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PubMed1988

The role of theories of cognitive aging: comment on Salthouse.

Cognitive models of aging ought, minimally, to simulate age effects for a broad range of tasks, and their underlying assumptions ought to be constrained by existing data on cognitive mechanisms. Salthouse's model (and other parallel distributed-processing network models) meets the first criterion better than it meets the second. Another weakness is in its inability to account for goal-directed behavior. Thus, models like that of Salthouse seem best suited to the description of automatic information processes such as recognition. I conclude that such models are best evaluated in competition with standard symbolic processing models. I introduce simulation of chess position recall by older and younger chess players and compare it with Salthouse's model.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Factor structure of temperament in the third year of life.

The hypothesis that the nine dimensions of temperament defined by Chess and Thomas (1984) would emerge in a principal components analysis of maternal descriptions of 763 two-year-olds in a longitudinal study was not confirmed. The only component that bore any resemblance to the a priori dimensions of temperament proposed by Chess and Thomas was the sixth component--defining rhythmicity--in a Promax rotation. A higher order rotation to a two-factor solution produced components representing sociability and difficult behavior, respectively. It is argued that in the long term, these dimensions of temperament will, through the process of interaction with others, provide dimensions of personality identified by Hans Eysenck and his colleagues (1985).

Child Development↗
PubMed1994

Toward a structure of preschool temperament: factor structure of the temperament assessment battery for children.

Much of the research and thinking in the area of childhood temperament has been guided by the structural and measurement model of Thomas, Chess, and colleagues. Recently, researchers have called into question this structural conception and have explored the factor structure of the instruments based on the Thomas and Chess model. A review of the literature indicates that there are few studies at any one age level, and that much of the research is limited by small samples. The results of a large sample factor analysis of parent and teacher ratings of preschool children are reported. A five-factor solution was judged most appropriate for parent ratings, and a three-factor solution seemed most appropriate for teacher ratings. Relations of these factors to the Big Five personality factors found in adult personality research are discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1980

Cluster analysis of childhood temperament data on adoptees.

Cluster analysis is used with behavioral data on 162 adoptees to assess temperament and to test the validity of the temperament typologies described by Thomas and Chess. Data are divided into two groups by sex. Results concur with the Thomas-Chess findings in identifying three main temperament groups: difficult, easy, and slow to warm up. Membership in the difficult group predicted later childhood behavior disorder in both sexes. Differing environmental factors associated with difficulty for males and for females are considered, and directions for further investigation are suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Interactions of fosfomycin with other antibiotics.

We selected 100 strains of organisms that were isolated in our hospital, which came from pathological products and which had an MIC of fosfomycin of 256 mug/ml or more and belonged to the genera Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, Serratia, Enterobacter, Proteus, Acinetobacter, Levinea and Staphylococcus. We have studied the effect of the association of fosfomycin with 15 antibiotics (beta-lactamins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, etc.) and 5 chemotherapeutics. The 11 selected strains were studied by the 'chess board' technique in agar. A study was also carried out on the action of fosfomycin on E. coli K12 E711 in the phase of logarithmic growth. The 11 selected strains were studied by the 'chess board' technique in agar. Synergic effect with fosfomycin associated to other antimicrobials was found in 9 strains.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2004

Common sense, intuition, and theory in personality and social psychology.

Theoretical work in personality and social psychology benefits from a well-developed understanding of the prior empirical and theoretical work on a problem and from informed intuitions. Intuitions develop about a subject matter through years of study, investigation, and problem solving, just as chess masters develop a sophisticated set of cognitive structures that change the very appearance of the chess board. In part because the subject matter is so personal, students new to personality and social psychology arrive with many intuitions, prior beliefs, and naive theories about social processes and behavior based on unsystematic experiences and observations. These intuitions can hinder or foster theoretical progress. The role of mentors, critiques, and empirical tests in minimizing the deleterious effects of these entry biases is discussed. Refined scientific intuitions are also subject to error, however, so means of minimizing these errors are also discussed.

Cognition↗
PubMed2000

Some shortcomings of long-term working memory.

Within the framework of their long term working memory theory, Ericsson and Kintsch (1995) propose that experts rapidly store information in long-term memory through two mechanisms: elaboration of long-term memory patterns and schemas and use of retrieval structures. They use chess players' memory as one of their most compelling sources of empirical evidence. In this paper, I show that evidence from chess memory, far from supporting their theory, limits its generality. Evidence from other domains reviewed by Ericsson and Kintsch, such as medical expertise, is not as strong as claimed, and sometimes contradicts the theory outright. I argue that Ericsson and Kintsch's concept of retrieval structure conflates three different types of memory structures that possess quite different properties. One of these types of structures--generic, general purpose retrieval structures--has a narrower use than proposed by Ericsson and Kintsch: it applies only in domains where there is a conscious, deliberate intent by individuals to improve their memory. Other mechanisms, including specific retrieval structures, exist that permit a rapid encoding into long-term memory under other circumstances.

