Environmental variables related to community placement failure in mentally retarded adults.
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Adult↗
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Results for “Community Relations”
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[Incidence of immature foetus births in relation to community size (author's transl)].
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Czechoslovakia↗
[Factors related to community participation in primary care in the province of Toledo].
OBJECTIVE: To identify how many professionals have, in their view, some experience of community participation (CP); how many have a positive attitude to CP; and other associated factors. DESIGN: Observational, analytic, crossover study. PARTICIPANTS: Professionals from 22 Health Centres (HC). INTERVENTION: A questionnaire on attitudes, knowledge and behaviour. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: 220 (67%) of the 330 professionals who received the survey replied. More than half of these considered that CP in the HC was important. 49% had some experience of this question: of these 59% evaluated their experience was successful, a variable which was linked to work satisfaction, attachment to the HC for less than one year or more than five and being a nursing professional. The main problem was considered to be lack of preparation; and the main cause of failure of experiments was defective planning. 95% of professionals were willing to work on health projects involving community participation. CONCLUSIONS: Even accepting the difficulty of measuring attitudes, knowledge and behaviour, the idea and that the positive attitudes and/or experiences of Primary Care health professionals to CP are a chance phenomenon is rejected. An intervention study to check the hypotheses suggested in this study concerning the variable factors which favour success in community health participation is proposed.
Community Participation↗
Ongoing landscaping program enhances hospital's community, patient relations.
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Agriculture↗
Holy Cross builds a comeback on grass-roots neighborhood doctors' offices.
In Chicago, a hospital pretty much on its last legs figured its last, best chance to survive was to appeal to the polyglot market around it. Unlike most other healthcare institutions, however, it succeeded at what might be the era's hardest marketing problem. Its secret: a gritty, sophisticated, unrelenting block-by-block community relations effort.
Chicago↗
Therapeutic communities for substance related disorder.
BACKGROUND: Therapeutic communities (TCs) are a popular treatment for the rehabilitation of drug users in the USA and Europe. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness of TC versus other treatments for substance dependents, and to investigate whether effectiveness is modified by client or treatment characteristics. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2005); MEDLINE, EMBASE, Psycinfo, CINAHL, SIGLE from their inception to March 2004. Reference lists of studies were scanned. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials comparing TC with other treatments, no treatment or another TC. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently inspected abstracts, the methodological quality was assessed using Drug and Alcohol CRG checklist. When possible, data were summarised using relative risks and differences in means, otherwise results are presented as reported by authors. MAIN RESULTS: Seven studies were included. Differences between studies precluded any pooling of data, results are summarised for each trial individually: TC versus community residence: no significant differences for treatment completion; Residential versus day TC: attrition (first two weeks), and abstinence rates at six months significantly lower in the residential treatment group; Standard TC versus enhanced abbreviated TC: number of employed higher in standard TC RR 0.78 (95% CI 0.63, 0.96). Three months versus six months programme within modified TC, and six months versus 12 months programme within standard TC: completion rate higher in the three months programme and retention rate (40 days) significantly greater with the 12 months than 6 months programme. Two trials evaluated TCs within a prison setting: one reported significantly fewer re incarcerated 12 months after release from prison in the TC group compared with no treatment, RR 0.68 (95% CI 057, 0.81). In the other, people treated in prison with TC compared with Mental Health Treatment Programmes showed significantly fewer re incarcerations RR 0.28 (95% CI 0.13, 0.63), criminal activity 0.69 (95% CI 0.52, 0.93) and alcohol and drug offences 0.62 (95% CI 0.43, 0.90) 12 months after release from prison. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is little evidence that TCs offer significant benefits in comparison with other residential treatment, or that one type of TC is better than another. Prison TC may be better than prison on it's own or Mental Health Treatment Programmes to prevent re-offending post-release for in-mates. However, methodological limitations of the studies may have introduced bias and firm conclusions cannot be drawn due to limitations of the existing evidence.
Humans↗
Disturbance, patch formation, and community structure.
A model is developed to relate community structure to level of environmental disturbance in systems in which the effects of disturbance are localized in space and time. In general these disturbances create a pattern of spatio-temporal heterogeneity by renewing a limiting resource, thereby permitting utilization by species that are not dominant competitors. The proposed model predicts the frequency distribution of these renewed areas, with regard to size and age (colonization stage). The model thus allows one to relate overall system pattern to the local biology within these areas, to compare various areas with different levels of disturbance, and to predict the effects of new disturbance.
Ecology↗
Promoting worksite smoking control policies and actions: the Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation (COMMIT) experience. The COMMIT Research Group.
