taken into account. One of the most essential issues is the principles for participation in research of subjects with reduced decision-making capacity. We conducted a questionnaire survey among members of the research ethics committees in Sweden to find out their attitudes to a range of ethical issues related to research on subjects with Alzheimer's disease. One hundred thirty-six of those approached responded (66%), and 117 of the responses (56%) were considered substantially complete. There were 16 questions with fixed reply alternatives. Some central questions concerned the informed consent process. With a few exceptions, there were no significant differences in attitudes between the experts and laypersons, between persons of different ages, and between men and women. However, women and laypersons were in general keener to preserve the patient's integrity and the experts were more willing than the laypersons to allow participation of subjects with dementia in placebo-controlled trials.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

How Christian ethics became medical ethics: the case of Paul Ramsey.

Over the last century Christian ethics has moved from an attempt to Christianize the social order to a quandary over whether being Christian unduly biases how medical ethics is done. This movement can be viewed as the internal development of protestant liberalism to its logical conclusion, and Paul Ramsey can be taken as one of the last great representatives of that tradition. By reducing the Christian message to the 'ethical upshot' of neighbour love, Ramsey did not have the resources to show how Christian practice might make a difference for understanding or forming the practice of medicine. Instead, medicine became the practice that exemplified the moral commitments of Christian civilization, and the goal of the ethicist was to identify the values that were constitutive of medicine. Ramsey thus prepared the way for the Christian ethicist to become a medical ethicist with a difference, and the difference simply involved vague theological presumptions that do no serious intellectual work other than explaining, perhaps, the motivations of the ethicist.

Bioethics↗
PubMed2001

Ethics committees. Research ethics: beyond the guidelines.

There is international recognition of the need for sustainable research ethics committees to provide ethical review of human subjects research in developing countries, but many developing countries do not have such committees (often called 'IRBs'). Theoretical and practical uncertainties encountered by an IRB on the Caribbean island of Grenada offer insight into ethical review of research in developing countries. Theoretical uncertainties include questions about whether means of ensuring confidentiality and obtaining informed consent will be effective in local settings, and whether deviations from Western norms are justifiable. International guidelines are helpful in addressing these concerns, but are subject to interpretation. Guidelines are less helpful in practical areas like selecting members or chairs. They do not address what sort of procedures and paperwork will work in a developing country, or IRBs' relationships to governments that have no mandate for them. Experiences presented here show that IRBs in developing countries can sustainably adhere to international standards. Sustainability requires knowledge, personal commitment, and an official mandate to uphold international standards. Capacity building must therefore focus on educational programs to make developing country leaders knowledgeable about the value of international guidelines to their nations. Such knowledge is needed before people will become motivated to promote, implement, and uphold their guidelines. People in developing countries must help design bridges to help their nations put international standards into practice. The structure of such bridges may, of necessity, very in different settings.

Committee Membership↗
PubMed1992

Ethics and ethics committees: HIV serosurveillance in Scotland.

Knowledge of the heterosexual spread of HIV is needed to plan future health-care needs. In December 1989 we gained approval and finance for unlinked anonymous testing of neonatal Guthrie card samples in Scotland. Local ethics committee approval was required before testing could start. Twenty ethics committees were approached in the 15 Scottish health board areas. Nineteen of the committees have agreed, representing 99.6 per cent of births in Scotland. Our method of contacting ethics committees is discussed, as are the points raised.

Anonymous Testing↗
PubMed1991

Ethical implications in screening for ethics violations.

The process of admittance to membership in a psychological organization is an opportune time to take into consideration any questionable behavior in the professional background of a prospective member. Membership application forms of the American Psychological Association (APA) and 58 affiliated organizations are reviewed to determine the kinds of questions that are asked about ethical misconduct. The nature of the inquiry differs considerably from one association to another, with a preponderance of organizations avoiding any direct questions about professional ethics. Discussion is focused on how these different screening strategies impact on the applicant and the organization. There is a demonstrated need for appropriately formulated queries. A case is made for resolving current inconsistencies among associations by adhering to a unified procedure in the ethical screening of psychologist applicants.

