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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

The chronic toxicity of 3-chloro-4-methyl benzamine HCl to birds.

3-Chloro-4-methyl benzamine HCl (DRC-1339), an avian toxicant, was fed to five species of birds for periods up to 120 days. The 30-day LC50 of uniformly treated feed for starlings was 4.7 ppm and the 90-day LC50 was 1.0 ppm. The 28-day LC50 for coturnix was 18 ppm. The 30-day LC50 for pigeons was less than 100 ppm. Pheasants fed diets containing 2% DRC-1339 baits diluted to a rate of 286 ppm of DRC-1339 died within 22 days. Bobwhite quail fed similar diets suffered some mortality at levels as low as 2.9 ppm, but most survived 10 times this dosage level for the 120-day test period. Application of the Kenaga "Index of Chronicity", resulted in the conclusion that DRC-1339 was cumulatively toxic to birds. Reproduction in coturnix was adversely affectd by treatments at 10 ppm of DRC-1339 and above. Reproduction in pigeons was adversely affectd by a treatment of 25 ppm. In coturnix, DRC-1339 caused an increased incidence of egg breakage and decreased both egg and live chick production. In pigeons, DRC-1339 caused an increase in the proportion of infertile eggs. Reproductive ability to first generation offspring was not affected when parent coturnix and pigeons were fed DRC-1339. These data emphasize the need for care in the use of DRC-1339. The bait should be used only as registered and care exercised in storage and disposal of unused baits to avoid poisoning of nontarget species.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Avian transgenerational reproductive toxicity test with in ovo exposure.

Ecological risk assessment of environmental pollutants requires effective laboratory assays and extrapolation of the resultant data to wild species. Because avian reproductive disorder and accumulation of persistent compounds in wild birds and their eggs have long been observed in polluted regions, we have developed an assay for investigating whether pollutants accumulated in eggs impair the reproduction of the exposed birds and the survival of the next generation using the Japanese quail. A typical estrogenic compound, diethylstilbestrol (DES), dissolved in olive oil was injected into the air-chamber of fertilized eggs on day 10 of incubation. After sexual maturation of hatched chicks, we mated pairs of male and female quails following an observation period of egg production and collected their eggs. The collected eggs were incubated and checked for the fertility and hatchability, and then the hatchlings were raised and observed in growth for 3 weeks. A dosage of 5 ng/g per egg of DES caused eggshell thinning in eggs laid by exposed females and reduction in eggshell strength. DES also induced shortening of the left oviduct and unexpected development of the right oviduct, while testis weight was reduced symmetrically. The ability of quail pairs to produce offspring was significantly diminished by exposure of females to DES independently of exposure of males, which mainly arose from production of abnormal and inviable eggs. Fertility of normal-shelled eggs and hatchability of fertilized eggs were unchanged regardless of treatments. External morphological abnormalities, which were mostly unopened toes of the foot, were frequently observed in hatchlings from exposed males independently of exposure of females. Additionally, we attempted to extrapolate the experimental results to the northern bobwhite and to predict population trends for quails in a polluted habitat using a population projection model composed of a combination of a Leslie matrix and the logistic equation. In the event of accumulation of an estrogenic compound equivalent to a dosage of 5 ng/g DES in quail eggs, the average population size was predicted to decrease by 20.2% after 1 year, to approximately half after 4 years, and to a fifth after 14 years. When observed weakening of individuals and the risk of egg breakage are taken into consideration, the decline in population was further accelerated. The proposed assay appears to be suitable not only for assessing adverse effects of chemicals on avian reproduction but for population projection of affected wild birds.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1995

The use of Japanese and bobwhite quail as indicator species in avian toxicity test. ECPA/GIFAP Environmental Round Table.

A comparative analysis was made between the toxicity of plant protection products to two species of quail used in regulatory testing. It was shown that in general differences in the sensitivity between bobwhite quail and Japanese quail were small, and not statistically significant. It was therefore concluded that both species should be seen as equally suitable models for avian safety assessment. The mutual acceptance of studies carried out on either of these species for US and EC registration procedures, would lead to a reduction in vertebrate sacrifice and resource spending.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

An analysis of avian reproduction studies submitted for pesticide registration.

Avian reproduction studies are currently part of the regulatory ecotoxicology requirements for pesticides in many countries. In the study, 134 avian reproduction studies were reviewed to determine their ability to identify pesticides that have the potential to affect reproduction in wild birds. A clustering procedure was first used to assign measured variables to parental, developmental, or eggshell effects. This assignation was found to be identical in the two bird species tested. Nineteen of 69 pesticides tested were found to cause developmental effects at levels lower than those giving rise to detectable parental toxicity. At least some of these should not have been registered without some assurance that developmental effects would not occur in the wild. The analysis also found very little similarity in the effects of pesticides on the two bird species commonly used in avian reproduction tests. This casts serious doubts on the ability to extend the results of avian reproduction studies to any potentially affected bird species. Modifications to the avian reproduction test, based on results of the analysis conducted, are suggested. It is recommended that the avian reproduction study be recognized as a rough screening tool only and that efforts not be made to make it more realistic, e.g., such as through a reduced exposure period.

Animals↗