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Results for “Contraception Continuation”

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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Factors affecting riboflavin requirements of oral contraceptive users and nonusers.

Riboflavin depletion has been identified in women on oral contraceptives (OC) but change in riboflavin nutriture has not been consistently demonstrated in all OC user groups studied. Discrepant findings in reports have been attributed to differences of pill formulation or riboflavin intake. Aims of this study were to compare the riboflavin requirements of healthy OC users and nonusers on diets prepared in a metabolic unit. A single daily menu and meal pattern was used. The basic diet providing riboflavin at a level of 0.6 mg/1000 kcal was used in the period of acclimation and period 1. In periods 2 and 3, the riboflavin content of the diet was increased to 0.8 and 1.0 mg/1000 kcal, respectively. The riboflavin status of subjects was monitored by erythrocyte glutathione reductase assay and urinary riboflavin excretion. Eight women on OC and 10 nonusers participated. Erythrocyte glutathione reductase assay values and urinary riboflavin excretion showed intersubject and interperiod differences but no significant group differences (OC versus non-OC) in erythrocyte glutathione reductase values or in urinary riboflavin per g creatinine. It was concluded that when dietary intake is controlled, OC do not significantly influence riboflavin status. Riboflavin needs were related to energy requirements of the subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Tobacco use, alcohol consumption and infertility.

An epidemiological study of the association between alcohol consumption, tobacco use and subfecundity is presented. Study subjects were recruited for a case-control study whose primary objective was to examine the association between occupational exposures and subfecundity. All 1069 women treated for infertility at Odense University Hospital during the period 1977-1980 were eligible for participation as cases. A control group was chosen consisting of 4305 women who had each delivered a healthy child with a gestational age over 258 days at the same hospital in the period 1977-1979. Data regarding occupational exposures and smoking and drinking habits were collected by mailed questionnaires. A response rate of 87% was obtained for both case and control groups. Use of tobacco and alcohol was significantly higher in cases compared to controls. A within-group comparison of alcohol consumption among controls with delayed conception of more than one year with controls who conceived their children within one year failed to demonstrate a statistical association. However, a statistically significant association was observed between smoking and delayed conception among controls. On the basis of this finding, along with further analyses, the authors suggest that the statistical association between smoking and subfecundity may be real and ought to be studied further. Moderate alcohol consumption does not seem to play a role in the development of subfecundity. The paper provides a systematic review of possible sources of bias in the study.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1989

Oral contraceptive use and premenopausal breast cancer in Sweden and Norway: possible effects of different pattern of use.

Different use of oral contraceptives (OCs) in relation to reproductive histories and age might explain the conflicting results found in studies from different countries of OC use and premenopausal breast cancer. A population-based case-control study in Sweden and Norway has been analysed separately for the two countries. The study consists of 317 Swedish and 105 Norwegian cases diagnosed 1984-1985 with 317 Swedish and 210 Norwegian controls. The results for each country separately are consistent with the joint analysis showing increased risk for breast cancer with increased duration of OC use with the exception of that for women with more than 15 years since first use. The relative risk of breast cancer for more than four years of use among Norwegian women was 0.6 (95% confidence internal (Cl), 0.2-1.8). In both countries there was a non-significant higher risk associated with increasing duration of use before first full-term pregnancy. Analyses for surveillance bias show no evidence of bias as explanation for the association between total duration of OC use and breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Oral contraceptive use and risk of invasive cervical cancer.

A case-control study of 759 invasive cervical cancer patients and 1430 controls in Panama, Costa Rica, Colombia and Mexico enabled an evaluation of risk in relation to oral contraceptive use. Overall use was associated with a 21% nonsignificant elevation in risk, with some further increases in risk for more extensive durations of use. Although risks were similar for recent and non-recent users (RRs = 1.3 versus 1.2), recent long-term users were at highest risk (RR for 5+ years use = 1.7, 95% Cl 1.1-2.6). Relationships were similar for women with and without a recent Pap smear, arguing against detection bias. There was little evidence that other risk factors, including smoking and detection of human papillomaviruses (HPV), altered the effects of oral contraceptives. The risk associated with oral contraceptives was significantly increased for adenocarcinomas (RR = 2.2), whereas for squamous cell tumours the effect was minimal (RR = 1.1). These results provide some support for an adverse effect of oral contraceptives on cervical cancer risk, although possibly limited only to a subpopulation of cases.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1982

Breast cancer in relation to patterns of oral contraceptive use.

