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PubMed2000

Androgen receptors: a marker to increase sensitivity for identifying breast cancer in skin metastasis of unknown primary site.

Metastatic lesions to the skin may present a dilemma in the identification of the primary site. Breast carcinoma, metastatic to the skin, that is negative for estrogen receptors (ERs) and/or progesterone receptors (PRs) may be mimicked by a number of other metastatic lesions. In the present study, 16 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded infiltrating ductal carcinomas metastatic to the skin, which were ER-/PR-, ER-/PR+, or ER+/PR-; 5 metastatic lesions to the skin from primary lesions other than breast cancer; and 5 eccrine tumors were examined for immunoreactivity to the androgen receptor. The majority of the metastatic breast lesions (82%) exhibited immunopositivity for androgen receptor, whereas the metastatic skin lesions from primary lesions other than breast cancer and the eccrine tumors were immunonegative. Thus, androgen receptor immunohistochemistry could serve as a marker to increase sensitivity for identifying breast cancer in skin metastasis of unknown primary sites.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Combination regimen with carboplatin, epirubicin and etoposide in metastatic carcinomas of unknown primary site: A Hellenic Co-Operative Oncology Group Phase II Study.

The encouraging results that have been reported for cisplatin combination chemotherapy in a minority of patients with cancer of unknown primary (CUP) together with the previously shown equal activity of carboplatin in this setting, prompted us to investigate the effectiveness of a carboplatin-containing regimen in a phase II clinical trial. Sixty-two evaluable CUP patients entered the protocol. The chemotherapy regimen consisted of carboplatin 300 mg/m2 IV D1, epirubicin 45 mg/m2 IV D1 and etoposide 120 mg/m2 IV D1-3 (CEE regimen) administered every 3 weeks. The median age of the patients was 61 years and 36 were male. Thirty-one diagnosed as poorly differentiated carcinomas (pdc) and the rest as adenocarcinomas. By clinicopathological criteria, 14 patients had a predominately nodal disease with pdc or poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas (pda), 3 women peritoneal carcinomatosis, and the remaining 46 patients had a predominately splanchnic involvement (24 pdc, 22 pda). Twenty-three patients responded to chemotherapy with 4 (6.5%) complete and 19 (30.5%) partial responders (RR 37%, 95% CI 25-49%). An equal activity of the regimen was observed between the two major histopathological types, the pdc and the adenocarcinomas. Nevertheless, significant differences were seen when the CEE regimen was assessed for its activity in the distinct clinicopathological subsets of CUP. Patients with predominately nodal disease of midline distribution with pdc or pda, and women with peritoneal carcinomatosis, achieved a response rate of 64 and 62% respectively, as compared with a 26% response rate for those with predominately splanchnic involvement. Overall median survival was 10 months and for patients with midline distribution 15 months. The regimen was well tolerated. It is concluded that CEE is a relatively nontoxic chemotherapy regimen and easily administered on an outpatient basis. This prospective phase II study confirmed the activity of carboplatin in the chemosensitive subsets of the predominately nodal disease of midline distribution and peritoneal carcinomatosis in women in the CUP syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Metastatic tumors of unknown origin: when can intervention be justified?].

Cancer of unknown primary site is a common clinical entity, accounting for 5% of all cancer patients. The diagnostic evaluation of these patients must permit to exclude treatable tumors. We reviewed the charts of 85 patients admitted with this diagnostic. We propose an algorithm for investigation of these patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Identifying the primary site in metastatic cancer of unknown origin. Inadequacy of roentgenographic procedures.

Two hundred sixty-six patients with metastatic nonsquamous carcinoma of unknown origin underwent upper and lower gastrointestinal series, intravenous pyelograms, and chest roentgenograms (CR) for location of a primary cancer site. Of 129 identified cancer sites, only 22 were verified antemortem, whereas necropsy disclosed 25 cases with false-positive examination results. The CR patterns thought typical for lung cancer (eg, single mass lesion and hilar or mediastinal adenopathy) were often shown (43%) to represent metastatic lesions. Because contrast roentgenographic studies are costly, uncomfortable, of low yield, and often misleading, they should be limited to cases with specific organ dysfunction.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2005

Combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine and irinotecan in patients with previously treated carcinoma of an unknown primary site: a Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network Phase II trial.

