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[Dietary intake of dieldrin in fish and fish products in Poland].

An attempt has been made to assess daily intake of of dieldrin with fish and fishery products in Poland. The calculated arithmetic mean weighted concentration of dieldrin in muscle tissue of the fatty Baltic fish was 20 ng/g wet weight (n = 3863) in 1970-1983 and 4.4 ng/g wet weight in 1986-1992 (n = 143) while in lean fish was 6.7 ng/g wet weight (n = 9210 in 1970-1983 and 1.5 ng/g wet weight (n = 143) in 1986-1992. The intake of dieldrin has been assessed for 230 to 300 ng/person/day (mean 270 ng) in years 1970-1985 and from 44 to 54 ng/person/day (mean 51 ng) in 1989-1996.

Dieldrin↗

[Dietary intake of dieldrin and aldrin in Poland].

Dieldrin and aldrin exposure from a particular food items in Poland in 1970-1996 was calculated by multiplying its annualized mean consumption rates by residue concentration in the food. Estimated daily dietary intakes of dieldrin and aldrin were from 1.0 do 1.3 micrograms per person in 1970-1985 and from 0.50 do 0.58 microgram per person in 1990-1996, on the average. Fish and dairy products are a main source of dieldrin in a total diet in Poland.

Aldrin↗

Genetical studies on dieldrin-resistance in Aedes aegypti and its cross-resistance to DDT.

A strain of Aëdes aegypti was recently found in Puerto Rico which proved to be resistant to both DDT and dieldrin. This paper reports on genetical studies of this strain to determine whether a single entity is involved or two distinct resistances. Tests carried out by repeated back-crossing combined with selection pressure from DDT and dieldrin and by crossing with a strain with marker genes indicate that a single entity is responsible (dieldrin-resistance with cross-resistance to DDT) and that its genetic factor is located on chromosome 2 at a distance of 25 from locus "yellow".

Aedes↗

Factors affecting the suspensibility of dieldrin water-dispersible powders.

Various dieldrin water-dispersible powder formulations have been subjected to elevated temperature storage and the effect on their suspensibilities compared. The Shell Chemical Company's 50% dieldrin formulation AC 1630 was recommended for use in the malaria control programmes of the International Cooperation Administration rather than its 50% formulation AC 1631, on the basis of superior performance after storage at 50 degrees C and 65 degrees C. In a similar series of tests on 75% dieldrin water-dispersible powders, Shell formulation AC 1621, which contains Hi-Sil as diluent, was judged better than AC 6621, which contains Micro-Cel as diluent. A series of samples of AC 1621 was subjected to temperatures of 90-120 degrees C for periods of 1-20 hours and the effect on suspensibility determined. Most samples withstood the treatment reasonably well at temperatures up to 110 degrees C for 20 hours.

Dieldrin↗

[Repercussions of prolonged ingestion of dieldrin on digestibility of nutrients and nitrogen balance in the quail].

The presence of organochlorated pesticides in foods intended for animal and human consumption is on one hand a real fact and on the other hand, it is known that they could alter some enzymes activities and, consequently, modify, at a larger or lesser extent, the metabolic pathways where they are implicated. According to this, it seemed interesting to study the influence of one of such molecules, dieldrin, on nutrients utilization. The work was carried out on adult quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) of both sexes; 20 ppm, were mixed in their diets, during a period of 48 days. Dieldrin does not affect food intake in both sexes, but produces a significant weight decrease in the males. Nutritive utilization of protein, judged by digestibility coefficient and nitrogen balance do not suffered any alterations. Furthermore, dieldrin does not affect carbohydrate utilization (nitrogen free extract) and raw fiber. On the contary, fat digestibility decreased in pesticide treated males and was not altered in females and this effect dependend upon the exposition time to the contaminant.

Administration, Oral↗

Comparison of dieldrin, lindane, and DDT extractions from serum, and gas-liquid chromatography using glass capillary columns.

Rats were given an oral dose of 14C-labeled chlorinated pesticides to obtain serum containing p,p'-DDT, dieldrin, or lindane. Simple hexane and formic acid-hexane extraction methods, involving pretreatment of the serum with formic acid, were compared by radiometric and by paper chromatographic and gas chromatographic analysis. In vivo binding of chlorinated pesticides to constituents of the serum does not necessarily prohibit their isolation by simple hexane extractions, provided that the extraction is very vigorous and at least 5 min long. Stable emulsions were broken by cooling in liquid nitrogen or Dry Ice-acetone. The hexane extraction method described yields quantitative recovery of the pesticides studied, whereas the formic acid-hexane method is quantitative for p,p'-DDT, 93% for dieldrin, and 89% for lindane. Gas chromatographic comparison of both methods, using human serum, shows that the hexane method extracts 16% more beta-BHC, 7% more dieldrin and HCB, and 4% more p,p'-DDE from serum than does the formic acid-hexane method. The difference for p,p'-DDT is not significant. Gas chromatography with glass capillary columns and an all-glass solids injection system yielded detection limits as low as 15 fg. Data show that the use of an internal standard considerably improves the precision of quantitation.