Cognition↗
PubMed2005

[Factors for voiding dysfunction and cystocele].

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical and urodynamic features of a series of women with post void residual urine (disbalanced voiding) and various degrees of associated cystocele. METHODS: 119 female patients were studied by clinical evaluation, urodynamics, and imaging tests (VCUG). All patients underwent history and genitourological examination (evaluating cystoceles from grade o to 3), neuro-urological examination, and complete urodynamic study. Fifty patients (42%) underwent radiological studies of the upper urinary tract. Disbalanced voiding was defined as existence of post void residual greater than 20% of the voided volume. Urethral resistance was measured by URA. Structural obstruction was characterized by PURR (CHESS classification). Functional obstruction was studied by DURR and perineal EMG (associated with flowmetry). Detrusor contractile power was evaluated by W max, W 80-20, and duration of contraction. Urodynamic terminology and measurements complied with the International Continence Society (ICS) standards. Statistical significance was established at 0.05. Statistical analysis was done by Student's t for quantitative variables, and Pearson's chi-square for non parametric variables. RESULTS: 119 patients were enrolled. Mean age was 55.84 yr. (range 15-87). Regarding post void residual (114 valid uroflowmetry studies), 25 patients were classified as voiding disbalance (21.9%) and 89 as balanced (74.8%). Regarding clinical data, there were only significant differences between groups in voiding difficulty. For uroflowmetry, only the percentile of the Maximal flow (Qmax) showed significant differences (35 vs. 22 for balanced/disbalanced voiding respectively, p = 0.02). Pressure/volume studies demonstrated bladder hyperactivity in 16 cases (64%) in the group of disbalanced voiding and 31 cases (34.8%) in the normal voiding group (p = 0.008), which presented associated with increased urethral resistance (URA)(p = 0.01) . In the pressure/flow study, there were significant differences in the URA (14.7 vs. 25.3, p = 0.001). There were statistically significant differences in the degree of constrictive (0.5 vs. 1.1, p = 0.009) and compressive (0.5 vs. 1.1; p = 0.04) obstruction (Chess classification). There were not significant differences in the analysis of isometric contractility (Wmax), but there were in the isotonic contractility (W80-20) and detrusor contraction duration. These latter differences presented significant association with the degree of cystocele. DURR and perineal EMG data did not show differences between groups. Radiological abnormalities of urethral morphology were statistically different between groups, presenting in 10% of the patients with normal voiding and 50% of the disbalanced voiding group, although there was not statistical association with obstruction (p = 0.64). The existence of cystocele did not show a statistical association with these variables either. CONCLUSIONS: Disbalanced voiding appeared with organic obstruction of the lower urinary tract (constrictive most significantly), as well as detrusor abnormal contractility, but whereas the first was not significantly associated with presence and grade of cystocele, the second showed such association.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Usefulness of 3D-VIBE method in breast dynamic MRI: imaging parameters and contrasting effects].

MR imaging (MRI) has been reported to be a useful modality to characterize breast tumors and to evaluate disease extent. Contrast-enhanced dynamic MRI, in particular, allows breast lesions to be characterized with high sensitivity and specificity. Our study was designed to develop three-dimensional volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (3D-VIBE) techniques for the evaluation of breast tumors. First, agarose/Gd-DTPA phantoms with various concentrations of Gd-DTPA were imaged using 3D-VIBE and turbo spin echo (TSE). Second, one of the phantoms was imaged with 3D-VIBE using different flip angles. Finally, water excitation (WE) and a chemical shift-selective (CHESS) pulse were applied to the images. Each image was analyzed for signal intensity, signal-to-noise ratio (1.25*Ms/Mb) (SNR), and contrast ratio [(Ms1-Ms2)/[(Ms1+Ms2)/2]]. The results showed that 3D-VIBE provided better contrast ratios with a linear fit than TSE, although 3D-VIBE showed a lower SNR. To reach the best contrast ratio, the optimized flip angle was found to be 30 degrees for contrast-enhanced dynamic study. Both WE and CHESS pulses were reliable for obtaining fat-suppressed images. In conclusion, the 3D-VIBE technique can image the entire breast area with high resolution and provide better contrast than TSE. Our phantom study suggests that optimized 3D-VIBE may be useful for the assessment of breast tumors.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2002

Computational explorations of the influence of structured knowledge on age-related cognitive decline.

