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Who's idea is it?

You can avoid most but probably not all of the misunderstandings about "Who's idea is it?" The preventive strategies work. Fortunately, I was aware early in may career of the need to move rapidly from the idea to the proposal or written manuscript stages. In one instance, when I was attending a national meeting, I informally suggested a topic for a new nursing journal to the president of a publishing company. I heard his interest and automatically responded, "I will send you a written proposal next week." I sent a detailed, copyrighted proposal three days later, and it was accepted. As an author, reviewer, or editor, don't let your good ideas sit too long. By writing the details in a letter, outline, or proposal; including the copyright notice; and setting deadlines so the project moves to a finished manuscript, the idea will result in a successful publication.

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Copying could be costly.

Thanks to modern technology, photocopying is quick, easy, and inexpensive. Or is it? One of the largest awards ever made for copyright infringement was levied in a case involving the use of material copied from publications without permission. This article presents a short discussion about US and international copyright protection, fair use, and work for hire. Suggestions for additional information are offered.

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Legal considerations for document delivery services.

Health sciences libraries that provide fee-based information services must consider and develop policies and procedures for complying with legal requirements. This paper reviews the provisions of copyright law that pertain to document delivery, including two court decisions concerning copyright. Also discussed are recent actions by publishers to reinforce their view of libraries' responsibilities for royalty fees for articles copied and their use of licenses to impose additional restrictions on the use of and reproduction of materials.

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Intellectual property and networked health information: issues and principles.

Information networks offer enormous potential for improving the delivery of health care services, facilitating health-related decision-making, and contributing to better health. In addition, advanced information technologies offer important opportunities for new markets, targeted information products and services, greater accessibility, lower costs and prices, and more rapid and efficient distribution. Realizing the full potential of those information resources requires the resolution of significant intellectual property issues, some of which may be affected by special features of health information. For example, the government is a significant funder and originator of health-related information. In addition, much of that information is of great importance to the population and benefits not only individual users, but also employers, insurance companies, the government, and society as a whole. The government must therefore continue to provide particularly important health information to the public, and facilitate that information's accessibility and reliability, while avoiding unnecessary competition with private information providers. Congress and courts must modify or interpret current copyright law as necessary to guarantee that it does not interfere with innovation in tailored health information or exceed its constitutional boundaries and restrict access to information, as opposed to expression. Both producers and users of information must work with the government to educate the public about the availability of health information and the rights of and limitations upon users under copyright law.

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Intellectual property issues in the digital health care world.

The digitization of health care information presents a troublesome challenge to the two core principles of copyright: the expression of an idea should be rewarded and protected for a certain period and the user should be allowed the right to fair quotation during that period. The debate about intellectual property in a digital world will be a major focus over the next few years. Nursing administrators need to become copyright savvy to voice their concerns, protect nursing's works, and ensure that health care information is accessible for the public.

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The analysis of alkyl-capped alcohol ethoxylates and alcohol ethoxycarboxylates from alcohol ethoxylates by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry.

Alcohol ethoxylates (AEs) are nonionic surfactants. They are industrially important compounds that have historically been difficult to analyze, with the best results to date achieved through derivatization (e.g., silylation) followed by analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Recently, mass spectrometric techniques such as field desorption (FD), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), fast atom bombardment (FAB), electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) have been employed to analyze surfynol(R) 4xx. In an effort to produce low-cost alkyl-capped AEs and anionic detergents from AEs, a fast and reliable measure of the product yields and conversions from AEs is required in research. We found that the product yields and conversions from reactions of AEs, obtained by the employment of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), were in good agreement with those obtained from proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-NMR). Therefore, APCI can be used as a validated tool for studying AE reactions. Mixtures that contain either silylated or unsilylated ethoxylates and/or carboxylates yield the same APCI mass spectra. Copyright -Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Mass spectral studies of methoxynaphthoflavones

The electron impact induced fragmentations of seven methoxynaphthoflavones have been studied with the aid of low- and high-resolution measurements, metastable decompositions and isotope labelling using carbon-13 atoms. The retro Diels-Alder cleavage of the methoxynaphthoflavones is strongly influenced by the substituent position providing in most cases intact A- and B-ring fragments. The intensity ratio of these ring fragments appears to be very sensitive to the charge distribution within the parent ion. Copyright -Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Ion trap MS(n) genealogical mapping-approaches for structure elucidation of novel products of consecutive fragmentations of morphinans

