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PubMed2005

The dst1 gene involved in mushroom photomorphogenesis of Coprinus cinereus encodes a putative photoreceptor for blue light.

The homobasidiomycete Coprinus cinereus exhibits remarkable photomorphogenesis during fruiting-body development. Under proper light conditions, fruiting-body primordia proceed to the maturation phase in which basidia in the pileus undergo meiosis, producing sexual spores, followed by stipe elongation and pileus expansion for efficient dispersal of the spores. In the continuous darkness, however, the primordia do not proceed to the maturation phase but are etiolated: the pileus and stipe tissues at the upper part of the primordium remain rudimentary and the basal part of the primordium elongates, producing "dark stipe." In this study we genetically analyzed five strains that produce dark stipes even if light conditions promoting the maturation are given and then characterized one of them, Uar801 (dst1-1). The dst1 gene was cloned as a DNA fragment that rescues the dst1-1 mutation. Dst1 is predicted to be a protein of 1175 amino acids that contains two PAS domains, a coiled-coil structure, and a putative, glutamine-rich, transcriptional activation domain (AD). One of the PAS domains exhibits significant similarity to the LOV domains of known blue-light receptors, suggesting that Dst1 is a blue-light receptor of C. cinereus. The dst1-1 mutation is predicted to truncate the putative AD in the C-terminal region.

Alleles↗

PubMed2005

The origin of multiple B mating specificities in Coprinus cinereus.

Mushrooms, such as Coprinus cinereus, possess large families of pheromones and G-protein-coupled receptors that are sequestered at the B mating-type locus and whose function is to confer vast numbers of different mating types. This ability results from complex patterns of cognate and noncognate pheromone/receptor pairings, which potentially offer a unique insight into the molecular interaction between receptor and ligand. In this study we have identified many more members of these families by molecular analysis of strains collected worldwide. There are three groups of genes at each B locus. We have identified two alleles of group 1, five alleles of group 2, and seven alleles of group 3, encoding in total 14 different receptors and 29 different pheromones. The specificity of many newly identified alleles was determined by transformation analysis. One striking finding was that receptors fall into groups based on sequence homology but these do not correspond to the groups defined by position, indicating that complex evolutionary processes gave rise to the B loci. While additional allelic versions may occur in nature, the number of B specificities possible by combination of the alleles that we describe is 70, close to previous estimates based on population analysis.

Alleles↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Degradation of plant waste by Coprinus truncorum using 2 culture methods].

Degradation of yard wastes by Coprinus truncorum growing in a vertical aereated bioreactor or in flasks was studied. There was a constant decay of reducing sugars in the medium that avoided their accumulation and their possible repression of degradative enzymes. Endoxylanase activity at first showed a similar pattern in both culture conditions, with maximal activity on the 12th day, but flasks maintained a high activity thereafter. Flasks also showed a higher endoglucanase activity with a peak on the 18th day, whereas the maximal value in the bioreactor was reached on the 26th day. No Mn-peroxidase and only low values of laccase activity were found. The measurements of pH and soluble proteins during the incubation period were suitable indicators of the degradation process by C. truncorum.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMed1994

Kinetics of stipe gravitropism in the mushroom fungus Coprinus cinereus under the conditions of microgravity simulation provided by clinostat treatment.

The extent of the gravitropic response, measured as the angle of the stipe apex at maximum curvature, was dependent upon the gravitational exposure time. The reaction time did not depend on exposure time, and interruption of gravitational exposure by a period of clinostating allowed the gravitational stimulus to decay. It is concluded that the gravitropic impulse is an 'all-or-nothing' signal in Coprinus cinereus, that perception and response probably occur in the same tissue regions, and that sustained exposure to the unidirectional gravity vector is necessary for the normal gravitropic response. The presentation time was found to be 7 min. Immediately after reaching curvature, stipes placed on the clinostat after various gravity exposure times 'relaxed' by 5 degrees. This relaxation suggests that gravitropic bending is a two-stage process with an initial, reversible, phase of plastic bending followed by a 'fixation' phase providing the gravitropic stimulus has been maintained.

Coprinus↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Isolation and structural studies of coprine, the disulfiram-like constituent of Coprinus atramentarius.

Coprine, the constituent of the mushroom Coprinus atramentarius Fr. responsible for its disulfiram-like activity, was isolated. Chemical and spectral data indicate that the compound is N5-(1-hydroxycyclopropyl)glutamine. Although coprine was shown to produce hyperaldehydemia in mice following ethanol ingestion, the compound was not found to be an inhibitor of mouse liver aldehyde dehydrogenase in vitro.

Acetaldehyde↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Novel thermal hysteresis proteins from low temperature basidiomycete, Coprinus psychromorbidus.

The low temperature basidiomycete, Coprinus psychromorbidus, produced three kinds of thermal hysteresis proteins (THPs) in the extracellular space. Molecular mass of purified fungal THPs were approximately 23 kDa, respectively, however those fungal THPs had different N-terminal amino acid sequences. Those fungal THPs formed ice crystals resembling "stone Age arrow head". These observations indicate that fungal THPs did not form hexagonal ice crystals to inhibit its growth.

