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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

[Evaluation of digital venous reactivity to cold by plethysmographic measurement of compliance to cold and hot. Application of the method to 80 patients with Raynaud's phenomena and 36 controls].

A method is described for measuring digital venous compliance to cold by venous occlusion plethysmography (Perivein-Janssen apparatus). Determinations are made firstly to heat during immersion of the hand at 45 degrees C and then to cold during its immersion at 11 degrees C. In each case compliance is measured directly from a curve derived from successive venous occlusions of 1 mm Hg up to 120 mm Hg and by a standardized rate of recording. For pressures between 30 and 80 mm Hg a tracing is obtained that is assimilable to a linear slope from which compliance is calculated from the ratio delta P/delta V expressed as percentage variation of volume per cm Hg. The method was applied to 36 control subjects (19 men and 17 women) and 80 cases of Raynaud's phenomenon. Comparison of findings showed a significantly more marked fall in compliance to cold between: the female and male control subjects (p less than 10(-2)) the group of men with Raynaud's syndrome and male control subjects (p less than 10(-3)), the group with Raynaud's syndrome and Raynaud's disease (p less than 0.05). The findings suggest a possible pathogenic role of venospasm from cold in the determination of the syncopal phase of Raynaud's phenomenon and with respect to its predominance in members of the female sex.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Enzyme activation and inhibition induced by cold provocation in a patient with cold urticaria.

A 33-year-old female patient with acquired cold urticaria, together with her 8-year-old healthy daughter, was subjected to a brief period of cold exposure. The effect of this treatment upon a number of key factors of the plasma coagulation, kallikrein and complement systems was investigated. Cold air provocation caused increased fibrinolysis, together with a measurable consumption of the protease inhibitors alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1AT), alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M) and C1Inactivator (C1INA). Kaolin activation of the patient's plasma elaborated exceptionally high levels of esterolytic activity, both before and after cold exposure, indicating pre-enzyme lability. Both subjects had abnormally high serum ratios alpha2M/alpha AT. Impressive leucocytosis was observed in the symptomless child.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Sensitivity of skin cold receptors to noradrenaline in control and cold-adapted rats].

I. a. administration of noradrenaline (NA) activated cold receptors both in control and in cold-adapted rats. Various doses of NA induced the receptors reaction of different duration. After adaptation to cold the sensitivity of receptors to NA increased. The data obtained suggest that the sympathetic systems and the receptors sensitivity to NA play an important role in static activity of the skin cold receptors.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1982

The functional and physicochemical characterization of three eosinophilotactic activities released into the circulation by cold challenge of patients with cold urticaria.

The eosinophilic activity appearing in the venous effluent of the cold-induced angioedematous extremity of patients with cold urticaria has been resolved into three fractions by gel filtration and Dowex-1 chromatography. The low molecular weight activity, 300-700 mw, is highly acidic while the activity of 1000-3000 mw is composed of highly acidic and less acidic moieties. Each of the three activities has a different retention time on high pressure liquid chromatography, indicating that they represent distinct fractions which differ in size, charge, and hydrophobicity. Each fraction requires a gradient to attract eosinophils in a dose-response fashion and each deactivates eosinophils at subchemotactic concentrations. The more acidic 1000-3000 mw fractions also attract human monocytes in a chemotactic gradient at concentrations identical to those which attract human eosinophils. These three classes of eosinophil chemotactic activities and the activity for monocytes appear and disappear from the venous effluent with essentially the same time course as a distinct neutrophil chemotactic factor and histamine with cold induction of angioedema in patients with cold urticaria. The elaboration of these diverse chemoattractants in experimentally induced physical allergy provides potential pathways for mast cell-mediated infiltrative reactions.

Angioedema↗
PubMed1981

[Monoamine oxidase activity in the brain during adaptation to cold and simultaneous exposure to cold and hyperbaric oxygenation].