Codes of Ethics↗
PubMed2001

Ethics and dentistry: I. The meaning of ethics.

This short series of two papers will examine the relationship between ethics and dentistry. The first paper explores the meaning of ethics; the second will provide a catalogue of primary sources for dental practitioners who wish to read further in order to gain a core of knowledge about dental ethics.

Beneficence↗
PubMed2001

Ethical regulation and the new reproductive technologies in Sri Lanka: perspectives of ethics committee members.

OBJECTIVE: To report on part of a pilot study done to explore ethical responses to the new reproductive technologies in Sri Lanka. DESIGN: Semi-structured interviews carried out with the members of three committees responsible for ethical review of medical research. Members were asked for their views on the ethical, social and legal implications of the new reproductive and genetic technologies. Members' responses were subject to a simple content analysis. CONCLUSIONS: There was broad acceptance of the new technologies among respondents, but anxieties about potential abuses. Respondents felt that a national committee should regulate practice and monitor future policy.

Attitude↗
PubMed1998

Determining the function of a hospital clinical ethics committee: making ethics work.

The objective of this study was to identify ethical issues of greatest concern to hospital staff, and to establish perceptions regarding the optimal function of a Clinical Ethics Committee (CEC). The design involved a descriptive, cross-sectional study using a self-report questionnaire, which was sent to a random sample of medical, nursing, allied health, technical and administrative staff working at the John Hunter Hospital (a 650-bed, urban, teaching hospital in New South Wales) in September 1995. The questionnaires were sent to 565 staff and completed by 287: an overall compliance rate of 51%. Although the majority of staff supported the existence of the CEC in principle, approximately two-thirds were actually aware of its existence and less than 10% were aware of policies/guidelines produced by the CEC. Ethical issues of greatest concern to respondents were informed consent and confidentiality. Most believed that the main function of the CEC should be education and policy development; fewer supported a role in case consultation or case review, and even less believed that the CEC should take any role in resource allocation decisions. While there is a strong degree of support for the existence of a CEC, there is considerable variation in opinion regarding what should be its function and how it should be organized. The results of this study provide some insight into the issues associated with the emergence of CECs in an Australian context.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2003

Extending preimplantation genetic diagnosis: the ethical debate. Ethical issues in new uses of preimplantation genetic diagnosis.

The use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) to screen embryos for aneuploidy and genetic disease is growing. New uses of PGD have been reported in the past year for screening embryos for susceptibility to cancer, for late-onset diseases, for HLA-matching for existing children, and for gender. These extensions have raised questions about their ethical acceptability and the adequacy of regulatory structures to review new uses. This article describes current and likely future uses of PGD, and then analyses the ethical issues posed by new uses of PGD to screen embryos for susceptibility and late-onset conditions, for HLA-matching for tissue donation to an existing child, and for gender selection. It also addresses ethical issues that would arise in more speculative scenarios of selecting embryos for hearing ability or sexual orientation. The article concludes that except for sex selection of the first child, most current extensions of PGD are ethically acceptable, and provides a framework for evaluating future extensions for nonmedical purposes that are still speculative.

Genetic Predisposition to Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The ethical minimum of animal protection--one of the effects of the German national objective "Ethical Animal Protection" on the legislature].

In 2002 the current legal concept for animal protection "Ethischer Tierschutz" (ethics based animal protection) was declared a national objective in the Federal Republic of Germany. One of the aims laid down in the bill is to assure an ethical minimum (ethisches Mindestmass). An updating of and 7 Section 3 and and 17 No. 2b of the German Animal Welfare Act in compliance with the constitution and EU legislation could abolish the legal exception (regarding animal experiments) to the ban on inflicting "longer periods or repeated actions of severe pain or suffering". In this way an overall limit for causing severe harm to animals in any type of use, which is strongly demanded on the part of ethics, would be established, and this would equal an ethical minimum.

Animal Experimentation↗