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PubMed1999

Association of moderate consumption of alcohol with rates of heavy drinking and abstinence in Spain.

BACKGROUND: Moderate consumption of alcohol reduces general mortality among middle-aged and elderly persons through a reduction in cardiovascular risk. Furthermore, higher consumption of wine is associated with lower cardiovascular mortality in northern Spain. This information may be used to promote moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages in Spain. However, alcohol consumption is influenced by the drinking habits of the individual's social environment. Therefore, we examine the relation between average consumption of alcohol and the prevalence of heavy drinkers, who most often have adverse effects from alcohol, and the prevalence of abstainers, who do not benefit from alcohol, in Spain. METHODS: Spain's 17 administrative regions are the units of analysis. Alcohol consumption data were taken from the 1993 National Health Survey. Data were analyzed using weighted correlation coefficients and linear regression. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Mean alcohol consumption among moderate drinkers showed a positive correlation with the proportions of men (r = 0.63; p = 0.007) and women (r = 0.58; p = 0.015) whose alcohol intake was above the 90th percentile of consumption distribution. Similar results were yielded when median rather than mean consumption was used, and when heavy drinking was defined as the consumption of 210 g and 140 g of alcohol per week, in men and women, respectively. The association also was observed across all ages and all types of beverages. However, no statistically significant association was seen between mean and median alcohol consumption and the proportion of abstainers. SIGNIFICANCE: Moderate consumption of alcohol is associated with the prevalence of heavy drinkers in all regions of Spain. Therefore, promotion of moderate consumption of alcohol in Spain might be associated with a rise in the prevalence of heavy drinkers, those who most frequently suffer the harmful effects of alcohol.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Growth factor consumption and production in perfusion cultures of human bone marrow correlate with specific cell production.

Perfusion cultures of human bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNC) provide a unique in vitro model of hematopoiesis, supporting growth of both accessory and hematopoietic elements. In this study, bioreactors were used to analyze the consumption and production of growth factors (GFs) in relation to each other and to the cells produced. The exogenously added GFs interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), stem cell factor (SCF), and erythropoietin (Epo) each exhibited different, but reproducible, consumption kinetics. Epo and IL-3 were consumed slowly for the first 5-7 days, and then the consumption rate of both increased. Epo consumption reached a plateau by day 10, whereas IL-3 consumption continued to increase. Consumption of SCF was similar to that of Epo, but began 2-3 days earlier. GM-CSF was consumed throughout the culture period in an accelerating manner. Consumption of SCF and Epo were related, because omission of Epo from the growth medium reduced SCF consumption by 53% and omission of SCF reduced Epo consumption by 82%. A reproducible relationship between cumulative GF consumption and total cell production was observed. Epo was most potent, with 5900 molecules consumed per cell produced, whereas 69,400 molecules of SCF were consumed per cell generated. More specifically, Epo consumption was correlated (r = 0.92 and 0.96) with the number of glycophorin A-positive (glyA+) cells produced, and the rate of Epo consumption varied with the progression of cells through the erythroid lineage. Consequently, measurement of GF consumption rates may be useful for quantifying the types of cells present in a culture. Endogenous GF production was also examined. G-CSF and MIP-1 alpha were present at high levels during the first 4 days but then declined rapidly. LIF first appeared in the second week and steadily increased thereafter. Omission of SCF from the medium allowed the detection of endogenous SCF production, and the kinetics was similar to that of LIF. IL-6 production was biphasic, with a peak and decline in week 1 and an increase during week 2. TGF-beta was below the level of detection in these cultures. The results suggest that perfusion supports accessory and hematopoietic elements which interact and therefore represent a partially functional tissue ex vivo. This system provides a useful model for studying relationships within GF networks and for elucidating the conditions that result in primitive cell expansion ex vivo.

Bone Marrow↗
PubMed1994

Oxygen consumption rates of adults and chicks during brooding in king quail (Coturnix chinensis).