One--day cold exposure decreases the monoamine oxidase type A activity by 52--54% (serotonin and noradrenaline substrates); the monoamine oxidase type B activity by 14%. Three--day cold exposure leaves the monoamine oxidase type B activity unchanged and decreases the monoamine oxidase type A activity by 29--32%; the enzyme of the latter type acquires the ability for deamination of glucosamine, putrescine and GABA. Under cold adaptation (45 days, 2 degrees C) the monoamine oxidase type A activity remains reduced as on the 3rd day, the type B activity decreases by 19%; enzyme substrate specificity does not change at all. Preliminary cold adaptation prevents alteration of the monoamine oxidase substrate specificity under hyperbaric oxygenation.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1997

Cold exposure and winter mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, and all causes in warm and cold regions of Europe. The Eurowinter Group.

BACKGROUND: Differences in baseline mortality, age structure, and influenza epidemics confound comparisons of cold-related increases in mortality between regions with different climates. The Eurowinter study aimed to assess whether increases in mortality per 1 degree C fall in temperature differ in various European regions and to relate any differences to usual winter climate and measures to protect against cold. METHODS: Percentage increases in deaths per day per 1 degree C fall in temperature below 18 degrees C (indices of cold-related mortality) were estimated by generalised linear modelling. We assessed protective factors by surveys and adjusted by regression to 7 degrees C outdoor temperature. Cause-specific data gathered from 1988 to 1992 were analysed by multiple regression for men and women aged 50-59 and 65-74 in north Finland, south Finland, Baden-Württemburg, the Netherlands, London, and north Italy (24 groups). We used a similar method to analyse 1992 data in Athens and Palermo. FINDINGS: The percentage increases in all-cause mortality per 1 degree C fall in temperature below 18 degrees C were greater in warmer regions than in colder regions (eg, Athens 2.15% [95% CI 1.20-3.10] vs south Finland 0.27% [0.15-0.40]). At an outdoor temperature of 7 degrees C, the mean living-room temperature was 19.2 degrees C in Athens and 21.7 degrees C in south Finland; 13% and 72% of people in these regions, respectively, wore hats when outdoors at 7 degrees C. Multiple regression analyses (with allowance for sex and age, in the six regions with full data) showed that high indices of cold-related mortality were associated with high mean winter temperatures, low living-room temperatures, limited bedroom heating, low proportions of people wearing hats, gloves, and anoraks, and inactivity and shivering when outdoors at 7 degrees C (p < 0.01 for all-cause mortality and respiratory mortality; p > 0.05 for mortality from ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease). INTERPRETATION: Mortality increased to a greater extent with given fall of temperature in regions with warm winters, in populations with cooler homes, and among people who wore fewer clothes and were less active outdoors.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

The effect of ethanol and cold-adaptation on the survival of guinea pigs in severe cold.

An acute ethanol dose of 2 g/kg shortened the survival time at -20 degrees C of guinea pigs both adapted to the cold and those reared in the warm, but no significant difference was observed between the adapted and non-adapted groups. Long-term ethanol treatment of 2 g/kg/day for 4 weeks, lengthened the survival time of the guinea pigs reared at room temperature, but did not affect the survival of the cold-adapted animals. The acute dose of 2 g/kg shortened the survival time of the guinea pigs which had received the 4-week ethanol treatment and had been reared in the warm, but did not have the same effect on the cold-adapted animals. The improved survival rate at severe exposure acquired by adaptation to the cold was abolished by chronic alcohol administration.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2004

Cold blood cardioplegia versus cold crystalloid cardioplegia: a prospective randomized study of 1440 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.

OBJECTIVES: A large number of experimental studies have indicated that blood cardioplegia might be superior to crystalloid cardioplegia for myocardial protection during ischemic arrest. However, no prospectively randomized studies of large patient series have been undertaken to prove potential differences in clinical course. METHODS: Over a 52-month period, all patients undergoing on-pump coronary artery bypass operated on by 2 surgeons were prospectively randomized to receive either cold crystalloid cardioplegia (group C) or cold blood cardioplegia (group B) during aortic crossclamping. RESULTS: Altogether, 1440 patients aged 37 to 89 years (median, 66 years) entered the study (group C, n = 719; group B, n = 721). The groups were comparable in all major demographic, preoperative, and operative variables. The clinical course turned out to be nearly identical for both groups. No statistically significant differences were seen concerning spontaneous sinus rhythm after aortic declamping, use of inotropic drugs or intra-aortic balloon pumping, postoperative ventilatory support, bleeding and rate of allogeneic blood transfusions, perioperative myocardial infarction, episodes of atrial fibrillation, stroke or minor neurologic dysfunction, renal function, infections, physical rehabilitation, or mortality. Also, in subgroups of patients at higher operative risk (female sex, age >70 years, unstable angina, diabetes, emergency operation, ejection fraction <0.50, crossclamping time >50 minutes, and EuroSCORE >4), no statistically significant differences could be demonstrated between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: There were no significant differences whether myocardial protection was performed with cold blood cardioplegia or cold crystalloid cardioplegia during aortic crossclamping in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. The extra costs related to blood cardioplegia might be saved.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Vibrational cooling in a cold ion trap: vibrationally resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of cold C60(-) anions.