BACKGROUND: The current study was performed to evaluate the activity of combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine and irinotecan in patients with previously treated carcinoma of an unknown primary site. METHODS: Patients with carcinoma of an unknown primary site who had received one previous chemotherapy regimen were eligible for this study. All patients received gemcitabine at a dose of 1000 mg/m2 intravenously (i.v.) and irinotecan at a dose of 100 mg/m2 i.v. on Days 1 and 8; treatment courses were repeated every 21 days. Patients were evaluated for response after completing two courses of treatment; responders/stable patients continued treatment for a recommended six courses. RESULTS: Forty patients entered this multicenter, community-based Phase II trial between September 2000 and July 2003. Four of these 40 patients (10%) achieved objective responses (a partial response in 3 patients and a complete response in 1 patient). An additional 17 patients (43%) had stable disease/minor response at first reevaluation; 7 of these patients (18%) remained stable for longer than 6 months. The median survival for the entire group was 4.5 months, with 1-year and 2-year survival rates of 25% and 13%, respectively. The treatment was well tolerated by most patients. Neutropenia was the most common Grade 3/4 toxicity (according to the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria, version 3.0) (occurring in 36% of patients). Myelosuppression-related complications were uncommon, as were severe nonhematologic toxicities. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of gemcitabine and irinotecan has modest activity and is well tolerated in patients with recurrent/refractory carcinoma of an unknown primary site. Treatment-related toxicity, particularly myelosuppression, appears to be less severe than toxicity produced by the taxane and platinum regimens frequently used in the first-line therapy of these patients. Evaluation of the gemcitabine and irinotecan combination as first-line therapy is indicated.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Is coincidence detection emission tomography (CDET) as reliable as positron emission tomography (PET) in head and neck cancer?].

OBJECTIVE: Positron emission tomography (PET) is becoming more and more useful in head and neck tumour detection, guiding diagnostic and therapeutic decision. However, techniques, similar to PET, but using modified conventional tomography equipment, are used. The most commonly used is the dual-head positron emission tomography using coincidence detection (CDET). This study was aimed at searching if CDET could be as reliable as PET in some of its indications. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1997 and 2001, 19 patients, with head and neck cancer, had a CDET, for 3 indications. We studied retrospectively sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) rates for these 3 indications. RESULTS: 1 degree) Detection of unknown primary head and neck cancers with lymph node manifestation: Se = 100%, Sp = 66,7%. 2 degrees) Detection of body metastasis: Se = 50%, Sp = 33%. 3 degrees) Detection of local recurrent cancer: Se = 100%, Sp = 25%. CONCLUSION: CDET seems to be useful in finding unknown primary cancers with lymph node manifestation but is not reliable to look for metastasis and local recurrences. It cannot be used in all indications for PET. If no other tool is available, this investigation can be used, keeping in mind its limitations.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2003

Results of surgical treatment for cerebral metastases.

Cerebral metastases are commonly encountered, with an incidence ranging from 20 to 30% of cancer cases. Medical and radiation therapy confer median survival ranging from 3 to 6 months only. A retrospective review of patients undergoing surgery with radiotherapy from January 1997 to January 2000 involved 26 patients (13 males, 13 females), with a mean age of 53.1 years (range 30-69 years). The mean follow-up was 15.8 months (range 1.5-27 months). The primary cancer was breast in nine cases, eight were lung cancers, six colonic cancers, two unknown primaries and one was a soft tissue sarcoma. Patients with extracranial secondaries numbered 17 (61.5%). Patients stayed on average for 15.4 days. No intracranial complications occurred postoperatively. No mortalities occurred in the first month and 11 patients (42.3%) were alive at 1 year. Two patients underwent a radiosurgical boost and six patients underwent adjuvant chemotherapy. Overall median survival was 9 months (95% confidence interval 7.3-12.9 months). Factors which may favour longer survival were female sex (median of 12 vs 6.1 months), younger patients (median of 12 vs 5.8 months) and breast cancer (median of 9 months). Surgical treatment appears beneficial, with subgroups such as breast cancer possibly doing better.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Second primary cancers after resection of lung adenocarcinoma with ras gene mutation.

