Electrophoresis of cerebrospinal fluid proteins in certain neurological diseases.
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Human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an important source for studying protein biomarkers of age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Before characterizing biomarkers unique to each disease, it is necessary to categorize CSF proteins systematically and extensively. However, the enormous complexity, great dynamic range of protein concentrations, and tremendous protein heterogeneity due to post-translational modification of CSF create significant challenges to the existing proteomics technologies for an in-depth, nonbiased profiling of the human CSF proteome. To circumvent these difficulties, in the last few years, we have utilized several different separation methodologies and mass spectrometric platforms that greatly enhanced the identification coverage and the depth of protein profiling of CSF to characterize CSF proteome. In total, 2594 proteins were identified in well-characterized pooled human CSF samples using stringent proteomics criteria. This report summarizes our efforts to comprehensively characterize the human CSF proteome to date.
Isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH gradients, supplemented with 0.5% w/v carrier ampholytes was applied for studies of native proteins, especially immunoglobulin G, in cerebrospinal fluid and serum. All 72 paired samples were run on pH 4-10 gels; 25 of them were also examined in pH 7-10 gels. Silver staining and nitrocellulose blotting with amplified immunoperoxidase detection of immunoglobulin G were used for protein visualization. Intrathecally produced immunoglobulin G was resolved into sharply focused, straight and easily identifiable fractions. The pH gradients were stable and the inter-gel reproducibilities of individual immunoglobulin G patterns were good.
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PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analysed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) albumin and immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations and psychometric performance in subclinical (n = 6) and overt hypothyroidism (n = 9) before and after 6 months with L-thyroxine. RESULTS: In overt hypothyroidism, CSF albumin and IgG concentrations were increased before therapy [mean(SD): 328(156) mg/l and 69(27) mg/l], but within the reference interval [198(48) mg/l and 39(11) mg/l], P < 0.05, after therapy. In contrast, in subclinical hypothyroidism CSF protein concentrations were within the reference intervals before and after therapy. Psychometric testing indicated an improvement in performance in both groups. CONCLUSION: The increase in CSF proteins in overt hypothyroidism does not appear to be related to thyroid autoimmune disease per se, since we found no increase in CSF proteins in individuals with subclinical hypothyroidism and presence of thyroid antibodies. The increase might rather be caused by a blood-brain barrier dysfunction related to low thyroid hormone concentrations.
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On a previous paper, based upon the data obtained from comparative studies of cerebrospinal fluid samples of two groups of patients with neurocysticercosis in activity, one with patency, the other one with blockage of the spinal subarachnoid space, evidence was presented that the concentration gradient of proteins along the neuraxis was the consequence of the escape of water from cerebrospinal fluid. The second paper is a continuance of that one. The material for this survey consisted of the clinical records of 11 patients with neurocysticercosis who during the course of the disease presented severe intracranial hypertension which required ventriculoatrial shunt as an emergency operation in order to allow survival. After surgery, it was observed a marked improvement in the clinical picture. Later, it was noticed a large increase in the protein content of the spinal fluid of the majority of the patients, as compared with the results verified prior to surgery. However, in these spinal fluid samples the increase in protein content was observed without a simultaneous rise in cell count, suggesting an improvement in the inflammatory condition. It seems very likely that this large elevation of the protein content in the subarachnoid fluid is the consequence of a reduction in the spinal fluid flow rate due to the ventricle-venous shunt.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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The authors report 650 bidimensional electrophoreses of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). All examinations were carried out after prior concentration of CSF protein. The technic used is that described by Rebeyrotte in 1970. Four types of tracing were noted: -- Two tracings were unusual by the presence of a large peak in the alpha-2 region. -- One tracing was of the hypergamma type. -- One tracing was comparable to serum by the richness of the precipitations. A change in the first migration permitted us to obtain electrophoretic separations from 100 microlitres of pure CSF. The bidimensional immunoelectrophoresis tracings are comparable to those described previously.
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