We demonstrate vibrational cooling of anions via collisions with a background gas in an ion trap attached to a cryogenically controlled cold head (10-400 K). Photoelectron spectra of vibrationally cold C60(-) anions, produced by electrospray ionization and cooled in the cold ion trap, have been obtained. Relative to spectra taken at room temperature, vibrational hot bands are completely eliminated, yielding well-resolved vibrational structures and a more accurate electron affinity for neutral C60. The electron affinity of C60 is measured to be 2.683+/-0.008 eV. The cold spectra reveal complicated vibrational structures for the transition to the C60 ground state due to the Jahn-Teller effect in the ground state of C60(-). Vibrational excitations in the two A(g) modes and eight H(g) modes are observed, providing ideal data to assess the vibronic couplings in C60(-).

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

The leaf-order-dependent enhancement of freezing tolerance in cold-acclimated Arabidopsis rosettes is not correlated with the transcript levels of the cold-inducible transcription factors of CBF/DREB1.

The central part of cold-acclimated rosettes of Arabidopsis thaliana L. (ecotype Columbia) survived freezing at lower temperatures better than did those at the rosette periphery. Electrolyte-leakage tests with detached leaves verified that freezing tolerance in central (or young) leaves increased faster and to a greater extent than in peripheral (or aged and mature) leaves at 2 degrees C. Cold-induced accumulation of sugars could partly account for the leaf-order-dependent enhancement of freezing tolerance after 1 d at 2 degrees C, whereas the role of proline remains to be determined. Cold-induced accumulation of the transcripts of stress-inducible CBF/DREB1 transcription factors apparently disagreed with the observed difference in the freezing tolerance in different leaf orders. However, the levels of COR78/RD29A transcripts were almost the same between different leaf orders after 1-3 d at 2 degrees C, and COR78/RD29A content per total leaf protein was similar between different leaf orders after 7 d at 2 degrees C. Thus, cold-induced accumulation of COR78/RD29A does not seem to account for the observed difference in freezing tolerance in different leaf orders. Although further studies are required for comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon, the present work does provide an important and interesting physiological aspect in our understanding of the freezing tolerance in plants.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2001

Cold shock proteins of Lactococcus lactis MG1363 are involved in cryoprotection and in the production of cold-induced proteins.

Members of the group of 7-kDa cold-shock proteins (CSPs) are the proteins with the highest level of induction upon cold shock in the lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis MG1363. By using double-crossover recombination, two L. lactis strains were generated in which genes encoding CSPs are disrupted: L. lactis NZ9000 Delta AB lacks the tandemly orientated cspA and cspB genes, and NZ9000 Delta ABE lacks cspA, cspB, and cspE. Both strains showed no differences in growth at normal and at low temperatures compared to that of the wild-type strain, L. lactis NZ9000. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed that upon disruption of the cspAB genes, the production of remaining CspE at low temperature increased, and upon disruption of cspA, cspB, and cspE, the production of CspD at normal growth temperatures increased. Northern blot analysis showed that control is most likely at the transcriptional level. Furthermore, it was established by a proteomics approach that some (non-7-kDa) cold-induced proteins (CIPs) are not cold induced in the csp-lacking strains, among others the histon-like protein HslA and the signal transduction protein LlrC. This supports earlier observations (J. A. Wouters, M. Mailhes, F. M. Rombouts, W. M. De Vos, O. P. Kuipers, and T. Abee, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:3756-3763, 2000). that the CSPs of L. lactis might be directly involved in the production of some CIPs upon low-temperature exposure. Remarkably, the adaptive response to freezing by prior exposure to 10 degrees C was significantly reduced in strain NZ9000 Delta ABE but not in strain NZ9000 Delta AB compared to results with wild-type strain NZ9000, indicating a notable involvement of CspE in cryoprotection.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2001

Cold strain index applied to exercising men in cold-wet conditions.