BACKGROUND: Ras gene mutations are associated with a poor prognosis in patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung. However, the association between cases with ras gene mutation and an occurrence of second primary cancer is unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 89 adenocarcinoma of the lung obtained from patients treated by curative resection, and four second primary cancers, for mutation at codons 12, 13, and 61 of three ras oncogenes using polymerase chain reaction and oligonucleotide hybridization techniques. RESULTS: Ras gene mutations were detected in 13 cases. Six patients died from recurrent disease within 3 years. Of the seven patients who survived over 5 years, three patients demonstrated a metachronous second primary cancer after the operation for lung cancer, and one patient had synchronous laryngeal cancer. Two of the cases with second primary cancer demonstrated the ras gene mutation. One had the same mutation as that of the primary lung cancer, and the other had a different mutation from the first lung cancer. CONCLUSION: Ras gene mutations play an important role in tumor progression of lung adenocarcinoma and also might have an role in the carcinogenesis in respiratory tract cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2002

Gemcitabine, carboplatin, and paclitaxel for patients with carcinoma of unknown primary site: a Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of the novel chemotherapy combination that includes gemcitabine, carboplatin, and paclitaxel in the treatment of patients with carcinoma of unknown primary site. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred twenty patients were treated with the following regimen, administered every 21 days for a planned four courses: gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m(2) intravenously (i.v.) on days 1 and 8, carboplatin at an estimated area under the concentration-time curve of 5 mg min/mL i.v. on day 1, and paclitaxel 200 mg/m(2) i.v. on day 1. After four courses, stable and responding patients were given weekly paclitaxel 70 mg/m(2) i.v. for 6 weeks for three 8-week courses. All patients had relatively poor prognostic features. Sixty-three patients had well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, 56 patients had poorly differentiated carcinoma, and 104 patients had performance status of 0 or 1. RESULTS: Twenty-eight (25%) of 113 assessable patients (95% confidence interval, 22% to 30%) had major objective responses to treatment. Response rates were similar in the two major histologic types. Response rate did not seem to be improved by continued therapy with weekly paclitaxel. The median progression-free survival time was 6 months. Median survival for the entire group was 9 months, and the actuarial survival at 1 and 2 years was 42% and 23%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine, carboplatin, and paclitaxel followed by weekly paclitaxel is an active and tolerable treatment for patients with carcinoma of unknown primary site. The survival seen in this poor-prognosis group of patients in this multicenter community-based trial is notable and similar to other taxane-based regimens for these patients. Study of additional combinations or sequences of newer drugs, as well as the exploration of targeted biologic agents for patients with an identified target in their tumors, is warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Unknown primary tumors: detection with dual-modality PET/CT--initial experience.

PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate fused positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) in depicting the primary lesion in cancer of an unknown primary tumor, compared with PET, CT, and PET and CT side-by-side evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval and informed consent were obtained. Forty-five patients (26 men and 19 women) with metastatic cervical adenopathy (n = 18) or extracervical metastases (n = 27) of unknown primary tumor were included. The mean age of the patients was 57 years (range, 29-95 years). PET/CT imaging was performed in all patients 1 hour after administration of 350 MBq of fluorodeoxyglucose with a whole-body field of view. Contrast agents were administered orally and intravenously in all patients to ensure diagnostic CT data. PET/CT data sets were evaluated for the primary tumor, and imaging results were compared with those of CT, PET, and PET and CT side-by-side evaluation. Differences in diagnostic performance were assessed by using the McNemar test with Bonferroni correction, which accounts for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: PET/CT depicted the primary tumor in 15 (33%) of 45 patients. In 30 (67%) patients, the primary tumor site remained occult (P > .05). PET and CT side-by-side evaluation depicted 13 (29%) of 45 tumors (P > .05). PET alone revealed the primary tumor in 11 (24%) of 45 patients (P > .05), while CT alone helped in the correct diagnosis in eight (18%) of 45 patients (P > .05). There were no significant differences between the diagnostic accuracies of PET/CT and the other imaging modalities. CONCLUSION: PET/CT was able to depict more primary tumors, though not significantly, than either of the other imaging modalities, but larger patient cohorts are required to finally judge its value for revealing the primary tumor site.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[A rare case of metastatic meningitis with unknown primary focus and atypical symptoms].

