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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Long dwell-time exposure of human chorionic villi to transvaginal ultrasound in the first trimester of pregnancy induces activation of caspase-3 and cytochrome C release.

Bioeffects after exposure to ultrasound are correlated to its duration. Although diagnostic ultrasound has been suggested to induce apoptosis, the underlying signal transduction pathway remains elusive. In this study, women in the first trimester of pregnancy were exposed to transvaginal diagnostic ultrasound with 5.0-MHz frequency for 0, 10, 20, or 30 min. The chorionic villi were obtained 4 h after exposure and activation of caspase-3 and cytochrome c release were analyzed by Western blotting. In contrast with the 0- and 10-min groups, cleavage products of active caspase-3 and cytochrome c release significantly increased in 20- and 30-min groups in a time-dependent manner. We show that long-duration exposure to transvaginal ultrasound activates effector caspase-3-mediated apoptotic cascade of chorionic villi in the first trimester of pregnancy. This occurs through the intrinsic death pathway involved in cytochrome c release. Our findings provide a molecular rationale for discriminant use of transvaginal ultrasound at the early stage of pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[Viability of human chorionic villi in organ culture].

The method and technique of organ culture of human chorionic villi was elaborated in our laboratory. In this report, placental specimens obtained at 15 to 18 weeks of gestation were studied in organ culture for 7 days in terms of the maintenance of morphological integrity and the preservation of functions. The morphological aspect of the viability of the various villous elements with special emphasis on the trophoblast cells was described histologically and ultrastructurally. The functional aspect of the viability was discussed by analysis of the suppressive effect of the cultivated villi on plasminogen activator (PA) secretion by OK-432 elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages, by analyses of the activity of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase coupled with delta 5-delta 4-isomerase (HSD) and of the radioactivity of [125I]-Iododeoxyuridine ( [125I]-IUdR) retained in the DNA of the trophoblast cells. Specimens of normal placenta were obtained at the time of induced abortion. The gestational ages were 15, 16 and 18 weeks. Specimens for organ culture were prepared under sterile conditions within one hour after expulsion of the placenta. Through gross dissection, the villi were isolated and minced into fragments of approximately 1 to 2 mm3. Incubation was carried out at 37 degrees C in a conventional static chamber with a gas mixture of 95% air, 5% CO2. The culture dishes and culture media were renewed every day. Data are the mean values of the duplicate incubations. In the first series of organ culture, placental fragments were removed at the end of each day of incubation, washed thoroughly and transferred to the new dishes with a culture medium freed from fetal bovine serum, where further incubation was performed for 24 hours. After this, placental fragments were fixed in 4% neutral buffered formalin, processed through paraffin embedding, serially sectioned at 5 micron and stained by periodic-acid Schiff (PAS) procedure. Culture medium obtained in this series at each end of incubation was put into a "macrophage plate" with the addition of plasminogen in the concentration of 2 IU/m1, in which OK-432 elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages with the capacity to secrete PA were cultured. Reaction was terminated at 24 hours unless otherwise indicated. Ten microliters of the medium in the "macrophage plate" was applied to the fibrin plate, and reaction was performed for 18 hours. PA activity was expressed by plasmin activity converted from plasminogen measured by the single radial immuno-diffusion method.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Autoradiography↗
PubMed1989

[In-situ hybridization on chorionic villi chromosomes].

Novel techniques for the prenatal diagnosis of inherited defects are currently being developed. The long-range aim is to be able to predict precisely, at an early stage of fetal development, the tendency of the fetus to develop multiple genetic, congenital or acquired diseases. We adapted the technique of gene mapping by in-situ hybridization for use with chromosomes from fetal chorionic villi sampling (CVS). Refined mapping of the genes coding for cholinesterase (CHE) in comparison with the haptoglobin and the transferrin receptor genes on CVS chromosomes Nos. 3 and 16 revealed 3 CHE genes in positions 3q21, 3q26, and 16q12. In view of genetic linkage data, at least 2 of these appear to be potentially active. These findings demonstrate that genes, for which molecularly cloned DNA probes are available, may be localized on CVS chromosomes by comparing their localization with that of known genes after in-situ hybridization. The implications for prenatal diagnosis are promising.

Cholinesterases↗
PubMed1997

Is the endometrial suction curette useful in the detection of chorionic villi during the first trimester?