Oxygen consumption rates were measured in chicks (0-17 days of age), and in non-brooding and brooding adults. Brooded chicks maintained a constant oxygen consumption rate at a chamber ambient temperature of 10-35 degrees C (0-5 days of age: 2.95 ml O2.g-1.h-1 and 6-17 days of age: 5.80 ml O2.g-1.h-1) while unbrooded chicks increased oxygen consumption rate at ambient temperature below 30 degrees C to double the brooded oxygen consumption rate at 25 and 15 degrees C for chicks < 5 days of age and > 5 days of age, respectively. The mass-specific oxygen consumption rate of breeding male and females (non-brooding) were significantly elevated within the thermoneutral zone thermal neutral zone (28-35 degrees C) in comparison to non-breeding adults. Below the thermal neutral zone, oxygen consumption rate was not significantly different. The elevation in oxygen consumption rate of breeding quail was not correlated with the presence of broodpatches, which developed only in females, but is a seasonal adjustment in metabolism. Male and females that actively brooded one to five chicks had significantly higher oxygen consumption rate than nonbrooding quil at ambient temperature below 30 degrees C. Brooding oxygen consumption rate was constant during day and night, indicating a temporary suppression of the circadian rhythm of metabolism. Brooding oxygen consumption rate increased significantly with brood number, but neither adult body mass nor adult sex were significant factors in the relationship between brooding oxygen consumption rate and ambient temperature. The proportion of daylight hours that chicks were brooded by parents was negatively correlated with ambient temperature. After chicks were 5 days old brooding time was reduced but brooding oxygen consumption rate was unchanged. Heat from the brooding parent appeared to originate mainly from the apteria under the wings and legs rather than the broodpatch. The parental heat contribution to chick temperature regulation below the chicks' thermal neutral zone is achieved by increasing parental thermal conductance by a feedback control similar to that suggested for the control of egg temperature via the broodpatch. It is concluded that the brooding period is an energetic burden to parent quail, and the magnitude of the cost increases directly with brood number and inversely with ambient temperature during this period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Aging↗
PubMed1979

Phosphate efflux and oxygen consumption in small non-myelinated nerve fibres at rest and during activity.

1. The oxygen consumption and the movements of labelled phosphate were measured in garfish olfactory nerve at rest and during activity.2. In solutions with 2.5 mM-K and 0.2 mM-phosphate the resting oxygen consumption was 0.206 m-mole/kg.min; activity at 2 sec(-1) produced an extra oxygen consumption of 2.46 mumole/kg.impulse. The extra oxygen consumption declined exponentially with a time constant of 2.62 min at 22-26 degrees C.3. The phosphate efflux, measured simultaneously, had a resting efflux rate constant of 1.24 x 10(-3) min(-1); activity at 2 sec(-1) produced an extra fractional loss of 9.38 x 10(-6) impulse(-1). The increase in phosphate efflux followed almost the same time course as the increase in oxygen consumption.4. Increasing the frequency of stimulation from 2 sec(-1) to 3 or 5 sec(-1) decreased both the extra oxygen consumption and the extra fractional loss of phosphate. When the frequency was decreased to 0.5 or 1 sec(-1) the extra oxygen consumption per impulse increased, while the extra phosphate liberation was lowered.5. Changing the phosphate concentration did not much affect the extra oxygen consumption; on the other hand, lowering or increasing the phosphate from the standard 0.2 mM decreased both the resting and the stimulated phosphate efflux.6. Lowering the K from the standard 2.5 mM did not affect the extra oxygen consumption, but increased both the resting and the extra loss of phosphate. At higher K concentrations the extra oxygen consumption and the extra fractional loss of phosphate decreased without much change in the resting phosphate efflux.7. Application of 1-20 muM-strophanthidin produced a transient decrease in the resting phosphate efflux without much change in resting oxygen consumption. With 10 or 20 muM-strophanthidin the extra fractional loss of phosphate and the extra oxygen consumption were both lowered in approximately the same proportions.8. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the increase in intracellular inorganic phosphate that results from increased break-down of ATP after activity, is the main cause for the increased phosphate efflux. A fraction of the increase in intracellular phosphate only appears to be liberated to the outside, the value of the fraction depending on the resting phosphate efflux before activity.9. The initial increase in intracellular inorganic phosphate after an impulse, estimated from the oxygen consumption or the phosphate fluxes, appears to be about 12-19 mumole/kg nerve, remarkably close to the value known from chemical analysis.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

