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PubMed2002

Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: a meta-analytic and theoretical review.

Although the merits of parents using corporal punishment to discipline children have been argued for decades, a thorough understanding of whether and how corporal punishment affects children has not been reached. Toward this end, the author first presents the results of meta-analyses of the association between parental corporal punishment and 11 child behaviors and experiences. Parental corporal punishment was associated with all child constructs, including higher levels of immediate compliance and aggression and lower levels of moral internalization and mental health. The author then presents a process-context model to explain how parental corporal punishment might cause particular child outcomes and considers alternative explanations. The article concludes by identifying 7 major remaining issues for future research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Spanish version of ECBI (Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory): measurement of validity].

OBJECTIVES: To translate into Castilian (Spanish) and measure the validity of the ECBI (Eyberg Child Behaviour Inventory), a questionnaire to screen behavioural disorders in pre-school children. DESIGN: Translation and back-translation of the ECBI. A descriptive crossover study. SETTING: Primary Care Paediatrics. PATIENTS: All the 3, 4 and 5-year olds from 4 paediatric clinics at 4 Health Centres (n = 527). One refusal. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The questionnaire was filled in by the children's mothers and was repeated 20 days afterwards for 35 children. High coefficients of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.87) and stability (intragroup correlation = 0.89 [0.78-0.94]) were obtained. There was good factorial validity, as 84% of the variance was explained by the four factors with value greater than 1. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the ECBI is a brief and easy questionnaire with good results in psychometric assessment. Therefore, it can be recommended for use in paediatric Primary Care in order to detect children with behavioural problems.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Families and the origins of child behavior problems.

This article reviews recent research into the relationship between family variables and child behavior. Although a diversity of factors may be associated with the development and maintenance of conduct/oppositional disorders in children, of primary importance are the moment-to-moment interactions that the child has with his or her primary caregivers. These are often marked by coercive, aggressive behaviors that may be functional for parents and children within the family system. However, the likelihood that parents will engage in coercive interactions with the child is also related to the latter's personal adjustment, which, in turn, is often dependent upon the parents' perceptions of the quality of marital and social support available to them. The goal for clinicians working with families of oppositional/conduct-disordered children is to retain the demonstrated efficacy of direct intervention into parent-child interactions while developing methods of assessment and treatment that attend to broader family variables, for example, marital disorder, interfering in-laws, and social isolation that may be functionally related to the occurrence of coercive parent-child interactions.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The legality of using hand-over-mouth exercise for management of child behavior.

The objective of this article has been to delineate the possible legal grounds upon which a dentist may base his use of HOM and HOMAR for child behavior management. It has been pointed out that the use of HOM will not subject the dentist to liability to the patient when HOM is used properly and parental consent to treat the child is obtained. Such parental consent need not specifically identify the prospective use of HOM, because HOM is an inseparable component of the treatment of certain children. Parental consent to the treatment is informed consent to the necessary use of HOM. The use of HOMAR is more nearly objectionable legally and may result in liability of the dentist practicing in some jurisdictions, unless express parental consent to its use is obtained in advance of treatment. It must be emphasized that no reported decision of any court has indicated the legal standing of the use of HOM or HOMAR. It is hoped that this article may also be of some guidance to courts faced with the issue of the legality of a dentist's use of HOM or HOMAR. Until a court rules on the legitimacy of the use of HOM and HOMAR, there will be some uncertainty how a court will view its use. And of course, the dentist cannot avoid liability, if the dentist utilizes HOM or HOMAR in a manner inconsistent with the standard of the dental profession. Yet, despite such uncertainty, the dentist who uses HOM or HOMAR in accordance with the standard of the ordinarily prudent dentist in the locality and who obtains the requisite consent to treatment should not fear liability for battery or for malpractice. The dentist has done all his profession and his society can ask of him.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1994

Israeli norms for the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist: comparison of clinically-referred and non-referred children.

This paper presents the Israeli norms for the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist. Questionnaire data were collected on a clinically-referred sample (N = 2227) and a non-referred sample (N = 1275) of children between the ages of 4-16. Basic descriptive data for total behavior scores and scores for broad-band and narrow-band syndromes by sex, age group, and clinical status are presented. The mean total behavior score in the non-referred sample is similar to that reported for American and Dutch samples. For the Israeli referred sample, the mean total behavior score was considerably lower than that reported for the American and Dutch samples. Issues involved in selecting an optimal cutoff point to discriminate between clinically-referred and non-referred populations are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Child behavior checklist profiles of children and adolescents with and at high risk for developing bipolar disorder.

In order to recognize behavioral patterns in children and adolescents at risk for developing bipolar disorder, this study examined Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) profiles of bipolar offspring both with (BD group) and without ("at-risk" or AR group) bipolar disorder themselves. The BD youth had three CBCL subscale T scores > or = 70 (attention problems, delinquent behavior, and aggression) and scored significantly higher than healthy comparison youth on all CBCL subscales. AR youth did not have any T scores > or = 70; however, they scored higher than healthy comparisons in the anxiety/depression, attention problems, aggression, and withdrawal subscales. AR and BD youth differed significantly on all scales except somatic complaints and anxiety/depression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The utility of measures of child and adolescent anxiety: a meta-analytic review of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, and the Child Behavior Checklist.

We evaluated the ability of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC), and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) to (a) discriminate between youth with an anxiety disorder and youth without a disorder, (b) discriminate between youth with an anxiety disorder and youth with either externalizing disorders or affective disorders, and (c) measure treatment change. In addition, variables, including age and sex, were explored as possible moderators of instrument utility. A meta-analysis of 43 articles was conducted. A large effect size was found when the instruments were used to compare youth with an anxiety disorder to youth without a disorder. When comparing anxious youth to psychiatric control groups, the picture was mixed; the instruments were found to be useful when discriminating between youth with an anxiety disorder and youth with an externalizing disorder, but not between youth with an anxiety disorder and children and adolescents with an affective disorder. The RCMAS, STAIC, and CBCL were found to be moderately sensitive to treatment gains.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparing four methods to inform parents about child behavior management: how to inform for consent.