Animals↗

The kindled seizure: production of and modification by dieldrin in rats.

In the rat dieldrin can evoke a progressive increase in the severity of convulsive responses (kindling) during repetitive exposures that cannot be attributed to simple accumulation of dieldrin in the brain. It can also replace pentylenetetrazol as a kindling stimulus in previously pentylenetetrazol-kindled rats (cross-kindling). Chronic exposure to dieldrin facilitates kindling produced by daily electrical stimulation of the amygdala. Even single, acute exposure, can facilitate kindling produced by electrical stimulation of the amygdala, 1 to 3 weeks later. We propose that the procedure of kindling is a useful one with which to assess neurotoxicity. Agents affecting kindling in laboratory animals are of particular concern to those individuals in a population with demonstrable seizure susceptibility, those predisposed to convulsive disorders and others vulnerable to increased levels of CNS excitability.

Amygdala↗

Aluminum oxide cleanup of feed grade fats for residues of dieldrin.

A method is described for the analysis of dieldrin in feed grade fats. Fat samples in petroleum ether are cleaned up by column chromatography on 10% deactivated aluminum oxide followed by Florisil and analyzed by electron capture gas chromatography. Fourteen laboratories tested the method for determining dieldrin in naturally contaminated feed grade fats. Recoveries averaged greater than 90% with a coefficient of variation of 13% (0.54 ppm +/- 0.07), indicating that the method is sufficiently reproducible to be used by different laboratories for detecting dieldrin in feed grade fats.

Aluminum↗

Uptake of dieldrin, dimethoate and permethrin by cyanobacteria, Anabaena sp. and Aulosira fertilissima.

Blue-green algae showed a poor ability to pick up and concentrate dieldrin and dimethoate. However, the uptake and bioconcentration factor for permethrin was very high. The uptake of dieldrin by Anabaena and Aulosira ranged from 5.1 to 73.2 and 5.5 to 17.4 microg g(-1) (ppm), respectively. The uptake of permethrin was from 9.0 to 249.7 and 4.6 to 1422.5 microg g(-1) by Anabaena and Aulosira, respectively. The highest bioconcentration factors for permethrin in Anabaena and Aulosira were 813 and 2373, respectively. This was followed by the bioconcentration factor of dieldrin (620) and dimethoate (119) in Aulosira fertilissima.

Journal Article↗

The effects of dieldrin, dimethoate and permethrin on Tetrahymena pyriformis.

The effects of three insecticides, dieldrin, dimethoate and permethrin, on the growth of a holotrichous ciliate, Tetrahymena pyriformis, were studied for 5 days. The ciliate was very sensitive to dieldrin and dimethoate. Both these insecticides produced approximately 81% and 84% inhibition of growth within two days. Dieldrin caused rounding of cells, while dimethoate induced cell lysis. Dimethoate also triggered a general mucocyst discharge. Of the three insecticides, permethrin was the least toxic and induced no morphological alterations.

Journal Article↗

[Dieldrin, aldrin, endrin, isodrin, endosulfan 1 and 2 on fish in the Gulf of Gdańsk].

The residues of dieldrin, aldrin, endrin, isodrin, endosulfan 1 and 2 has been determined in a several species of fish caught in the Gulf of Gdańsk in 1992. The method of measurement was capillary gas chromatograph and low resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/LRMS) after a nondestructive extraction and clean-up step with a further fractionation of the extract on Florisil column. Apart from dieldrin no other cyclodiene pesticides studied were found in fishes in detectable amounts, and for dieldrin concentrations ranged from 0.84 to 6.6 ng/g wet weight.

Animals↗

Bioassay of dieldrin for possible carcinogenicity.

A bioassay of purified technical-grade dieldrin for possible carcinogenicity was conducted by administering the test chemical in feed to Fischer 344 rats. Groups of 24 rats of each sex were administered dieldrin at one of three doses, either 2, 10, or 50 ppm, for 104-105 weeks. Matched controls consisted of groups of 24 untreated rats of each sex. All surviving rats were killed at 104-105 weeks. Body weights of the rats were essentially unaffected by the treatment, but typical signs of organochlorine intoxication including hyperexcitability, tremors, and coma were observed in high-dose males beginning in week 76 and in high-dose females beginning in week 80. Survival was not adversely affected, and adequate numbers of rats were available for meaningful statistical analyses of the incidences of tumors. A variety of neoplasms occurred in control and treated rats; however, the incidences were not related to treatment. It is concluded that under the conditions of this bioassay, dieldrin was not carcinogenic in Fischer 344 rats.

Journal Article↗

Dieldrin susceptibility: partial restoration in Anopheles selected with a carbamate.