cGMP level that reduces cardiac myocyte O2 consumption is altered in renal hypertension.

We tested the hypothesis that cardiac myocytes from hypertensive (one kidney, one clip; 1K,1C) cardiac-hypertrophied rabbits require higher guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) to similarly lower O2 consumption than control myocytes and that this effect is caused by differences in guanylate cyclase activity. Using isolated myocytes from control and 1K,1C New Zealand White rabbits, we obtained O2 consumption (nl O2 x min(-1) x 10(5) cells) and cGMP (fmol/10(5) cells) levels after stimulation of guanylate cyclase with nitroprusside, CO, or guanylin (10(-8)-10(-5) M). Soluble guanylate cyclase activity was also determined. Basal cGMP was elevated in 1K,1C vs. control (176 +/- 28 vs. 85 +/- 13) myocytes. cGMP increased in 1K,1C and control myocytes after stimulation with nitroprusside, CO, and guanylin. Guanylate cyclase activity in 1K,1C vs. control myocytes was not statistically different. Basal O2 consumption in 1K,1C vs. control myocytes was comparable (307 +/- 1 vs. 299 +/- 22). O2 consumption was similarly decreased when guanylate cyclase was stimulated. Control regression equations correlating cGMP and O2 consumption were O2 consumption = -1.46 x [cGMP] + 444.65 (r = 0.96) for CO, O2 consumption = -0.58 x [cGMP] + 328.48 (r = 0.82) for nitroprusside, and O2 consumption = -1.25 x [cGMP] + 389.15 (r = 0.88) for guanylin. The 1K,1C regression equations were O2 consumption = -1.36 x [cGMP] + 537.81 (r = 0.97) for CO, O2 consumption = -0.23 x [cGMP] + 307.30 (r = 0.88) for nitroprusside, and O2 consumption = -1.27 x [cGMP] + 502.91 (r = 0.89) for guanylin. These data indicate that 1K,1C hypertrophic myocytes had higher cGMP than controls at every level of O2 consumption. This effect was not caused by differences in basal or maximal guanylate cyclase activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Identification of sport fish consumption patterns in families of recreational anglers through factor analysis.

This paper reports on the identification of sport fish consumption patterns in angler families through the factor analysis technique. New York State recreational anglers and their spouses or partners were surveyed in 1991 about their consumption of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie sport fish. Respondents were surveyed again in 1997 to report the number of sport fish consumed by their children aged 5-10 years. Parental report revealed that 60% of children had consumed at least one sport fish meal over their lifetime. Anglers', partners', and children's variables were entered into three separate factor analysis models to assess consumption patterns. Factors for anglers and partners accounted for 65 and 59% of variance in consumption scores, respectively. Factors dealing with trout and salmon consumption accounted for the most variance. Children's factors accounted for 82% of variance in consumption scores, showing separation in relation to type of fish, body of water, and age at consumption. Children's factors were then used as dependent measures of separate multiple regression runs in which parental factors were entered stepwise as predictors. Significant associations between parental and children's factors were noted, suggesting that sport fish consumption patterns in parents are predictive of similar consumption patterns in children. Results suggest that sport fish consumption advisories do not fully prevent consumption of contaminated sport fish during childhood. Therefore, risk communicators may need to modify the current strategy of informing anglers and their families about sport fish consumption recommendations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Occupational and nonoccupational correlates of alcohol consumption in urban transit operators.