OBJECTIVE: Early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy is important for its medical management. Algorithms used for the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy recommend obtaining a tissue diagnosis to rule out an intrauterine pregnancy when it is clear that a pregnancy is abnormal, but a stage of sonographic visualization has not been attained. The ability of an endometrial suction curette to identify products of conception early in pregnancy has not been documented. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of an endometrial suction curette in detecting products of conception during the first trimester. METHODS: Twenty patients scheduled for termination of pregnancy via D&C agreed to endometrial sampling prior to dilatation of the cervix. All patients had transvaginal sonography which verified the gestational age. The specimen was evaluated microscopically after staining. RESULTS: Chorionic villi were identified in 14 of 20 (70 per cent) specimens as seen with light microscopy. CONCLUSION: An endometrial suction curette identifies chorionic villi from an intrauterine gestation in the first trimester with a sensitivity of 70 per cent. While most patients with an intrauterine gestation can be identified using an endometrial suction curette to obtain trophoblastic tissue, the absence of this tissue does not definitively identify an ectopic pregnancy. Therefore, the routine use of the endometrial biopsy in the algorithms for the diagnosis and treatment of ectopic pregnancy should be approached with caution.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1977

Ultrastructure of the placental villi, chorion laeve, and decidua parietalis in normal and hypertensive pregnant women.

The fine structure of the placental villi, chorion laeve, and decidua parietalis from normal and hypertensive pregnant women is described. Placental villi from hypertensive women revealed an increase in syncytial degeneration and fibrinoid deposition. Also noted were greater numbers of cytotrophoblast cells. On the other hand, there were no morphologic differences detected in the cellular and noncellular elements of the chorion laeve and decidua parietalis between normal and hypertensive subjects. Secretory granules were observed in both the placental villi and the chorion laeve.

Chorion↗
PubMed2003

Pulmonary embolization by chorionic villi causing maternal death after a car crash.

Throughout the last century, there has been a marked decline in obstetric maternal deaths, resulting in an increase in the proportion of nonobstetric deaths among pregnant women. Trauma, in particular, has become a leading cause of maternal death. We report the case of a 20-year-old primigravid woman who was involved in a motor vehicle crash at 36 weeks gestation. The woman developed abruptio placentae, followed by disseminated intravascular coagulation, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and shock, and died the day after the crash. Widespread pulmonary embolization by chorionic villi was identified at autopsy. This report discusses traumatic maternal deaths, with emphasis on the differences in injury pattern observed in pregnant trauma victims in comparison with other adults. It is important that the pathologist be aware of these problems so that an accurate cause of death can be identified in cases of maternal death after trauma. Also discussed is the relationship between trauma and placental abruption and the mechanism of death in the patient. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of extensive embolism of chorionic villi to the lungs after trauma.

Abruptio Placentae↗
PubMed1983

Method of sampling chorionic villi in first trimester of pregnancy under guidance of real time ultrasound.

Samples of chorionic villi were obtained in the first trimester by aspiration using a cannula passed transcervically under the guidance of real time ultrasound. In initial studies in 47 anaesthetised patients immediately before therapeutic abortion a method was developed giving a success rate of 89%. In 10 patients successful sampling was performed as an outpatient procedure without anaesthesia. In all, seven diagnostic procedures were undertaken and four of the five unaffected pregnancies continued. The technique of chorionic villous sampling using real time ultrasound is simple to learn and yields material for biochemical analysis and chromosomal study without the need for tissue culture. The exact obstetric risk, however, remains to be defined.

Catheterization↗
PubMed1991

A cytogenetic study of spontaneous abortions with direct analysis of chorionic villi.

The karyotypes of 144 spontaneous abortuses were determined using direct chromosome preparations from chorionic villi. The frequency of chromosome abnormality was 69.4%, which is considerably higher than figures cited in most previous cytogenetic surveys using the conventional method of cell culturing. Autosomal trisomy was the predominant abnormality (64%), followed by polyploidy (9%), monosomy X (7%), structural rearrangements (6%), mosaicism (6%), double trisomy (4%), and double chromosome anomaly (3%). Direct preparations have advantages in that results can be obtained rapidly, the success rate of karyotyping is satisfactory, and maternal-cell contamination is minimal.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1987

Prenatal enzymatic diagnosis and exclusion of Krabbe's disease (globoid-cell leukodystrophy) using chorionic villi in five risk pregnancies.

Galactosyl ceramide beta-galactosidase activity was determined in chorionic villi (CV) samples obtained between the 9th and 11th weeks of gestation from 5 women with pregnancies at risk for Krabbe's disease (globoid-cell leukodystrophy, KD). These enzyme activities were compared with those in controls, as well as with those in cultured amniotic fluid cells (AFC) from one of the five at-risk pregnancies and from 29 KD-risk pregnancies studied previously. The results of these CV enzyme analyses were such that one case of fetal KD was clearly diagnosable, one fetal genotype heterozygous for KD was presumed, and three normal fetal genotypes were suggested. The use of both uncultured and cultered CV can be recommended for prenatal KD testing, but AFC may continue to play an important role, too. Of the 58 prenatal KD tests we have evaluated since 1974, a positive diagnosis of Krabbe's disease was made (and confirmed after termination of pregnancy when feasible) in 23 which is significantly more than 25% of 58.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Prenatal diagnosis and the Canadian collaborative randomized trial of chorionic villi sampling: the physician's view.