The analysis of data within multi-generational, genealogical, electrospray ionization/MS(n) fragmentation maps is discussed in reference to the structure elucidation of morphinans, an important class of pharmacological compounds. Various general approaches to separate and understand observed processes are discussed. These include: (1) Simple synthetic schemes incorporating deuterium and (13)C into morphinans to study later-generation, O-methyl group migration; (2) labeling to understand 'intense' signals for even-electron to odd-electron ion 'switching' events; (3) gas phase 'synthesis' of proposed MS(3) ions via an independent route, using chemical ionization (CI) MS/MS of naphthalenes and analysis via a bench-top El/Cl ion trap; (4) a useful synthetic paradigm for generating proposed carbonium ion structures at MS(4) via electrospray ionization (ESI) of easily synthesized amines; (5) the analysis of an oxidation product and correlation of MS(n) data of a switched, odd-electron species with electron ionization and low-pressure, low-energy charge exchange data; and (6) a new way of summarizing MS(n) data. Copyright -Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Energetic cost of sexual attractiveness: ultrasonic advertisement in wax moths.

Pair formation in the lesser wax moth, Achroia grisella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is initiated by male ultrasonic signals that attract receptive females. Individual males vary in attractiveness to females, and the most attractive males are distinguished by exaggeration of three signal characters: pulse rate, peak amplitude and asynchrony interval (temporal separation between pulses generated by movements of the left and right wings during a given wing upstroke or downstroke). Using flow-through respirometry, we measured the resting and signalling metabolic rates of males whose relative attractiveness was known. Acoustic recordings and metabolic measurements were made simultaneously, and we calculated net metabolic rates and factorial metabolic scopes as measures for the energetic cost of signalling. On average, attractive males had higher net metabolic rates and factorial metabolic scopes than unattractive ones, but many unattractive males also had high values. Thus, high expenditure of energy on signalling is necessary but not sufficient for attractiveness. This may result because only one of the three signal characters critical for female preference, pulse rate, is correlated with energy expenditure. Although the results are consistent with the good genes model of sexual selection, they do not conflict with other indirect or direct mechanisms of female choice. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

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No relationship between territory size and the risk of cuckoldry in birds.

It has been suggested that male birds adjust their territory size in order to prevent potential intruders from gaining extra-pair copulations. The risk of cuckoldry is supposed to be highest when the distance between a female and the neighbouring males is shortest. This paper describes the variation in territory size of the chiffchaff, Phylloscopus collybita, in relation to the breeding cycle. Contrary to the risk of cuckoldry hypothesis, chiffchaff territories were larger prior to the fertile period of the females and at a minimal size during the fertile period. A review of the literature shows little, if any, evidence of a peak in territory size during the fertile period of the females for most species studied. It is suggested that territoriality is in need of an operational definition. Without such a definition, it is difficult to make and test predictions about the adaptive basis of variation in territory size. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

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Patch sampling behaviour and future foraging expectations in Argentine ants, Linepithema humile

Nests of Argentine ants, L. humile, were exposed to pairs of foraging patches of varying quality. These patches varied from never having food to having food for 4 h every day. After 15 days, colonies were allowed an added access to a new patch. The new patch, however, never contained food. The sampling behaviour of nests towards the initial patches and the new patch suggested that the nests were using a sampling rule based on maximizing net benefits of finding food minus the cost of sampling. The behaviour of the nests towards the new patch was also significantly affected by what the foraging workers had previouisly encountered in the foraging patches. The behaviour of the L. humile colonies is similar in pattern to what would result by Bayesian updating of expectations for success in novel foraging opportunities. These data are the first suggestions of such an ability in an insect. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

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Mate-choice copying in Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica

We performed four experiments to examine effects on the mate choices of female Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica, of observing a male mate with another female. Each experiment was conducted in three phases: (1) a pre-test during which subject females were allowed to choose between two males with which to affiliate; (2) an observation phase, in which subject females either watched or did not watch the male they had spent less time near during the pre-test (their 'non-preferred' male) copulate with a 'model' female; and (3) a post-test when subject females again chose between non-preferred and preferred males. Only females that had watched their non-preferred male mate with a model female during the observation phase spent significantly more time affiliating with him during the post-test than they had during the pre-test. Watching mating did not change females' criteria for choosing males, and non-preferred males that had mated recently were no more attractive to females than were non-preferred males that had not done so, unless subject females actually observed the mating take place. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that female quail copy one another's mate choices. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

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Effects of relatedness on queen competition within honey bee colonies

The influence of relatedness on the pre- and post-emergent survival of honey bee queens was investigated. Workers did not preferentially rear sisters over non-siblings under conditions of natural queen replacement. After queen emergence, however, there was a significant effect of a queen's relatedness to the workers on her survivorship during fights with rival queens. The mechanism of this bias towards related queens is unknown, and several hypotheses are discussed. The difference in post-emergent survivability suggests that kin selection may operate during competition among adult queens at this crucial stage of honey bee reproduction. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