We have presented the diagnostic difficulties in the case of woman aged 59 who was admitted to the clinic with the suspicion of neurinoma of acoustic nerve. The patient was admitted to hospital with peripheral facial nerve paresis on the left side together with sudden surdity and peripheral vestibular impairment. Surdity of the other side occurred after two months. In terminal phase of the disease there was aseptic meningitis. Posthumous diagnosis was made on the basis of neuropathological examination of the brain. It was carcinomatous meningitis. But there was no primary focus found during autopsy. It is important to stress that CT and MRI was completely useless in this case. However pathological brain stem response together with lack of stapedial muscle reflex were much ahead of surdity and other central symptoms. We found only one case of carcinomatous meningitis with unknown primary focus in the literature. The course of the disease is very insidious and in every suspicious cases one should be aware of cancer of unknown primary site.

Carcinoma↗
PubMed1989

A phase I trial of recombinant tumor necrosis factor (rTNF) administered by continuous intravenous infusion in patients with disseminated malignancy.

rTNF was administered to 28 patients with advanced metastatic cancers by continuous intravenous infusion for 5 consecutive days every 2 weeks. The dose levels were 30, 40, 70, 110, 180 and 290 micrograms/M2/day. Groups of 3 patients were started at each successive dose level and then on subsequent courses treated with the next dose level through 4 escalations as tolerated. Tumor types were: colon cancer 14; adenocarcinoma of unknown primary, 2; renal cancer, 2; leiomyosarcoma, 2; lung cancer, 1; prostate cancer, 1; thymona, 1; bladder cancer; 1; parotid, 1; Kaposi's sarcoma 2; ovarian 1. Toxicities included fever and chills (usually within the first 8 hours of infusion), fatigue, headache, decreased performance status, hypotension and CNS. All patients experienced leukopenia and thrombocytopenia within 24 hours or less after start of infusion with return of baseline by 72 hours after rTNF was stopped. The fall in these counts averaged 50% and was not dose related. No major changes in liver or renal function, coagulation or blood lipids were seen. Major dose limiting toxicities were fatigue, confusion, thrombocytopenia, seizures, hypotension and decreased performance status. NK cell activity measured against K562 target cells was augmented from about 30% target cell lysis to about 70% target cell lysis over the first 7 days of treatment. Two patients, both with metastatic colon cancer showed transient, objective tumor regression which did not qualify as a partial response. One patient with ovarian cancer had a stable partial response but progressed after 13 courses of treatment. Continuous infusion of TNF can be safely administered to patients with a maximum tolerated dose of only between 30 and 40 micrograms/M2/day.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic↗
PubMed2000

[Diagnosis and treatment of 39 patients with cervical lymph node metastases of squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary origin, referred to Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1979-98].