BACKGROUND: The influence of occupation and the worksite has emerged as an important area of study in research on alcohol consumption. Occupational and nonoccupational factors were studied in relation to alcohol consumption using data from a 1983-1985 cross-sectional study of transit operators. METHODS: A total of 1.853 operators underwent a medical examination for driver's license renewal (including information on age, ethnicity, gender, education). Of these operators, 1,448 completed a questionnaire about occupational (e.g., time of shift, job stressors) and nonoccupational (e.g., personality, life stressors) factors. From either the medical examination or the questionnaire, weekly alcohol consumption was available for 1,820 operators. Variables related to alcohol consumption in previous studies, or theoretically linked to consumption, were analyzed in relation to heavy ( > or = 15 drinks/week) and average weekly consumption. RESULTS: Heavy and average consumption were both related to several nonoccupational variables, including demographic (age, ethnicity, gender, marital status), personality (depression, anger expression), and life stress variables (i.e., life events). Heavy and average consumption were also related to several occupational variables, including job history (number of years driving, specific worksite) and job stressors. Neither measure was related to subjective job content (job demand, decision latitude). CONCLUSIONS: Variability in consumption by demographic factors among this population reflects that seen in society as a whole. However, occupational factors may influence consumption, since consumption was strongly related to (a) specific worksite and time of shift and (b) reported job stressors. Clarifying the exact influence of occupational and worksite factors on alcohol consumption will depend on the convergence of findings from different research designs (e.g., cross-sectional, longitudinal, ethnographic).

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Negative alcohol consumption outcome associations in young and mature adult social drinkers: a route to drinking restraint?

Alcohol 'cognitions' were explored using an implicit methodology [Stacy, Leigh and Weingardt, 1994]. In Study 1, an Associations Questionnaire was developed with young adult undergraduates (median=20 years) comprising culturally available (i.e., high-frequency occurrence) and idiosyncratic (i.e., low-frequency occurrence) positive and negative alcohol consumption outcomes and positive and negative outcomes of behaviors-other-than-alcohol consumption. In Study 2, the relationship was explored between the alcohol consumption of young adult undergraduates (median age = 19 years) and implicit alcohol-related associations made through the Associations Questionnaire. A significant positive relationship was found between consumption and positive and negative culturally available (experimental) outcomes but not for the other two types of (control) outcome. In Study 3, the relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related associations was explored in mature adults (median = 45 years) with many more years' drinking experience. The results of Study 1 were replicated except that a significant positive relationship between consumption and some control outcomes was now found--e.g., negative outcomes of what where hitherto behaviors-other-than-alcohol consumption. In Study 4, however, using the same techniques that were used to develop the Associations Questionnaire in Study 1, an extended set of negative alcohol consumption outcomes was found in mature adults (median = 44 years) that included a proportion of the negative outcomes of behaviors-other-than-alcohol consumption that had served as controls in Studies 2 and 3. A reanalysis of the data from Study 3, with such items removed from the controls and designated 'new' negative alcohol consumption outcomes, showed a positive relationship between consumption and implicit alcohol-related associations made through these 'new' items of the Associations Questionnaire. The changing profile of associations with negative outcomes of consumption is discussed and related to negative expectancy research and drinking restraint.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Pomegranate juice consumption for 3 years by patients with carotid artery stenosis reduces common carotid intima-media thickness, blood pressure and LDL oxidation.