BACKGROUND: As an important aspect of the COMMIT trial, worksite smoking-control consultations and supports were provided to employers in 11 diverse, moderate-sized communities. After a 4-year intervention period (1989-1992), impacts on worksite policies, support resources for smokers, and employee perceptions were assessed in these communities and in 11 matched Comparison communities. METHODS: Data from two surveys are reported here. In each of the 22 COMMIT communities, a sample of worksites within each of four size strata were surveyed to determine worksite policies, activities, and resources regarding smoking. Data from employees were obtained from independent community-wide surveys of community residents. RESULTS: Overall, 44% of the worksites surveyed reported having smoke-free policies, with no differences between Intervention and Comparison communities. Thirty-seven percent of Intervention community work-sites reported offering smoking cessation resources or assistance for employees during the period of the study, compared to 31% of Comparison community worksites (P = 0.04). Employees in Intervention communities, relative to those in Comparison communities, reported greater awareness of stop-smoking resources, but equivalent increases in worksite smoking bans. CONCLUSION: Although the level of worksite smoking-cessation activities was higher in Intervention than in Comparison communities, there remains a substantial need to increase the level of such activities and to integrate such activities with restrictive smoking policies.
Health Policy↗
Know your public: the importance of the EMS provider in community and media relations.
In the hundreds, and even the thousands, of hours that are spent in EMS training, none of the time is dedicated to community relations and public information. You have learned how to provide a service, but not how to sell the product. We relate to stories about physicians who were unsuccessful because of a poor "bedside manner." The patient's perception of you has very little to do with your score on the final exam or the terminology used as you explain an illness. You are judged by the same rules by which store clerks, telephone operators, waitresses and all others in the field of public service are gauged everyday. You may never do great things, but you can do small things in a great way. Just calling 911 is not enough to save a life. The very idea that we can get everywhere in the nick of time to snatch victims from the jaws of death is a fallacy. You most be concerned with the training provided for the lay public as you are with your own continuing education. There is no better way to make your service more effective than to train your entire community to save lives. There are many reasons why you should know how to deal with the media. A strong relationship can be formed simply by knowing how to make their job easier. Following the golden rules for news releases and interviews help us all appear more professional. The career of an EMT is in metamorphosis. You have been accepted by the patients you served and your fellow members of the medical community. Now you must continue to evolve as practitioners; your skills must change to meet the demands of modern medicine, and your knowledge base must continue to increase as new information becomes available. The one thing that must remain the same is your total commitment to patient care.
Awareness↗
People against the mentally ill: community opposition to residential treatment facilities.
A community campaign against the establishment of psychiatric half-way house in Shatin District, Hong Kong was examined in terms of fear toward mental patients and problems in community relations. Failure of the Government to prepare for the community reintegration of mental patients pointed to lessons to be learned in Community Psychology. The apparent conflict between community empowerment and community care for the disabled was discussed. Suggestions for resolving the paradox included early community mental health education, involvement of community leaders in the planning, application of the knowledge and skills of Social Psychology in dealing with public panic, and cooperation with the mass media to reach the public.
Attitude to Health↗
Four critical areas in governance.
How well hospitals weather today's increasingly stormy environment depends upon the performance of their trustees in handling four essential areas of governance: strategic planning, financing, quality assurance, and community relations.
Canada↗
Evaluation of phosphorus retention in a South Florida treatment wetland.
The Everglades Construction Project of the South Florida Water Management District (District) will employ large constructed wetlands known as Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs) to reduce phosphorus concentrations in runoff entering the Everglades. The District built and operated a prototype STA, the 1,545 ha Everglades Nutrient Removal Project (ENRP), to determine the efficacy of subtropical wetlands for improving regional water quality with a focus on reducing total phosphorus (TP). In five years of operation, the ENRP has consistently exceeded its performance goals of TP outflow concentrations <50 microg P/L and a 75% TP load reduction. Since August 1994, the ENRP has retained 70.3 metric tons of TP that otherwise would have entered the Everglades. When corrected for surface area and inflow TP load, TP removal efficiency was highest in the inflow buffer cell and decreased generally in a downstream fashion through the wetland. High TP removal efficiency in treatment cell 4 was attributed to superior performance of its submerged aquatic vegetation community relative to the emergent and floating macrophyte community in the other cells. Controlled experiments in the District's STA Optimization Research Program will help clarify what effect vegetation and operational conditions may have on nutrient removal in the STAs.
Biodegradation, Environmental↗
Community care. Strained relations.
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Community Health Services↗
Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities.
Serious concerns have been raised about the ecological effects of industrialized fishing, spurring a United Nations resolution on restoring fisheries and marine ecosystems to healthy levels. However, a prerequisite for restoration is a general understanding of the composition and abundance of unexploited fish communities, relative to contemporary ones. We constructed trajectories of community biomass and composition of large predatory fishes in four continental shelf and nine oceanic systems, using all available data from the beginning of exploitation. Industrialized fisheries typically reduced community biomass by 80% within 15 years of exploitation. Compensatory increases in fast-growing species were observed, but often reversed within a decade. Using a meta-analytic approach, we estimate that large predatory fish biomass today is only about 10% of pre-industrial levels. We conclude that declines of large predators in coastal regions have extended throughout the global ocean, with potentially serious consequences for ecosystems. Our analysis suggests that management based on recent data alone may be misleading, and provides minimum estimates for unexploited communities, which could serve as the 'missing baseline' needed for future restoration efforts.