A cold strain index (CSI) based on rectal (T(re)) and mean skin temperatures ((sk)) using data from seminude resting subjects has been proposed (Moran DS, Castellani JW, O'Brien C, Young AJ, and Pandolf KB. Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 277: R556-R564, 1999). The current study determined whether CSI could provide meaningful data for clothed subjects exercising in the cold with compromised insulation. Ten men exercised in cold-wet conditions (CW) for 6 h before (D0) and after 3 days of exhaustive exercise (D3). Each hour of CW consisted of 10 min of standing in rain (5.4 cm/h, 5 degrees C air) followed by 45 min of walking (1.34 m/s, 5.4 m/s wind, 5 degrees C air). The change in T(re) across time was greater (P < 0.05) on D3 than on D0, and the change in (sk) was less (P < 0.05) on D3 than on D0. Although CSI increased across time, the index at the end of both trials (D3 = 4.6 +/- 0.6; D0 = 4.2 +/- 0.8) was similar (P > 0.05). Thus, while (sk) was 1.3 degrees C higher (P < 0.05) and T(re) was 0.3 degrees C lower (P < 0.05) on D3 than on D0, CSI did not discriminate the greater heat loss that occurred on D3. These findings indicate that when vasoconstrictor responses to cold are altered, such as after exhaustive exercise, CSI does not adequately quantify the different physiological strain between treatments. CSI may be useful for indicating increased strain across time, but its utility as a marker of strain between different treatments or studies is uncertain because no independent measure of strain has been used to determine to what extent CSI is a valid and reliable measure of strain.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Fulminant autoimmune cold-type hemolysis with marked elevation of monothermic cold agglutinins. Successful therapy with membrane plasmapheresis].

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with cold autoantibodies is rare in infancy. In a 7 months old infant with severe hemolysis, a hemoglobin of 5.9 g/dl and a cold agglutinin titer of 1:8000, even the transfusion of warmed, packed red cells (37 degrees C) lead to hemolysis. Hemoglobin fell to 2.8 g/dl despite prevention of exposure to cold, parenteral steroids and immunoglobulins. Cold agglutinin titer fell to 1:8 after plasma separation. Subsequent transfusion did not lead to hemolysis and permanent remission was achieved.

Agglutinins↗
PubMed1986

Etiologic aspects of cold agglutinin disease: evidence for cytogenetically defined clones of lymphoid cells and the demonstration that an anti-Pr cold autoantibody is derived from a chromosomally aberrant B cell clone.

This study investigated the clonal nature of cold agglutinin disease in a series of nine patients, which included the benign or idiopathic form as well as cases with an underlying lymphoma. Surface marker phenotyping and karyotypic analysis were performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes. An increased proportion of B cells was found in four cases and in three of these patients a monoclonal B cell population was identified with a mu, kappa phenotype. In the same three cases, as well as an additional patient, an aberrant karyotype was demonstrated. The cytogenetic abnormality present in all four cases included trisomy 3; two patients also had a trisomy 12. One of these four patients had a well-differentiated lymphoma and underwent a splenectomy. Splenic lymphocytes were transformed with Epstein-Barr virus and cultured en masse. Eight clones were established producing the same cold agglutinin with identical specificity as that present in the patient's plasma. Five of these clones were studied cytogenetically, and all had the same abnormal karyotype (51,XX,+3,+9,+12,+13,+18) found in peripheral blood and splenic lymphocytes. Thus, in this case, the cold reactive autoantibody was produced by the chromosomally abnormal, neoplastic clone of lymphocytes. Our findings support the view that cold agglutinin disease represents a spectrum of clonal disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Cold labile serum and plasma proteins: clinical and diagnostic significance of cryoglobulins, cryofibrinogen and cold agglutinins].