Antifreeze Proteins↗

PubMed2003

[Purification and activities of an alkaline protein from mushroom Coprinus comatus].

An Alkaline protein, y3, can be purified from the fruiting bodies of mushroom Coprinus comatus by means of CM-sepharose FF ion-exchange column chromatography and Superdex 75 High Resolution molecular sieve chromatography. The protein has a molecular weight of about 14.4kD by SDS-PAGA. Some activities of y3 have been detected, and the result is the following: the inhibition rate against Tobacco Mosaic Virus is 83.0% when the concentration of y3 is 12.5 microg/ mL. y3 is able to agglutinate rabbit and human erythrocytes at the concentration of 1.562 microg/mL and 0.781 microg/mL. Using an assay system based on mach cancer cell line MGC-803, y3 was studied for its inhibitory ability against celles multiplication, and the IC50 is 12 microg/mL. The N-terminal sequence is NRDVAACARFIDDFCDTLTP, which has no homology with other sequences in Genbank.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

[Isolation and identification of an antileukemia substance from Coprinus radiatus].

Conditions for cultivation of basidiomycete Coprinus radiatus on agar media and its submersion fermentation were developed. An antibiotic was isolated from the fermentation broth filtrate by extraction with ethyl acetate followed by purification on a column with silica gel. The antibiotic had a pronounced in vivo effect on hemoblastosis La. Spectral analysis of the antibiotic (UV, IR, NMR and mass spectra) showed that it was identical to patulin (a toxin).

Agaricales↗

PubMed1978

Production of protein by fungi from agricultural wastes. II. Effect of carbon/nitrogen ratio on the efficiency of substrate utilization and protein production by Rhizoctonia melongina, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Coprinus aratus.

An attempt was made to standardize the C/N ratio at which maximum protein production may be achieved by Rhizoctonia melongina, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Coprinus aratus, using sugarcane bagasse for the former two and wheat straw for the latter in the liquid medium. Three different ways of changing the C/N ratios were tried. The optimum levels of carbon and nitrogen required for the best yield, substrate utilization, and protein production efficiency were worked out.

Agaricales↗

PubMed1978

Production of protein by fungi from agricultural wastes. III. Effect of phosphorus on the efficiency of substrate utilization and protein production by Rhizoctonia melongina, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Coprinus aratus.

An attempt was made to select a source of phosphorus that is readily available and ensures maximum protein efficiency for Rhizoctonia melongina, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Coprinus aratus, using sugarcane bagasse for the former two and wheat straw for the latter one in the liquid medium. Of the six different phosphorus compounds tested, urea phosphate was unanimously preferred by the three fungi. The concentration of urea phosphate for maximum protein output was then standardized.

Agaricales↗

PubMed1978

Production of protein by fungi from agricultural wastes. IV. Effect of certain inorganic salts on the efficiency of substrate utilization and protein production by Rhizoctonia melongina, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Coprinus aratus.

The paper deals with the standardization of the concentrations of magnesium sulphate, zinc sulphate, and ferric chloride in the medium containing sugarcane bagasse (for Rhizoctonia melongina and Pleurotus ostreatus) and wheat straw (for Coprinus aratus) for achieving maximum protein production.

Agaricales↗

PubMed1978

Production of protein by fungi from agricultural wastes. V. Effect of various organic acids and growth promoters on the efficiency of substrate utilization and protein production by Rhizoctonia melongina, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Coprinus aratus.

Results of an investigation made for selecting a source of organic acid and also a growth promoter that can maximize protein production in the three test fungi, viz., Rhizoctonia melongina, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Coprinus aratus from their respective substrates (i.e. sugarcane bagasse for the former two and wheat straw for the latter) are reported. Among organic acids, acetic acid (at 0.1% level) and among the growth promoters ascorbic acid (at 0.1% level) had maximum influence on growth and protein production. Based on the detailed investigations carried out with three test fungi (JAUHRI at. al. 1978, Jauhri and Sen 1978a, b, c, new stuffed media have been formulated for the three test fungi which assure maximum protein efficiency from them.

Acids↗

PubMed1981

Endogenous substrates for protein kinases in Coprinus macrorhizus.

The phosphorylation of cellular proteins in mycelia in strain Fisc in Coprinus macrorhizus was examined. The phosphorylation of two proteins, Protein A and B, was stimulated by cyclic AMP in the presence of Mg2+, and that of one protein, Protein C, was inhibited by cyclic AMP. The molecular weight of these proteins was determined, by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), to be 64000 (Protein A), 46000 (Protein B), and 18000 (Protein C), respectively. These proteins were quickly phosphorylated and the phosphorylation reached to the maximal levels in 5 min. The concentration of cyclic AMP required for the half-maximal stimulation of phosphorylation of Protein A and B, and for the half-maximal inhibition of phosphorylation of Protein C was approx. 1.0 x 10(-7) M. Cyclic GMP and cyclic IMP were slightly effective for stimulation and inhibition of these proteins.