One hundred twenty parents were shown descriptions of eight traditional behavior management techniques via one of four different presentation methods: one of two types of video presentation, an oral presentation, or a written presentation. They were asked whether they felt well informed about each technique and asked for consent to perform any one of the techniques that might be needed with their child. Fisher's exact test found that a written explanation resulted in parents who felt well informed significantly less often than those in the other conditions, while an oral presentation resulted in parents who felt well informed more often than those in the other groups, although this difference was not statistically significant. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) found no significant differences between the four conditions with respect to parents providing consent, however, exact tests found the oral method produced significantly better consent for some individual procedures. More than 60% of the parents considered information about each technique to be material or consequential to their decision to consent. Acceptability was correlated with consent, however, more than 10% of the respondents reported incongruencies between consent and acceptability (high approval ratings without subsequent consent or low approval ratings followed by consent). Overall, the oral method of delivering information to parents about child behavior management techniques was the best method of ensuring that the average parent felt informed and was likely to consent.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Child Behavior Checklist item scores in Norwegian children.

In an epidemiological study of children aged four to 16, 1170 parents responded to the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Similar effects of age and socio-economic status (SES) on item scores as those reported in several international studies with the CBCL were found in the total sample. Contrary to the results of other studies, differences related to gender were found for only a few items. A subgroup of 41 children and 36 adolescents and their parents were interviewed with psychiatric interviews. Several CBCL problem items were good predictors of psychiatric disorder in the interviewed children and adolescents. High positive and negative predictive values were found for the items clumsy and the item unhappy, sad or depressed in this sample.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Physically abusive and nonabusive mothers' perceptions of parenting and child behavior.

Physically abusive and nonabusive mothers were studied for differences in perceptions of the parenting role and of child behavior problems. Findings suggested systematic differences in attributional style of the abusive mothers, supporting the hypothesis that such mothers are hyperreactive to their children's misbehavior. These mothers also tended to minimize both their own contribution to negative parent-child interactions and their children's role in positive ones.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Some structural aspects of deviant child behavior.

Covariation within behavior repertoires of problem children were examined. Two boys, referred for psychological help, were observed both at school and at home for about 3 yr. A coded observation system permitted scoring of 19 child-behavior categories and six social-environment categories. After a two-month baseline, behavior categories were intercorrelated, demonstrating that each child showed a group of behaviors that covaried. These groupings were specific to the home and school settings. Contingency management procedures were then applied to each child's problem behaviors in one setting. Next, a reversal phase was instituted, followed by resumption of the initial contingency management phase. These three phases lasted seven months, until the end of the children's public school terms. Results showed that the baseline group of covarying behaviors continued to covary over the three experimental phases. The children then entered a remedial education setting for three summer months, and then returned to schools and were observed in follow-up for 2 yr. The baseline group of behaviors continued to covary during both phases. The behavior covariations could not be accounted for on the basis of temporal relations between the behaviors and social enviroment categories. Although no behavior covariations extended across either child's home and school settings, contingency management procedures produced across-setting effects.

Attention↗
PubMed1995

Multiple raters of disruptive child behavior: using a genetic strategy to examine shared views and bias.

Most research on child behavior incorporates information from different individuals. While agreement between informants is generally only modest, there is little understanding of the processes underlying disagreement. In twin studies, differential agreement among raters for MZ and DZ twins is of particular concern. The processes underlying differences among mother, father, and child ratings of oppositional and conduct disorder symptoms are explored. Evidence in favor of a shared parental view of behavior is presented. Parental ratings give higher intrapair correlations, which could be due to either parents rating their twins more similarly or twins contrasting themselves. Rater bias and situational specificity are among the possible explanations of differential ratings. The effects of incorporating multiple raters of behavior on estimates of genetic and environmental effects are explored. These suggest that genetic influences are greater for the shared (multiple-rater) phenotype than for individual ratings; reduction in measurement error is only a partial explanation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Reliability and validity of the Direct Observation Form of the Child Behavior Checklist.

This article reports reliability and validity data for the Direct Observation Form (DOF) of the Child Behavior Checklist. Observational data were collected on two samples of boys aged 6-11 in classroom settings. Interobserver agreement was high: r = .92 for behavior problem score and r = .83 for on-task score. Generalizability, as measured by the one-way intraclass correlation, was .86 and .71 for behavior problem score and on-task score, respectively. In terms of validity, DOF scores correlated significantly and in the expected directions with teacher-reported problem behavior, school performance, and adaptive functioning. In addition, boys who had been referred by their teachers due to problem behavior obtained significantly higher behavior problem scores and significantly lower on-task scores than a matched sample of normal boys observed in the same classrooms.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed2005

Marital adjustment, child-rearing disagreements, and overreactive parenting: predicting child behavior problems.

Using structural equation modeling, the authors evaluated the hypothesis that the relation between marital adjustment and children's behavior problems is mediated by child-rearing disagreements, whose effects are mediated by parents' overreactive discipline. In a community sample, fully or partially mediated models of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems of 3- to 7-year-old boys (N = 99) and girls (N = 104) were supported for mothers and fathers in 7 of 8 cases. Child-rearing disagreements always mediated the relation of marital adjustment and child behavior problems, and overreactive discipline was a final mediator in 3 cases. More variance was accounted for in mothers' than fathers' ratings. For mothers' ratings, the most variance was accounted for in boys' externalizing and girls' internalizing behavior problems.

Adult↗