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of diagnostic procedures and treatment results in patients with lymph node metastases of squamous cell carcinoma in the head and neck region with an unknown primary. DESIGN: Retrospective, descriptive. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 1979-98, 39 patients (30 male, 9 female; mean age 59 years; range: 39-88) were treated for cervical lymph node metastases of squamous cell carcinoma with an unknown primary. According to protocol, all patients underwent ENT examination, radiodiagnostic procedures and, if possible, examination under general anaesthesia of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. Most patients were treated by neck dissection followed by bilateral radiotherapy to the neck and to mucosal sites of suspected origin. The data were collected from medical records. The number of patients who had had no local or regional recurrence and were still alive after 5 years were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: There was a median interval of three months (3-100 weeks) between the first symptoms and presentation in our clinic. During this period an extensive search for a primary tumour was performed. Most lymph nodes metastases (37/44; 84%) were found at level II and III. The N-stage was as follows: N1 (6), N2 (14), N3 (19). In two patients a primary tumour was diagnosed 20 and 37 months after treatment, respectively, both at mucosal sites which were not irradiated. A five-year locoregional recurrence-free interval was seen in 66%. The five-year overall survival rate was 52% and was significantly related to the extent of the cervical lymph node metastases. CONCLUSION: Early treatment of patients with cervical lymph node metastases from an unknown primary tumour improves survival rates. Radiation therapy of the laryngo-pharyngeal axis seems effective in preventing outgrowth of an occult primary.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Quantitative tumor apoptosis imaging using technetium-99m-HYNIC annexin V single photon emission computed tomography.

PURPOSE: Radiolabeled annexin V may allow for repetitive and selective in vivo identification of apoptotic cell death without the need for invasive biopsy. This study reports on the relationship between quantitative technetium-99m- (99mTc-) 6-hydrazinonicotinic (HYNIC) radiolabeled annexin V tumor uptake, and the number of tumor apoptotic cells derived from histologic analysis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty patients (18 men, two women) suspected of primary (n = 19) or recurrent (n = 1) head and neck carcinoma were included. All patients underwent a spiral computed tomography (CT) scan, 99mTc-HYNIC annexin V tomography, and subsequent surgical resection of the suspected primary or recurrent tumor. Quantitative 99mTc-HYNIC annexin V uptake in tumor lesions divided by the tumor volume, derived from CT, was related to the number of apoptotic cells per tumor high-power field derived from terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assays performed on sectioned tumor slices. RESULTS: Diagnosis was primary head and neck tumor in 18 patients, lymph node involvement of a cancer of unknown primary origin in one patient, and the absence of recurrence in one patient. Mean percentage absolute tumor uptake of the injected dose per cubic centimeter tumor volume derived from tomographic images was 0.0003% (standard deviation [SD], 0.0004%) at 1 hour postinjection (PI) and 0.0001% (SD, 0.0000%) at 5 to 6 hours PI (P =.012). Quantitative 99mTc-HYNIC annexin V tumor uptake correlated well with the number of apoptotic cells if only tumor samples with no or minimal amounts of necrosis were considered. CONCLUSION: In the absence of necrosis, absolute 99mTc-HYNIC annexin V tumor uptake values correlate well with the number of apoptotic cells derived from TUNEL assays.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Diagnostic work-up and outcome of cervical metastases from an unknown primary.

CONCLUSIONS: An intensive diagnostic work-up including (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) detects many unknown primary tumours, leads to a low emergence rate of primary tumours, and selects carcinoma of unknown primary with much more favourable results after neck dissection and postoperative radiotherapy. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the optimal diagnostic approach and best treatment modality for rare head and neck cancer of unknown primary. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a retrospective study, 69 patients admitted from 1987 to 2002 with cervical lymph node metastases without apparent primary were reviewed. Test characteristics of all diagnostic procedures were calculated. Disease-free and overall survival rates were calculated. Major prognostic factors were analysed uni-variously. RESULTS: At the primary site FDG-PET showed the best sensitivity with 69% and the highest negative predictive value with 87%. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging had a better specificity with 87% and 95%, respectively. The primary tumour was detected in 23 cases (33%). Frequent primary tumour origin was the palatine tonsil (n=8, 35%), base of the tongue (n=6, 26%) and lung (n=4, 17%). All patients with unknown primary were treated by neck dissection. Adjuvant radiotherapy was performed in 26 patients (57%), concurrent radiochemotherapy was performed in 12 patients (26%). The primary emergence rate was 7%. The 5-year overall survival rate was inferior in patients with detected primary in comparison with patients with unknown primary (22% versus 52%). Significant prognostic factors in case of unknown primary were M stage, smoking, alcohol consumption and tonsillectomy. Radiotherapy but not chemotherapy with carboplatin influenced the overall survival.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Systemic high-dose intravenous methotrexate for central nervous system metastases.