Cold labile serum and plasma proteins can cause a variety of clinicopathological symptoms. Due to altered physicochemical properties, cryoglobulins and cryofibrinogens may cause increased serum viscosity, cold dependent protein precipitation or, in rare cases, serum gelification. Cold agglutinins, on the other hand, cause temperature dependent agglutination of erythrocytes and eventually hemolysis. All pathological cold dependent serum and plasma phenomena are associated with either neoplasma, autoimmune disorders, various infections or are considered as "essential". While the diagnosis of these conditions remained largely unchanged during the last 10 years, new aspects regarding etiology, pathogenesis, and therapy have arisen.

Agglutinins↗
PubMed1993

Paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria coexisting with cold agglutinins in a patient with syphilis resulting in peripheral gangrene: a case report.

Cold-reactive antibodies may cause peripheral ischaemia, occasionally proceeding to gangrene on exposure to cold. A 46-year-old male with syphilis, presented with an unusual combination of both paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria and cold agglutinin disease, resulting in peripheral gangrene and requiring bilateral below knee amputations.

Amputation, Surgical↗
PubMed2006

Role of lysine versus arginine in enzyme cold-adaptation: modifying lysine to homo-arginine stabilizes the cold-adapted alpha-amylase from Pseudoalteramonas haloplanktis.

The cold-adapted alpha-amylase from Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis (AHA) is a multidomain enzyme capable of reversible unfolding. Cold-adapted proteins, including AHA, have been predicted to be structurally flexible and conformationally unstable as a consequence of a high lysine-to-arginine ratio. In order to examine the role of low arginine content in structural flexibility of AHA, the amino groups of lysine were guanidinated to form homo-arginine (hR), and the structure-function-stability properties of the modified enzyme were analyzed by transverse urea gradient-gel electrophoresis. The extent of modification was monitored by MALDI-TOF-MS, and correlated to changes in activity and stability. Modifying lysine to hR produced a conformationally more stable and less active alpha-amylase. The k(cat) of the modified enzyme decreased with a concomitant increase in deltaH# and decrease in K(m). To interpret the structural basis of the kinetic and thermodynamic properties, the hR residues were modeled in the AHA X-ray structure and compared to the X-ray structure of a thermostable homolog. The experimental properties of the modified AHA were consistent with K106hR forming an intra-Domain B salt bridge to stabilize the active site and decrease the cooperativity of unfolding. Homo-Arg modification also appeared to alter Ca2+ and Cl- binding in the active site. Our results indicate that replacing lysine with hR generates mesophilic-like characteristics in AHA, and provides support for the importance of lysine residues in promoting enzyme cold adaptation. These data were consistent with computational analyses that show that AHA possesses a compositional bias that favors decreased conformational stability and increased flexibility.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Repeated cold showers as a method of habituating humans to the initial responses to cold water immersion.

The hypothesis that the initial responses to cold water immersion could be attenuated by repeated cold showers was tested. Eighteen (13 men, 5 women) non-habituated subjects undertook two 3-min head-out seated immersions into stirred water at 10 degrees C wearing swim wear. The immersions were separated by 4 days during which time they took six cold showers. The subjects were randomly split into three groups with different showering regimes: 3 min at 10 degrees C on the back (10B); 3 min at 15 degrees C on the back (15B); and 30 s at 10 degrees C on the back followed by 30 s on the front (10BF). Over the first 30 s of immersion respiratory frequency ( f (R)) was reduced by 21% in groups 10B and 10BF from 54 (14) to 44 (16) breaths.min(-1) ( P <0.05), and 33 (8) to 26 (10) breaths.min(-1) ( P <0.05) respectively, following repeated showers. Group 15B showed no change in f (R). The tachycardia induced on immersion in water at 10 degrees C was not reduced by repeated showers except in group 15B during the last 150 s [from 119 (23) to 105 (25) beats.min(-1), P <0.05]. Repeated showering in water at 10 degrees C reduced the respiratory drive (as measured by f (R)) during head-out immersion in water at the same temperature. No such habituation was observed with repeated showers in warmer water (15 degrees C). It is concluded that when the body surface area cooled is the same, the rate of change of skin temperature is an important factor in determining the degree of habituation produced.

Adaptation, Physiological↗