Dietary supplementation with polyphenolic antioxidants to animals was shown to be associated with inhibition of LDL oxidation and macrophage foam cell formation, and attenuation of atherosclerosis development. We investigated the effects of pomegranate juice (PJ, which contains potent tannins and anthocyanins) consumption by atherosclerotic patients with carotid artery stenosis (CAS) on the progression of carotid lesions and changes in oxidative stress and blood pressure. Ten patients were supplemented with PJ for 1 year and five of them continued for up to 3 years. Blood samples were collected before treatment and during PJ consumption. In the control group that did not consume PJ, common carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) increased by 9% during 1 year, whereas, PJ consumption resulted in a significant IMT reduction, by up to 30%, after 1 year. The patients' serum paraoxonase 1 (PON 1) activity was increased by 83%, whereas serum LDL basal oxidative state and LDL susceptibility to copper ion-induced oxidation were both significantly reduced, by 90% and 59%, respectively, after 12 months of PJ consumption, compared to values obtained before PJ consumption. Furthermore, serum levels of antibodies against oxidized LDL were decreased by 19%, and in parallel serum total antioxidant status (TAS) was increased by 130% after 1 year of PJ consumption. Systolic blood pressure was reduced after 1 year of PJ consumption by 12% [corrected] and was not further reduced along 3 years of PJ consumption. For all studied parameters, the maximal effects were observed after 1 year of PJ consumption. Further consumption of PJ, for up to 3 years, had no additional beneficial effects on IMT and serum PON1 activity, whereas serum lipid peroxidation was further reduced by up to 16% after 3 years of PJ consumption. The results of the present study thus suggest that PJ consumption by patients with CAS decreases carotid IMT and systolic blood pressure and these effects could be related to the potent antioxidant characteristics of PJ polyphenols.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Consumption of bakery products, sweetened soft drinks and yogurt among children aged 6-7 years: association with nutrient intake and overall diet quality.

The present study tests the hypothesis that higher consumption of bakery products, sweetened soft drinks and yogurt is associated with higher intake of energy, saturated fats, sugars and worse overall diet quality among Spanish children. This is a cross-sectional study covering 1112 children aged 6.0-7.0 years in four Spanish cities. Nutrient and food intake were obtained through a food-frequency questionnaire, and overall diet quality calculated using the healthy-eating index (HEI) developed by Kennedy et al. (1995). Standardized methods were used to measure anthropometric variables. Associations of interest were summarized as the difference in nutrient and food consumption between the value of the fifth and the first quintile of consumption (dq) of bakery products, sweetened soft drinks or yogurt, adjusted for energy intake and BMI. Bakery products, sweetened soft drinks and yogurt supplied 15.5, 1.0 and 5.6 % energy intake respectively. Higher consumption of these three foods was associated with greater energy intake (P<0.001), but not with higher BMI. Consumption of bakery products was associated with the proportion of energy derived from intake of total carbohydrates (dq 4.5 %, P<0.001) and sugars (dq 2 %, P<0.001), but did not show association with the HEI. Consumption of sweetened soft drinks was associated with a lower consumption of milk (dq -88 ml, P<0.001) and Ca (dq -175 mg/d, P<0.001), and worse HEI (dq -2, P<0.01). Consumption of yogurt, while associated with higher energy intake from saturated fats (dq 1.77 %, P<0.001) and sugars (dq 2.02 %, P<0.001), showed no association with the HEI. Differences in the intake of nutrients and foods across quintiles of consumption of bakery products, sweetened soft drinks and yogurt were usually very small. We conclude that the impact of the consumption of bakery products, sweetened soft drinks and yogurt on the quality of the diet of Spanish children is only modest, although it may contribute to aggravating certain unhealthy characteristics of their diet, particularly excess energy, saturated fats and sugars. Therefore, consumption of bakery products and sweetened soft drinks should be moderated, and priority given to consumption of low-fat, low-sugar yogurt.

Beverages↗
PubMed2005

Beverage consumption patterns in elementary school aged children across a two-year period.