Experience in a domain can sometimes offset cognitive declines that occur with aging. Using a series of neural network simulations of learning chess opening positions, the authors investigated how structured knowledge in a distributed representation may influence age-related declines. Aging manipulations implemented as modulations of neural noise showed increased knowledge as being protective of performance on a chess memory span task, whereas changes in neural plasticity and neural loss lead to main effects without interactions and steeper declines for the initially more able. The models could also simulate the increase in variability in older groups.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diffusion weighted whole body imaging with background body signal suppression (DWIBS): technical improvement using free breathing, STIR and high resolution 3D display.

PURPOSE: To examine a new way of body diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) using the short TI inversion recovery-echo planar imaging (STIR-EPI) sequence and free breathing scanning (diffusion weighted whole body imaging with background body signal suppression; DWIBS) to obtain three-dimensional displays. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 1) Apparent contrast-to-noise ratios (AppCNR) between lymph nodes and surrounding fat tissue were compared in three types of DWI with and without breath-holding, with variable lengths of scan time and slice thickness. 2) The STIR-EPI sequence and spin echo-echo planar imaging (SE-EPI) sequence with chemical shift selective (CHESS) pulse were compared in terms of their degree of fat suppression. 3) Eleven patients with neck, chest, and abdominal malignancy were scanned with DWIBS for evaluation of feasibility. Whole body imaging was done in a later stage of the study using the peripheral vascular coil. RESULTS: The AppCNR of 8 mm slice thickness images reconstructed from 4 mm slice thickness source images obtained in a free breathing scan of 430 sec were much better than 9 mm slice thickness breath-hold scans obtained in 25 sec. High resolution multi-planar reformat (MPR) and maximum intensity projection (MIP) images could be made from the data set of 4 mm slice thickness images. Fat suppression was much better in the STIR-EPI sequence than SE-EPI with CHESS pulse. The feasibility of DWIBS was showed in clinical scans of 11 patients. Whole body images were successfully obtained with adequate fat suppression. CONCLUSION: Three-dimensional DWIBS can be obtained with this technique, which may allow us to screen for malignancies in the whole body.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed2004

[Effect of sport participation on the dynamics of attention parameters and successfulness of studies in school children of junior age].

The study of dynamics of attention parameters in junior schoolchildren (aged from 7 to 9) going in for sports has established that this period of ontogenesis is characterized by further progressive development of attention, though uneven in rate. The age-related dynamics of change in attention parameters (its volume, efficiency, distribution and turning rate) in children having additional physical and intellectual load has been discovered to be identical with non-sportive group. The rate of formation of attention qualities in junior pupils having additional physical training is higher and more marked than in those playing no sports. This correlation is particularly prominent in 8-9-year old children. Additional physical training is one of the major factors contributing to pupils' successfulness at school. Children playing chess are characterized by the highest successfulness. The gymnasts' successfulness is higher than that of the non-sportive children of the same age but lower than in chess-players. We assume that the ontogenesis program of psycho-physiological functional development can be partially corrected by means of physical training, sports and additional intellectual loading which result in formation of a new perfected functional system responsible for higher psycho-physiological activity of sportsmen in relation to control group.

Aptitude↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A controlled double-blind study of tetrabamate versus lorazepam and placebo in generalized anxiety].

The anxiolytic efficacy of tetrabamate was evaluated in a multicentric double-blind study versus lorazepam and placebo, in 269 patients with a generalized anxiety disorder according to DSM III-R criteria. The anxiolytic activity of tetrabamate (at 900 mg/day) was significantly superior than that of placebo from day 7 of treatment and equivalent to lorazepam efficacy (at 4.5 mg/day). In the tetrabamate group, 55.3% were considered as "good responders" (as defined by a HARS score reduction equal or superior to 50%), versus 51.3 and 32.9% respectively in the lorazepam and the placebo groups (chi-square = 9.63, p = 0.008). Sheehan's scales (parts 1 and 2), Norris visual analogue scales, CHESS 84, CHESS complement 82 for withdrawal evaluation, physician's overall evaluation of efficacy and tolerance, were also used to assess the clinical effects of tetrabamate. The data on these measures confirmed the anxiolytic efficacy of tetrabamate and showed some advantages in the tetrabamate group in comparison with the lorazepam group: a better global tolerance at the study end point (day 35), a greater efficacy on some anxiety somatic items and lesser frequency and severity of withdrawal symptoms during treatment tapering off.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Visual evoked potentials in the evaluation of visual acuity in infants].