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Red squirrels, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, produce predator-class specific alarm calls

Red squirrels, can produce alarm calls when they detect a potential predator. Observations of natural interactions between red squirrels and large birds, and predator-presentation experiments in the field, showed that red squirrels produce acoustically different alarm calls in response to aerial danger (live birds and a model hawk flown towards them) versus danger approaching from the ground (dogs and humans). The alarm call produced in response to aerial danger is acoustically convergent on the 'seet' alarm call produced by many species of passerine birds in response to raptors. The squirrels' 'seet' alarm is a short, low-amplitude, high-frequency call. These characteristics make the call difficult to localize, and is in a frequency range that is poorly perceived by raptors. Red squirrels produce much louder, wide-bandwidth bark calls in response to terrestrial danger. This is the first demonstration of predator-class specific alarm calls of red squirrels. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

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Yellow-bellied marmot and golden-mantled ground squirrel responses to heterospecific alarm calls

When two species have predators in common, animals might be able to obtain important information about predation risk from the alarm calls produced by the other species. The behavioural responses of adult yellow-bellied marmots, Marmota flaviventris, and golden-mantled ground squirrels, Spermophilus lateralis, to conspecific and heterospecific alarm calls were studied to determine whether interspecific call recognition occurs in sympatric species that rarely interact. In a crossed design, marmot and squirrel alarm calls were broadcast to individuals of both species, using the song of a sympatric bird as a control. Individuals of both species responded similarly to conspecific and heterospecific anti-predator calls, and distinguished both types of alarms from the bird song. These results indicate that both marmots and squirrels recognized not only their own species' anti-predator vocalizations, but also the alarm calls of another species, and that these vocalizations were discriminated from an equally loud non-threatening sound. These findings suggest that researchers ought to think broadly when considering the sources of information available to animals in their natural environment. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

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Parent-offspring recognition in thick-billed murres (Aves: Alcidae).

Using field experiments, we investigated the development of parent-offspring recognition in the thick-billed murre, Uria lomvia. Cross-fostering experiments (N=73) showed that the likelihood of parents accepting a foreign chick decreased with chick age. Simultaneous-choice playback experiments demonstrated that chicks discriminate between the calls of their parents and both strange and familiar adult conspecifics from as early as 3 days old. In presentation experiments with chicks of fledging age (>/=14 days), adults responded more strongly to the calls of their own chicks than to other familiar chicks from the same breeding ledge. Results are consistent with those of earlier studies of parent-offspring recognition in the congeneric and ecologically similar common murre, U. aalge, which were among the first to suggest that parent birds and their chicks can identify each other's calls. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

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Shift in investment between sexually selected traits: tarnishing of the silver spoon

Studies of resource allocation strategies have concentrated on the influence of natural selection on the evolution of life history traits. To a lesser degree, the effects of trade-offs between natural and sexual selection on the evolution of allocation strategies have also been considered. Trade-offs between sexually selected traits that are important to females but that appear to differ in cost, however, have not been considered. Female green swordtails, Xiphophorus helleri, prefer males with longer swords to males with shorter swords, and in this study they demonstrated a preference for larger males to smaller males. Furthermore, sexually mature males invested differentially in body and sword growth depending on resource availability; males that had an unlimited amount of food invested in both body and sword growth, but males shifted to a food-restricted regime halted investment in body growth and invested only in sword growth. These results suggest that males shift their pattern of investment in two sexually selected traits when food becomes restricted. In general, variable environmental conditions may favour such conditional investment strategies in species in which there is more than one preferred male trait and the costs of the traits differ. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

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Measuring female mating preferences.

Interest in the evolution of female mating preferences has increased greatly in recent years, and numerous hypotheses have been proposed to explain how mating preferences evolve. Despite this interest, little is known about how selection acts on mating preferences in natural populations. One reason for this lack of information may be that experimental designs commonly used for testing female preferences make it difficult to quantify the preferences of individual females. Most commonly used designs share three features: they examine the preferences of populations of females, they test female responses when they are presented simultaneously with two stimuli, and they infer information on female preferences by observing female choices between alternative stimuli. Population-level choice tests, in which each female is tested only once with a set of stimuli, do not evaluate within-female variation in preference, which is necessary to document between-female variation in preference. Two-stimulus designs test only for directional preferences if female responses are tested with only a single pair of stimuli. In addition, dichotomous scoring of female responses makes detection of between-female variation in preference difficult. Simultaneous stimulus presentations can confound female preference and female sampling behaviour. An alternative method to assess female preferences is to measure repeatedly the preference functions of individual females using a single-stimulus design. The shape of a female's preference function indicates how a female's mating response varies with male trait value, and repeated measures of individual preference functions allow measurement of within- and between-female variation in preferences. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

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