Agaricales↗

PubMed2001

Strand exchange reaction in vitro and DNA-dependent ATPase activity of recombinant LIM15/DMC1 and RAD51 proteins from Coprinus cinereus.

We previously cloned recA-homolog genes from a basidiomycete, Coprinus cinereus, and obtained the recombinant proteins (Nara et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 262, 781-789, 1999, see Ref. 1; Nara and Sakaguchi, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 275, 97-102, 2000, see Ref. 2). The primary purpose of the present study was to characterize the biochemical properties of the recombinant LIM15/DMC1 (CoLIM15) and RAD51 (CoRAD51) proteins. We purified the recombinant proteins, and their molecular masses were 37 and 35 kDa, respectively. Both enzymes showed DNA-dependent ATPase activity and ATP-dependent strand exchange reaction in vitro. CoRad51 was a five- to sixfold stronger DNA-dependent ATPase and showed greater dependency on single-stranded DNA than CoLim15. In meiosis, both enzymes were highly accumulated in the meiotic tissue at leptotene and zygotene stages at which the homologous chromosomes pair, but disappeared just before the pachytene stage at which they recombine. From these and the previously reported results, we discuss here the relationships between the enzymes and meiosis.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗

PubMed1996

Cytochalasin-E-Resistant Mutants of Coprinus cinereus: Isolation and Genetic, Biochemical, and Cytological Analyses

We first obtained a cytochalasin-E supersensitive strain (CES14) of the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus and then isolated 1000 revertants of CES14, expecting that at least some of the revertants have defects in the functions of actin filaments. Microscopic examination revealed that three of the revertants lack septa in their hyphae. Of the 1000 revertants, 18 including the 3 septumless strains were genetically analyzed. In 11 of the 18 revertants, reversion was due to extragenic suppressor mutations of ces14. Ten of the 11 mutations were in the same locus designated cer1, while the locus of the remaining mutation, which inhibits septum formation, could not be determined because of its failure to mate with any other cer1 strains. In one (CES14R42) of the cer1 mutants, actin appeared to be altered in the affinity to actin antibody in Western blotting after isoelectric focusing, suggesting that cer1 is a gene encoding actin. Phenotypic examination revealed that the 10 cer1 mutations all confer resistance to cytochalasin-E and that two of the cer1 mutations, both of which block septation, inhibit the formation of the actin ring.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1998

The Two Nuclei in the Dikaryon of the Homobasidiomycete Coprinus cinereus Change Position after Each Conjugate Division

We constructed a common-AB diploid strain of Coprinus cinereus and mated this to a compatible haploid strain to construct a diploid-haploid dikaryon. We examined the positions of the diploid and haploid nuclei in the apical and subapical cells of the dikaryon by fluorescence microscopy and microfluorometry. In 60% of apical cells the leading nucleus (the nucleus proximal to the hyphal apex) was diploid and the second nucleus (the nucleus distal to the apex) was haploid, whereas in the remaining 40% of apical cells the order of the two nuclei was reversed. It was also observed that in 97% of hyphae examined the order of the diploid and haploid nuclei was reversed between the apical cell and the subapical cell. Based on these observations, we conclude that the two nuclei alternate in taking the leading and second positions in the apical cell at almost every conjugate division in the dikaryon. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1998

Blue Light Overrides Repression of Asexual Sporulation by Mating Type Genes in the Basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus

Monokaryotic mycelia of the homobasidiomycete Coprinus cinereus form asexual spores (oidia) constitutively in abundant numbers. Mycelia with mutations in both mating type loci (Amut Bmut homokaryons) also produce copious oidia but only when exposed to blue light. We used such an Amut Bmut homokaryon to define environmental and inherent factors that influence the light-induced oidiation process. We show that the Amut function causes repression of oidiation in the dark and that light overrides this effect. Similarly, compatible genes from different haplotypes of the A mating type locus repress sporulation in the dark and not in the light. Compatible products of the B mating type locus reduce the outcome of light on A-mediated repression but the mutated B function present in the Amut Bmut homokaryons is not effective. In dikaryons, the coordinated regulation of asexual sporulation by compatible A and B mating type genes results in moderate oidia production in light. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1985

Silver staining of meiotic chromosomes in the fungus, Coprinus cinereus.

We have taken advantage of the synchronous meiotic process in the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus to develop a simple and rapid method to selectively stain meiotic chromosomes and nucleoli in this fungus without prior removal of the cell wall. Electron microscopic examination of these silver-stained chromosomes indicated that the lateral elements of the synaptonemal complexes were prominently stained, and terminal attachment plaques were apparent. We found that a translocation quadrivalent could be recognized easily in the light microscope using these methods. The procedures appear suitable for the characterization of chromosome rearrangements in this small genome, and should facilitate cytogenetic analysis in this fungus.

Basidiomycota↗