Vision acuity was assessed by visual evoked potentials (VEP) in response to low-frequency chess pattern reversion in 31 full-term healthy babies aged 6 to 28 weeks. The mean vision acuity of babies aged 6 to 9 weeks was 0.5 +/- 0.01, of those aged 16 to 18 weeks 0.1 +/- 0.01; in babies aged 24 to 26 weeks vision acuity was at least 0.14, but still lower than in normal-sighted adults. The authors emphasize the advantages of low-frequency chess pattern reversion in assessment of vision acuity from VEP in babies.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of occlusion of the better seeing eye on the function of the visual system in children with unilateral amblyopia].

Vision acuity and visual evoked potentials (VEP) to a homogeneous light field and chess field reversion were studied in children aged 5-6 years with unilateral amblyopia before and after 3-month direct total occlusion of the intact eye. Occlusion of the intact eye resulted in improvement of the vision acuity and VEP of the amblyopic eye, that correlated with the degree of amblyopia. At the same time examinations of the intact eyes revealed reduced amplitude of VEP to large and increased latency to small chess pattern cells but no changes of the vision acuity. The results evidence the necessity of monitoring the occlusion by VEP recording to prevent the detrimental effects of visual deprivation on the development of the system of vision in a child.

Amblyopia↗
PubMed1998

Automation in urodynamics.

The information concerning bladder function during voiding and the size of the outlet resistance is found in relation to detrusor pressure and urinary flow (pressure flow plot). The lowest detrusor pressure during voiding (low-pressure flank) contains information on mechanical resistance (passive urethral resistance relation, PURR). The PURR curve is defined using foot point (cross-section with pressure axis) and slope. An increasing foot point as well as a decrease in the slope of the PURR curve indicate an increase in mechanical resistance. Optimally foot point and curvature must be classified separately as realized by the two-dimensional CHESS classification. The definition of PURR and its classification in CHESS are ideal procedures for a computer which simplifies the process.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1987

Roundtable: what is temperament? Four approaches.

4 current approaches to understanding temperament are discussed in the roundtable. In an introductory overview, Goldsmith outlines some of the major convergences and divergences in the understanding of this concept. Theorists representing 4 positions--Goldsmith, Buss and Plomin, Rothbart, and Thomas and Chess--outline their views by responding to each of 6 questions: How do you define temperament and explain the boundaries of the concept? What are the elements of temperatment? How does the construct of temperament permit you to approach issues or organize data in ways that are possible only if this construct is invoked? How does temperament develop? To what extent do you consider temperament to be a personological versus a relational or an interactional construct? and How does your approach deal with issues of temperamental "difficulty"? In 2 commentaries on the theorists' answers, Hinde highlights differences among their positions and indicates issues that current theories of temperament must take into consideration, and McCall draws on common aspects to propose a synthesizing definition that draws on all 4 approaches.

Arousal↗
PubMed1997

Antigen retrieval techniques in immunohistochemistry: comparison of different methods.

Routine sections of normal and pathological samples fixed in 10 per cent buffered formalin or B5, including EDTA-decalcified bone-marrow biopsies, were tested with 61 antibodies following heating in three different fluids: 0.01 M citrate buffer (pH 6.0), 0.1 M Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), and 1 mM EDTA-NaOH solution (pH 8.0). The sections underwent either three cycles of microwave treatment (5 min each) or pressure cooking for 1-2 min. The alkaline phosphatase/anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) technique was used as the standard detection method; with 16 antibodies a slightly modified streptavidin-biotin complex (SABC)-immunoperoxidase technique was applied in parallel. The results obtained were compared with those observed without any antigen retrieval (AR), or following section digestion with 0.05 per cent protease XIV at 37 degrees C for 5 min. Chess-board titration tests showed that all antibodies but one profited by AR. Protease XIV digestion represented the gold standard for five antibodies, while 55 produced optimal results following the application of heat-based AR. By comparison with the other fluids, EDTA appeared to be superior in terms of both staining intensity and the number of marked cells. These results were independent of tissue processing, immunohistochemical approach, and heating device. Pressure cooking was found to be more convenient on practical grounds, as it allowed the simultaneous handling of a large number of slides and a time saving of 1 min 30 s, representing the proper time for the treatment.

Antigens↗