Women eligible for the Canadian randomized trial of chorionic villi sampling (CVS) often cite physician influence as a reason for refusing to participate. To measure directly physicians' attitudes to and knowledge of prenatal diagnosis (PND), amniocentesis, CVS, randomized trials, and the Canadian trial, a 3-page questionnaire was mailed to all registered obstetricians in British Columbia (BC) and in Montreal (Mtl). The overall response rate was 70%. Most physicians thought PND was important and that it was their role to discuss and advise PND to their patients. Physicians were split in their preferences for amniocentesis or CVS (32% vs. 34%); reasons for their preferences paralleled those given by women studied previously by us. Physicians who thought CVS was too experimental, who were hesitant about the trial or who were less likely to discuss the study with patients were older, less likely to have participated in a randomized trial previously and less comfortable with randomization and discussing uncertain risks with patients. Mtl physicians were less aware and more hesitant about the Canadian trial than those in BC. Moreover, Mtl physicians were more likely to consider the ongoing trial inappropriate and too experimental than BC physicians. Because physicians act as "gatekeepers," educating them about new technologies and about randomized studies is essential for ensuring both participant's access to a new procedure and success of the randomized trial.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1987

A cytogenetic study directly from chorionic villi of 140 spontaneous abortions.

Spontaneous abortions were studied by analyzing chromosomes directly from chorionic villi. The frequency and the type of anomalies detected among 140 abortuses are in good agreement with those observed by others using conventional tissue cultures. Abnormal karyotypes were found in 48.6% of the cases. Trisomy predominated (66.2%), followed by polyploidy (22.1%), monosomy X (7.4%), and structural anomalies (4.4%). Among the trisomies, the most prevalent were of chromosome 22 (22.2%), 16 (22.2%), and 13 (9.5%). The relative frequencies of trisomies, monosomy X, and the different chromosomes involved in trisomies seem to differ between our study and those in which tissue cultures were analyzed. Our low frequency of 45,XO karyotypes and the shift to trisomies of chromosomes whose involvement increases steeply with maternal age are considered due to the approximately 3 year higher mean maternal age in our sample. The sex ratio (male to female) in chromosomally abnormal abortuses was 1.28, which is nearly identical to the 1.2 found in earlier studies. Surprisingly, in chromosomally normal abortions males were significantly outnumbered by females (sex ratio 0.76). Since maternal cell contamination cannot have influenced the sex ratio in our study, we consider it worthwhile to investigate whether failures associated with X inactivation are responsible for pregnancy wastage of some euploid female conceptuses. Knowledge of the karyotypes may serve as a prerequisite for the investigation of non-chromosomal genetic causes of pregnancy wastage.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2003

Effect of glucose and oxygen deprivation on heme oxygenase expression in human chorionic villi explants and immortalized trophoblast cells.

Although hypoxia induces heme oxygenase (HO)-1 mRNA and protein expression in many cell types, recent studies in our laboratory using human placental tissue have shown that a preexposure to hypoxia does not affect subsequent HO enzymatic activity for optimized assay conditions (20% O2; 0.5 mM NADPH; 25 microM methemalbumin) or HO-1 protein content. One of the consequences of impaired blood flow is glucose deprivation, which has been shown to be an inducer of HO-1 expression in HepG2 hepatoma cells. The objective of the present study was to test the effects of a 24-h preexposure to glucose-deprived medium, in 0.5 or 20% O2, on HO protein content and enzymatic activity in isolated chorionic villi and immortalized HTR-8/SVneo first-trimester trophoblast cells. HO protein content was determined by Western blot analysis, and microsomal HO enzymatic activity was measured by assessment of the rate of CO formation. HO enzymatic activity was increased (P < 0.05) in both placental models after 24-h preexposure to glucose-deficient medium in 0.5 or 20% O2. Preexposure (24 h) in a combination of low O2 and low glucose concentrations decreased the protein content of the HO-1 isoform by 59.6% (P < 0.05), whereas preexposure (24 h) to low glucose concentration alone increased HO-2 content by 28.2% in chorionic villi explants (P < 0.05). In this preparation, HO enzymatic activity correlated with HO-2 protein content (r = 0.825). However, there was no correlation between HO-2 protein content and HO enzymatic activity in HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cells preexposed to 0.5% O2 and low glucose concentration for 24 h. These findings indicate that the regulation of HO expression in the human placenta is a complex process that depends, at least in part, on local glucose and oxygen concentrations.

Cell Hypoxia↗