BACKGROUND: Treatment options for patients with recurrent central nervous system (CNS) metastases are limited. Rapid infusion of high-dose intravenous methotrexate (HD IV MTX) penetrates the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and has reported activity in leptomeningeal metastases. METHODS: Medical records were reviewed for all patients treated with HD IV MTX (3.5 g/m2) for CNS parenchymal or leptomeningeal metastases. Radiographic response rate, survival, and toxicity were determined. RESULTS: Thirty-one women and one man with a median age of 52 years (range 33-76) were treated with a total of 141 cycles (median 4, range 1-13). Twenty-nine patients had breast cancer, and one each had cancer of unknown primary (CUP), squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). An objective radiographic response and stable disease were each observed in nine patients (28%), and 13 (44%) patients progressed. Prior treatment with low-dose MTX for systemic disease did not affect response (P = 0.8). The median overall survival (n = 32) was 19.9 weeks (range 2.9-135.4+) with one patient alive at 135.4 weeks. Myelosuppression and elevated serum hepatic transaminases were the most common acute toxicities (21% and 9% of HD IV MTX cycles, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: HD IV MTX is effective in the treatment of CNS metastases with disease control (response or stable) as a best response in 56% of assessable patients. Further study is warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Echocardiography in patients with malignant metastatic neoplasms of the heart and great vessels].

Two-dimensional echocardiography was used to study malignant metastatic neoplasms of the heart and great vessels in 20 patients, 13 males and seven females, whose ages ranged from 15 to 72 years. Five patients had lung cancer; two each had breast cancer, malignant melanoma, hepatoma and one each had gastric cancer, urinary bladder cancer, adrenocortical carcinoma, malignant lymphoma, angiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma; and two had cancers with unknown primaries. Tumor invasion was demonstrated echocardiographically in the left atrium in one each with breast cancer, fibrosarcoma and gastric cancer; in the right atrium in two with hepatomas; in the right atrium and right ventricle in one patient with adrenocortical carcinoma; in the left ventricle in one with lung cancer; and in the pulmonary artery in one with malignant melanoma. Massive pericardial effusion was observed in 11 of 20 patients; two with pericardial tumors including malignant lymphoma and lung cancer. We conjectured that metastatic tumors in the right cardiac cavities came through the inferior vena cava, and other tumors in the left atrium, left ventricle and pericardium developed from direct extension of the primary lesions. There was an 80% mortality of the patients during the observation period, and the average survival period after the diagnosis of cardiac metastases was 5.5 months. However, one patient was still living after two years of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Echocardiography proved a useful, non-invasive means for the detection and follow-up observation of metastatic cardiac tumors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Cesium therapy in cancer patients.

The effect of cesium therapy on various cancers is reported. A total of 50 patients were treated over a 3 year period with CsCl. The majority of the patients have been unresponsive to previous maximal modalities of cancer treatment and were considered terminal cases. The Cs-treatment consisted of CsCl in addition to some vitamins, minerals, chelating agents and salts of selenium, potassium and magnesium. In addition, a special diet was also instituted. There was an impressive 50% recovery of various cancers, i.e., cancer of unknown primary, breast, colon, prostate, pancrease, lung, liver, lymphoma, ewing sarcoma of the pelvis and adeno-cancer of the gallbladder, by the Cs-therapy employed. There was a 26% and 24% death within the initial 2 weeks and 12 months of treatment, respectively. A consistent finding in these patients was the disappearance of pain within the initial 3 days of Cs-treatment. The small number of autopsies made showed the absence of cancer cells in most cases and the clinical impression indicates a remarkably successful outcome of treatment.

Cesium↗