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"This article evaluates the 1990 [U.S.] census in light of its constitutional functions and the demographic history of the United States. It provides some principles which may be used to judge the quality and adequacy of the census." The focus is on the importance of the accuracy of census data for the reapportionment of Congress and of state and local legislative bodies, and for estimating the number of residents in poor inner-city neighborhoods.
Problems involving the comparative analysis of data for the 1981 and 1991 U.K. censuses are explored. The authors note that "the integration of 1981 and 1991 data is far from straightforward because of changes in census geography and definitions, in the administration of the census, and in the format and nature of the data. It is explained how, by a further refinement of population surface modelling concepts, these two data sets can be transformed into a single, consistent geographical database independent of the two original and inconsistent zonal structures....The resulting models permit intercensal analysis with considerable spatial flexibility and a number of computational advantages. Illustration is made of the types of analysis that can be supported, and attention is drawn to the availability of the remodelled data to the academic community."
"The availability of GIS [geographic information systems] technology and digital boundaries of census output areas now makes it possible for users to design their own census geography. Three algorithms are described that can be used for this purpose. An Arc/Info implementation is briefly outlined and case studies presented to demonstrate some of the results of explicitly designing zoning systems for use with 1991 [U.K.] census data."
"For the first time since a question on religion was first included in the Census of Population (in 1861), the recently published results of the 1991 Census show that less than half of the population of Northern Ireland declared themselves as belonging to a Protestant Christian denomination. Discussions surrounding the future political and constitutional arrangements for Northern Ireland frequently include evidence adduced about the relative size of the two 'tribes' widely identified by the labels 'Protestant' and 'Catholic'. The major source of that evidence comes from the question on religion contained in the Northern Ireland Census, and this paper is concerned with the nature and use of that data. The legitimacy of certain uses of the data is questioned; the reliability of the data is considered; and certain tentative findings are presented based on the data published in the (hard copy) reports."
"In 1980, several cities and states sued the U.S. Census Bureau to correct census results. This correction would adjust for the differential undercounting of Blacks and Hispanics, especially in cities. In this article, the authors, each of whom testified for New York City and State in their joint lawsuit against the Census Bureau, describe the likely pattern of the undercount and present a method to adjust for it." The authors describe available methods for data adjustment and introduce a regression-based composite method of adjustment, which is used to estimate the undercounts for 66 areas. "As expected, we find that the highest undercount rates are in large cities, and the lowest are in states and state remainders with small percentages of Blacks and Hispanics. Next, we analyze how sensitive our estimates are to changes in data and modeling assumptions. We find that these changes do not affect the estimates very much. Our conclusion is that regardless of whether we use one of the simple methods or the composite method and regardless of how we vary the assumptions of the composite method, an adjustment reliably reduces population shares in states with few minorities and increases the shares of large cities."
"Alternative models are presented for representing coverage error in surveys and censuses of human populations. The models are related to the capture-recapture models used in wildlife applications and to the dual-system models employed in the vital events literature. Estimation methodologies are discussed for one of the coverage error models." After a discussion of the theory underlying the methodology, "distinctions are made between two kinds of error: (a) sampling error and (b) error associated with the model. An example involving data from the 1980 U.S. census is presented. The problem of adjusting census and survey data for coverage error is also discussed."
The extent of the undercount in the 1991 U.K. census and its consequences are described. The author notes that "the 1.2 million non-response, the difference between the published census figure and the final population estimate, is concentrated among young adults aged 20-34 years, particularly males, but includes significant numbers of young children and of very elderly people (80 years old and older)." Ways to reduce the level of non-response in future censuses are discussed.