A total of 112 white females residents of King County, Washington, aged 35-54 years, who had received a first diagnosis of invasive breast cancer between July 1977 add August 1978, were investigated concerning prior use of oral contraceptives. Their responses were compared with those of a random sample of 469 demographically comparable women from the same population. Overall, oral contraceptive use in cases and controls was similar. However, use of oral contraceptives in preparous women was more common among cases than controls, with the estimated risk of breast cancer associated with such use being 2.2 times that of nonusers (90% confidence interval = 1.1-4.6). This relationship could be explained only in part by the effect of oral contraceptives in postponing or preventing childbirth. The association of breast cancer with use of oral contraceptives prior to ever giving birth has been observed in three studies, including this one, suggesting that the susceptibility of breast tissue to hormonal factors that influence the development of malignancy may be altered by having been exposed to the events of pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The influence of lactose consumption on the association of oral contraceptive use and ovarian cancer risk.

The authors investigated the joint effects of diet and oral contraceptive use on ovarian cancer risk in 194 white women aged 65 years or less with epithelial ovarian cancer and 193 age- and residence-matched controls in Boston between 1984 and 1987 by using in-person interviews and self-administered food frequency questionnaires. Use of oral contraceptives for 3 months or more was associated with a modest protective effect for ovarian cancer (odds ratio (OR) = 0.7, 95 percent confidence interval (CI) 0.5-1.1). In women who consumed 11 g or less per day of lactose, use of oral contraceptives for 3 months or more was associated with a nonsignificant increased risk (OR = 1.6, 95 percent CI 0.8-3.2). In women who consumed more than 11 g per day of lactose, use of oral contraceptives for 3 months or more was associated with a substantially decreased risk of ovarian cancer (OR = 0.3, 95 percent CI 0.1-0.7). Within this group, the strongest association occurred with more than 4 years of total oral contraceptive use (OR = 0.2, 95 percent CI 0.1-0.6) and in those who had more than 2 years of oral contraceptive use after age 30 years (OR = 0.1, 95 percent CI 0.03-0.4). These results suggest that, with respect to ovarian cancer, lactose users may be the most likely to benefit from oral contraceptive use and that the benefit may be strongest when oral contraceptive use occurs after age 30 years.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Depo-Provera.

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Female↗
PubMed1992

Oral contraceptive use and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis of variations with age at diagnosis, parity and total duration of oral contraceptive use.

OBJECTIVE: To review published reports of risk of breast cancer with oral contraceptive use. DESIGN: Meta-analysis of study results, using regression techniques to explore the inter-study heterogeneity. SETTING: Twenty-seven epidemiological studies of breast cancer risk and oral contraceptive use published 1980-1989. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relative risk of breast cancer with oral contraceptive use; variations by age at diagnosis, parity, and total duration of use, and with study design characteristics. RESULTS: The overall relative risk estimate was 1.16 (95% CI 1.07-1.25) for the less than 45 years group, 1.21 (95% CI 0.99-1.47) for the nulliparous subgroup, and 1.27 (95% CI 1.12-1.44) for durations of use of more than 8 years. Source of subjects, their marital status, the type of study, data collection methods, matching for geographical area, the number of adjustment factors used in the study analysis, the country of study and the calendar period in which the study ended were all important explanatory factors for inter-study variation, but a substantial proportion of inter-study variation remained unexplained. CONCLUSIONS: These meta-analyses suggest that risk of breast cancer may be raised by around 20% in younger, nulliparous and long use duration subgroups of oral contraceptive users. Risk estimates appear to be influenced by several study design factors, which should be considered carefully in designing and reviewing future studies.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

Norplant.

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Drug Implants↗
PubMed1992

The induction of amenorrhoea.

A survey has shown that many women favour eliminating menstruation and it has been suggested that therapeutic induction of amenorrhoea might be an advantage in female personnel mobilised for war. The traditional method has been to take the oral contraceptive pill continuously. This produces weight gain and other side-effects; spotting and breakthrough bleeding can be a problem initially. The method is however cheap. The Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) analogue, goserelin, is extremely effective, produces less side-effects, but it is very expensive. Two synthetic steroids, danazol and gestrinone, are moderately effective, have a variety of prominent side-effects and are also quite expensive. With all these drugs normal menstruation resumes in the cycle after they are discontinued. Although goserelin has many advantages over the continuously taken contraceptive pill, its cost precludes it from consideration as a means of eliminating menstruation.

Amenorrhea↗