OBJECTIVE: Existing data was reexamined to determine changes in beverage consumption and associations between beverages consumed and BMI Z-score in children (n = 164) across two years. METHODS: Beverages (milk, 100% juice, diet soda or sugar sweetened) and total caloric intake were calculated from a 24-hour diet recall. Height and weight were measured to calculate BMI. Subjects were categorized by BMI Z-score as normal weight, overweight, gained weight and lost weight. Data was collected at baseline and year 2. RESULTS: Significant decreases in milk and increases in diet soda were found over two years in all subjects and normal weight, whereas overweight had a significant increase in diet soda consumption and a decrease in milk consumption that did not reach significance. Change in milk consumption was inversely correlated with sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. Increases in diet soda consumption were significantly greater for overweight and subjects who gained weight as compared to normal weight subjects. Baseline BMI Z-score and year 2 diet soda consumption predicted 83.1% of the variance in year 2 BMI Z-score. CONCLUSION: Shifts in beverage consumption were found in this convenient sample across two years. Diet soda consumption was the only type of beverage associated with year 2 BMI Z-score, and consumption was greater in overweight subjects and subjects who gained weight as compared to normal weight subjects at two years. Additional longitudinal data examining associations between beverage consumption and BMI is needed in children and adolescents, as consumption of regular and diet soda has become more of a social norm.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Blood pressure, coffee, tea and tobacco consumption: an epidemiological study in Algiers.

The connections and possible interactions between coffee consumption, tobacco consumption, blood pressure (BP), age, and body mass index (BMI) were analysed in a cross-sectional epidemiologic study of 1098 men and 393 women of the Algiers district. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was negatively and significatively correlated with cigarette smoking. Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was positively and significantly associated with coffee consumption (P less than 0.001) and negatively and significantly with cigarette consumption (P less than 0.001). These associations remained significant after multivariate analysis including sex, age, BMI, physical exertion at work, athletic activity, rural versus urban residency, tobacco, tea and coffee consumption. Coffee consumption and cigarette smoking were positively associated (P less than 0.001). In the subgroup of men, the association between coffee consumption and DBP was significant only after adjustment for cigarette smoking. In the subgroup of women, containing a low percentage of smokers, this association was significant without such adjustment. This finding suggests that cigarette consumption might partly mask the association between coffee consumption and BP. The contradictory interactions observed between BP, cigarette consumption and coffee consumption might help to explain the conflicting reports concerning the association between coffee consumption and ischemic heart disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Age, period and cohort influences on beer, wine and spirits consumption trends in the US National Alcohol Surveys.

AIMS: To estimate the separate influences of age, period and cohort on the consumption of beer wine and spirits in the United States. DESIGN: Linear age-period-cohort models controlling for demographic change with extensive specification testing. Setting US general population 1979-2000. MEASUREMENTS: Monthly average of past-year consumption of beer, wine and spirits in five National Alcohol Surveys. Findings The strongest cohort effects are found for spirits; cohorts born before 1940 are found to have significantly higher consumption than those born after 1946, with especially high spirits consumption for men in the pre-1930s cohorts. Significant cohort effects are also found for beer with elevated consumption in the 1946-65 cohorts for men but in the pre-1940 cohorts for women. Significant negative effects of age are found for beer and spirits consumption, although not for wine. Significant period effects are found for men's beer and wine consumption and for women's spirits consumption. Increased educational attainment in the population over time is associated with reduced beer consumption and increased wine consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Changing cohort demographics are found to have significant effects on beverage-specific consumption, indicating the importance of controlling for these effects in the evaluation of alcohol policy effectiveness and the potential for substantial improvement in the forecasting of future beverage-specific consumption trends, alcohol dependence treatment demand and morbidity and mortality outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Alcohol consumption and alcohol-related mortality in Canada, 1950-2000.