Selection of dieldrin-resistant Anopheles albimanus Wied. and normal Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say with m-isopropylphenyl methylcarbamate for 21 and 30 generations, respectively, resulted only in vigor tolerance to this and other aryl methylcarbamates. However, it caused substantial restoration of dieldrin- and DDT-susceptibility in Anopheles by increasing the frequency of homozygous susceptible phenotypes from 10 to 83 percent.

Animals↗

Cross-tolerances of dieldrin-resistant flies and mosquitos to various cyclodiene insecticides.

Nineteen cyclodiene insecticides incorporating major and minor structural variations of the chlorinated bridged bicycloheptene structure were evaluated against susceptible and dieldrin-resistant houseflies, and against larvae and adults of susceptible Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say and dieldrin-resistant Anopheles albimanus Wied. Determinations of LD(50) or LC(50) values demonstrated cross-resistance to all of the cyclodienes studied. This cross-resistance was very marked for most compounds, but was least in all cases for octachloro-endomethano-tetrahydrophthalan (Telodrin), which was also very toxic to the susceptible insects.

Animals↗

A STUDY OF THE GENETICS OF DIELDRIN-RESISTANCE IN THE HOUSEFLY (MUSCA DOMESTICA L.).

Reciprocal mass crosses and back-crosses were performed between two homogeneous strains of the housefly (Musca domestica L.), representing the extremes in susceptibility and resistance to dieldrin. The heterozygotes were found to be intermediate between susceptible and resistant parents, and showed no evidence of sex linkage or cytoplasmic effects. The F(2) generation segregated in an approximate ratio of 1:2:1 into susceptible, heterozygote and resistant phenotypes, while the back-cross to the susceptible parent yielded 49.8:50.2 susceptible: resistant males, and 48.8:51.2 susceptible: resistant females. Elimination of susceptible forms in the back-cross progeny by use of a discriminating dosage and interbreeding the survivors produced offspring segregating into 26% susceptible, 50.1% heterozygote and 23.9% resistant, in excellent statistical agreement with a ratio of 1:2:1 expected in simple Mendelian inheritance. It is concluded that resistance to dieldrin in the housefly strain studied is due primarily to a major single pair of alleles or to a number of closely linked alleles so that they are inherited as a single unit.

Animals↗

DDT-RESISTANCE AND DIELDRIN-RESISTANCE IN ANOPHELES QUADRIMACULATUS.

The nature and mode of inheritance of both DDT-resistance and dieldrin-resistance in Anopheles quadrimaculatus from the United States of America have been studied. Dieldrin-resistance is shown to be dependent on a single, semi-dominant, genetic factor, and DDT-resistance on a single, recessive one, though the expression of this latter factor is to some extent dependent on the genetic background. Both resistances can occur in the same mosquito but can be separated, thus indicating the independent nature of the two genetic factors involved.

Animals↗

Dieldrin and DDT in the tissues of mice fed aldrin and DDT for seven generations.

Seven-Generation Study (P-F6): The concentration and total retention of dieldrin or p,p'-DDT and metabolites were determined in the total carcass of Swiss-Webster mice fed dietary supplements of aldrin 5 or 10 ppm, or DDT 100 ppm, to age 260 days. All groups showed a significant increase in total body retention (and concentration) of dieldrin or total DDT in the total carcass of the F1, F2, and F3 generations. Generally, these increases were related directly to increases in total body lipids, when compared with the P generations. The control (pesticide-free) diet was fed to all F4 generation experimental mice from weaning to age 260. The pesticides absorbed by these animals while in utero and via lactation were found, at the time of sacrifice, to have been excreted completely. When the experimental diets were resumed with the weanlings of the F2 generations, a repetition of the general findings in the P and F1 generations was noted-demonstrating that pesticide retention and total body lipids are closely interrelated, and that a high body lipid content favors a high retention rate of these fat-soluble pesticides. These results support our earlier studies in rats (Deichmann et al., 1972) and investigations with cirrhotic human livers with severe fatty infiltration (Oloffs et al., 1974). Conception became more delayed with each succeeding generation, requiring some degree of "selective" breeding of the F4, F5, and F6 generations.

Adipose Tissue↗

Mortality study of industrial workers exposed to aldrin, dieldrin and endrin.

Vital status and cause of death were assessed for 232 of a group of 233 workers engaged in the manufacturing and formulation of aldrin, dieldrin, endrin and (for a limited period) Telodrin. This group is part of the total exposed population of more than 1000 workers and was selected for follow up on account of the high exposures in the initial years of manufacturing and formulation and of the long exposure (mean 11 years) and observation (mean 24 years) periods. Total observed mortality was 25 versus 38 expected on the basis of the death statistics of the male Dutch population. Of the 9 cancer deaths, 3 were caused by lung cancer, while the remaining 6 were each of a different nature. Although in this group exposures have been high and exposure, as well as observation periods, were long enough for meaningful evaluation, this study revealed no indication of a specific carcinogenic activity of aldrin, dieldrin or endrin in manufacturing plant workers exposed to these products.

Aged↗