Animals↗
Effects of elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO2 and tropospheric O3 on decomposition of fine roots.
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration ([CO2]) could alter terrestrial carbon (C) cycling by affecting plant growth, litter chemistry and decomposition. How the concurrent increase in tropospheric ozone (O3) concentration ([O3]) will interact with rising atmospheric [CO2] to affect C cycling is unknown. A major component of carbon cycling in forests is fine root production, mortality and decomposition. To better understand the effects of elevated [CO2] and [O3] on the dynamics of fine root C, we conducted a combined field and laboratory incubation experiment to monitor decomposition dynamics and changes in fine root litter chemistry. Free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) technology at the FACTS-II Aspen FACE project in Rhinelander, Wisconsin, elevated [CO2] (535 microl 1-1) and [O3] (53 nl 1-1) in intact stands of pure trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and in mixed stands of trembling aspen plus paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) and trembling aspen plus sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.). We hypothesized that the trees would react to increased C availability (elevated [CO2]) by increasing allocation to C-based secondary compounds (CBSCs), thereby decreasing rates of decomposition. Because of its lower growth potential, we reasoned this effect would be greatest in the aspen-maple community relative to the aspen and aspen-birch communities. As a result of decreased C availability, we expected elevated [O3] to counteract shifts in C allocation induced by elevated [CO2]. Concentrations of CBSCs were rarely significantly affected by the CO2 and O3 treatments in decomposing fine roots. Rates of microbial respiration and mass loss from fine roots were unaffected by the treatments, although the production of dissolved organic C differed among communities. We conclude that elevated [CO2] and [O3] induce only small changes in fine root chemistry that are insufficient to significantly influence fine root decomposition. If changes in soil C cycling occur in the future, they will most likely be brought about by changes in litter production.
Acer↗
The contribution of HLA class I and II alleles and haplotypes to the investigation of the evolutionary history of Tunisians.
The frequencies of HLA class I and class II alleles and haplotypes of 104 healthy unrelated Tunisians were analyzed by high-resolution PCR-reverse dot blot hybridization, and was compared with other Mediterranean and Sub-Saharan Africans using genetic distances measurements, Neighbor-joining dendrograms, correspondence, and extended haplotypes analysis. The most frequent HLA class I A alleles were A*02, A*24, and A*30, while the most frequent B alleles were B*44, followed by B*50, B*51, and B*07. Among HLA class II DRB alleles analyzed, the most frequent were DRB1*0301, DRB1*0701, DRB1*1501, followed by DRB1*1303 and DRB1*0102; for DQB1, they were DQB1*0301 and DQB1*0201. Three-locus haplotype analysis revealed that A*03-B*07-DRB1*1503 and A*02-B*44-DRB1*0402 were the most common HLA class I and II haplotypes in this population. Compared with other communities, our result indicate that Tunisians are very related to North Africans and Western Europeans, particularly Iberians, and that Tunisians, Algerians, and Moroccans are close to Berbers suggesting little genetic contribution of Arabs who populated the area in 7th to 8th century AD. The similarities and differences between Tunisians and neighboring and related communities in HLA genotype distribution provide basic information for further studies of the MHC heterogeneity among Mediterranean and North African countries, and as reference for further anthropological studies.
Africa South of the Sahara↗
[An innovative program for public health training at the University of Geneva. Program during employment centered on the student and oriented to the population's health needs].
Switzerland's first Master degree course in public health was launched in the autumn of 1990 at the Geneva University School of Medicine. It is a 3 year, part-time course, which is learner-centred and community-oriented. The aim of the course is to prepare students to use a multi-disciplinary approach to plan, implement and evaluate activities intended to solve public health problems. Throughout the course, studies plan, implement and evaluate projects concerning health problems they have encountered in their work as health professionals. The curriculum includes individual and group work, discussions and seminars with teachers and students, and brainstorming sessions with specially trained facilitators. The students can thus identify and fulfil individual educational objectives while working on community-related health projects. Priority health needs of individuals and communities are thus the pivotal points of the novel approach to public health training.
Curriculum↗
Tribal participatory research: mechanisms of a collaborative model.
Although much social science research has been conducted within American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) communities, relatively little research has been conducted by or for those communities. We describe an approach that facilitates the active involvement of AIAN communities in the research process, from conceptualizing the issues to be investigated to developing a research design, and from collecting, analyzing, and interpreting the data to disseminating the results. The Tribal Participatory Research (TPR) approach is consistent with recent developments in psychology that emphasize the inclusion of community members and the social construction of knowledge. We describe the foundations of the approach and present specific mechanisms that can be employed in collaborations between researchers and AIAN communities. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of the use of TPR regarding project timelines and budgets, interpretation of the data, and ultimately the relationships between tribes and researchers.
Community Participation↗