"Two techniques for direct postcensal local area estimation are introduced in this paper. Compared with existing techniques for postcensal local area estimation, the proposed techniques are not subject to any bias due to the assumption of constancy of certain statistical relationships between the variable of interest and the symptomatic or associated variables established at a certain point in time (typically a census)." The author notes that "application of the proposed techniques calls for recognition of an integrated design approach at the early planning stage, incorporating considerations of survey designs for the census and the postcensal sample surveys, maintenance and upkeep of the census sampling frame, data analysis and local area estimation requirements simultaneously. When the current samples are continuous and overlap each other, a third technique for postcensal local area estimation is also proposed. An example illustrating these techniques in estimating postcensal district population in Hong Kong is given." (summary in FRE)
Data available from the 1977 population census of Algeria are reviewed, with particular reference to the fact that data have been tabulated at both the household and individual levels. "The range of information available from the Algerian census is described and demonstrated for two villages, a centre de regroupement and an agrarian reform village. The object is to show the possibilities offered by these census documents for Third World studies."
"A significant increase in coverage error in the 1986 [Canadian] Census is revealed by both the Reverse Record Check and the demographic method presented in this paper. Considerable attention is paid to an evaluation of the various components of population growth, especially interprovincial migration. The paper concludes with an overview of two alternative methods for generating postcensal estimates: the currently-in-use, census-based model, and a flexible model using all relevant data in combination with the census."
The authors describe a software program called CeDAR, for Census Data Analysis and Retrieval System, which is "a microcomputer-based census information system that can be used to retrieve, display, manipulate and analyze published data from the 1980 U.S. Census and other geographic databases." General characteristics, sequence of operation, and availability of CeDAR are discussed.
This Decree provides that the 1990 Argentina census will be under the direction of the National Institute of Statistics and Census. Further provisions of the Decree deal with the Director and the Director's functions, other personnel and their duties, and the relationship between the National Institute and local government bodies in carrying out the census, among other things.
This Decree amends Decree No. 86-390 on the census in the following ways: a) the general population census of Ivory Coast is to take place on 31 March 1988; b) persons taking part in the census are to maintain secrecy about information and in no case can such information be used judicially, for surveillance, or for economic repression; and c) all adult persons are required to respond accurately to questions set forth in the questionnaire.
This Decree provides that the Consultative Council has the duty of advising the Central Office of Statistics and Information on the technical aspects of the preparation and execution of the Twelfth General Census of Population and Housing in Venezuela. It is to examine and discuss ideas on the Census and to establish priorities in classifying national needs with respect to census information. Further provisions of the Decree deal with the composition and meetings of the Council, the duties of the Council President, and working groups.
This Decree provides that a general population census is to be undertaken from 20 May to 3 June 1988 throughout the Niger. Under the Decree, all persons, whether visitors or permanent residents, are required to furnish accurate answers to questions on the census questionnaire and census agents are required to maintain the confidentiality of information collected.
"Public-Use Microdata Areas (PUMAs) are the smallest geographic units for which many U.S. Census variables are reported. In particular, 1990 microdata records for households and individuals can be aggregated only by PUMA, metropolitan area, state, and region. The Census Bureau distributes maps of these PUMAs only on paper, however, and only for individual states. This note describes the construction of a national, digital base map of the PUMAs used in the 1990 U.S. Census microdata files (5% sample)."
The Nei Monggol Regional CCP Committee and the people's government convened a regional mobilization rally on census work on August 28. The rally urged the party and government leading departments at all levels across the region to actively engage in the 3rd national census work to make contributions to economic readjustment and the 4 modernizations. Yun Shiying, secretary of the regional CCP Committee, presided over the rally. Hao Xiushan, vice chairman of the regional people's government, delivered a report. He said: Since the founding of the PRC, there have been 2 national censuses--in 1953 and 1964. The 3rd will begin July 1, 1982.
Problems related to the analysis of data from the 1970 and 1980 censuses of Brazil concerning migration are explored. The author first notes that the 1980 census used new methods of data collection that make comparisons with previous censuses difficult. Procedures to overcome these problems are suggested. The inclusion for the first time in 1980 of data on intra-municipal migration is noted. "A procedure is proposed to estimate the intra-municipal migration during the decade, and to add it to estimates of other types of migration, in order to avoid double counting. Internal migration estimates for the 1960s and 1970s are presented for three States (Pernambuco, Minas Gerais [and] Sao Paulo). Special attention is paid to the different concepts implied by estimates obtained through direct and indirect measurement." (summary in ENG)