OBJECTIVE: To describe trends in overall alcohol consumption and alcohol-related mortality in Canada, and to test regional associations between per capita alcohol consumption and alcohol-related mortality. METHOD: Alcohol sales for 1950-2000 were used to measure total alcohol consumption; alcohol-related mortality consisted of nine different alcohol-related causes of death for 1950-1998. Alcohol consumption and alcohol-related mortality were described for 1950-2000, and measures of dispersion were calculated to assess the homogeneity across regions. FINDINGS: Both alcohol consumption and alcohol-related mortality increased in all regions up to 1975-80 and then underwent a decline until the 1990s. Since 1996, consumption began to increase. Beer represented more than half of the total consumption throughout the study period, although overall, the share of wine increased, particularly in the larger provinces. Over time there have been fewer differences in per capita consumption and alcohol-related mortality rates across the regions. A strong positive cross-regional relationship was observed between explicitly alcohol-related mortality and per capita consumption, whereas cirrhosis showed only a weak geographical association with consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Since 1950, there has been a general trend toward national homogenization, especially with respect to drinking levels but also to alcohol-related mortality. A strikingly close regional relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related mortality suggests that consumption is an important marker of alcohol-related harm in Canada.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1994

[Mercury exposure by fish consumption in Rhine fishermen].

In this study 149 test persons were included, which were divided in 2 groups: consumption of Rhine fish (n = 77) and control group which consumed no Rhine fish (n = 72), but eventually fish from other sources. The consumption of Rhine fish averaged 1290 g per month (range: 100-5250 g per month), in the control group the consumption of fish averaged 340 g per month (range: 0-4000 g per month). The monthly fish consumption for inhabitants of Baden-Württemberg is in the range of 300 to 400 g. From this it can be seen that the control group consumed fish in the range of the general population, whereas in the group with Rhine fish consumption the quantity of consumed fish was 4 fold. In the group with Rhine fish consumption the levels of mercury in blood were in the geometric mean (GM) 2.41 micrograms/l, arithmetic mean (AM) 3.43 micrograms/l (range: 0.5-17.8 micrograms/l); control group an estimated GM: 0.68 micrograms/l, AM of 0.90 micrograms/l (range: 0.2-3.2 micrograms/l). The corresponding levels in hair were in the group with Rhine fish consumption GM: 1060 micrograms/kg, AM: 1410 micrograms/kg (range: 190-7200 micrograms/kg) and in the control group: GM 520 micrograms/kg, AM: 610 micrograms/kg (range: 190-2710 micrograms/kg). From this data it can be concluded that the consumption of Rhine fish gives rise to higher levels of mercury in blood (GM: 3.5, AM: 3.8 fold) and hair (GM: 2.0, AM: 2.3 fold). In the Umwelt-Survey of the German Bundesgesundheitsamt for the general German population an estimated GM of 0.46 microgram/l and AM of 0.74 microgram/l for mercury levels in blood was reported. The corresponding mercury concentrations determined in the group with Rhine fish consumption were 5.2. and 4.6 fold higher. No significant differences of mercury levels in urine were seen in the 2 groups (Rhine fish consumption GM: 0.57 microgram/l, AM: 0.84 microgram/l, range: < 0.1-4.7 micrograms/l; control group GM: 0.40 micrograms/l, AM: 0.93 microgram/l, range: < 0.1-13.6 micrograms/l). In both groups no correlation was found between mercury in urine and mercury in blood or hair respectively. For biological monitoring of organic mercury derived from fish consumption the determination of mercury in blood and hair is suited. The excretion of mercury in urine does not reveal an exposition with mercury from fish consumption.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Effects of cell density and temperature on oxygen consumption rate for different mammalian cell lines.

Oxygen consumption rates were measured in a respirometer for different mammalian cell lines (BHK, murine hybridoma, and CHO), and the effects of cell density (1-20 million cells/mL) and temperature (6 to 37 degrees C) on specific oxygen consumption rate were investigated. The specific oxygen consumption was cell line dependent. For a given temperature, the murine hybridoma cells had the lowest and the CHO cells had the highest oxygen consumption rate. The specific oxygen consumption rate was not affected by the cell concentration for cell densities between 1 and 20 million cells/mL. However, artificial trends implicating the effects of cell density were obtained when traditional analysis was used and the probe response time was neglected. A detailed mathematical analysis was presented to investigate the magnitude of errors originating from neglecting the probe response time for the calculation of oxygen consumption rate. The error was significant, especially when the probe response was slow and/or the oxygen consumption was fast. Temperature influenced the specific oxygen consumption rate similarly for the cells studied, and about 10% decrease was observed in specific oxygen consumption by 1 degrees C decrease in the temperature. Between 6 and 37 degrees C, the effect of temperature on oxygen consumption rate could be described using an Arrhenius model, i.e., qO2 = qoO2. e-E/RT. The activation energy, E, in this equation was similar for different cells (between 80 and 90 kJ/mol), indicating the action of a similar mechanism for the effect of temperature on oxygen consumption.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

A reduction in the in situ rates of oxygen and glucose consumption of cells in EMT6/Ro spheroids during growth.

The rates of consumption of oxygen and glucose by EMT6/Ro cells in multicellular spheroids were measured at various times during normal growth. In situ spheroid cellular consumption rates were similar to those of exponentially growing single cells up to a spheroid diameter of 150 micron. Further growth resulted in decreases in the rates of both oxygen and glucose consumption which were correlated with the increase in spheroid diameter and cell number. At a diameter of 1300 micron, both rates of cellular consumption had decreased by a factor of 2.5. The rates of consumption per unit of nonnecrotic spheroid volume decreased in a similar manner. Measurements with single cells demonstrated that the rate of oxygen consumption was coupled with glucose concentration, and vice versa. The rates of consumption for cells dissociated from small spheroids indicated that there was some effect of the spheroid environment. As the spheroids grew, however, association in the spheroid structure accounted for a smaller proportion of the total observed reduction in the rates of nutrient consumption. The presence of central necrosis also appeared to have no effect on the rates of consumption of these nutrients. Spheroid-derived cells showed a decrease in cell volume with growth as the cells accumulated in a quiescent state. Measurements with single cells demonstrated that oxygen and glucose consumption were correlated with cell volume and with the development of nonproliferating cells. We conclude that the observed decrease in oxygen and glucose consumption with growth in spheroids is largely due to the progressive accumulation of cells in a quiescent state characterized by an inherently lower cellular rate of nutrient utilization.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Oxygen consumption after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in children: determinants and implications.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to assess oxygen consumption and its determinants in children shortly after undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass operations. METHODS: Twenty children, aged 2 months to 15 years (median, 3.75 years), undergoing hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass operations were studied during the first 4 hours after arrival in the intensive care unit. Central and peripheral temperatures were monitored. Oxygen consumption was continuously measured by using respiratory mass spectrometry. Oxygen delivery was calculated from oxygen consumption and arterial and mixed venous oxygen contents, which were sampled every 30 minutes. Oxygen extraction was derived by the ratio of oxygen consumption and oxygen delivery. Arterial blood lactate levels were measured every 30 minutes. RESULTS: There was a correlation between oxygen consumption and age in patients older than 3 months (r = -0.76). Mean oxygen consumption increased by 14.7% during the study. The increase in oxygen consumption was correlated with the increase in central temperature (r = 0.73). Nine patients had an arterial lactate level above 2 mmol/L on arrival. There were no significant differences in oxygen consumption, oxygen delivery, and oxygen extraction between the group with lactate levels between 2 and 3 mmol/L and the groups with normal lactate levels both on arrival and at 2 hours. One patient with a peak lactate level of 6.8 mmol/L had initially low oxygen delivery (241.3 mL. min(-1). m(-2)). CONCLUSIONS: During the early hours after a pediatric cardiac operation, the increase in oxygen consumption is mainly attributed to the increase in central temperature. Oxygen consumption is negatively related to age. Mild lactatemia is common and does not appear to reflect oxygen delivery or oxygen consumption or a more complicated recovery.

Adolescent↗