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PubMed2005

Chocolate coated cats: TYRP1 mutations for brown color in domestic cats.

Brown coat color phenotypes caused by mutations in tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TYRP1) are recognized in many mammals. Brown variations are also recognized in the domestic cat, but the causative mutations are unknown. In cats, Brown, B, has a suggested allelic series, B > b > b1. The B allele is normal wild-type black coloration. Cats with the brown variation genotypes, bb or bb1, are supposedly phenotypically chocolate (aka chestnut) and the light brown genotype, b1b1, are supposedly phenotypically cinnamon (aka red). The complete coding sequence of feline TYRP1 and a portion of the 5' UTR was analyzed by direct sequencing of genomic DNA of wild-type and brown color variant cats. Sixteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. Eight SNPs were in the coding regions, six are silent mutations. Two exon 2 on mutations cause amino acid changes. The C to T nonsense mutation at position 298 causes an arginine at amino acid 100 to be replaced by the opal (UGA) stop codon. This mutation is consistent with the cinnamon phenotype and is the putative light brown, b1, mutation. An intron 6 mutation that potentially disrupts the exon 6 downstream splice-donor recognition site is associated with the chocolate phenotype and is the putative brown, b, mutation. The allelic series was confirmed by segregation and sequence analyses. Three microsatellite makers had significant linkage to the brown phenotype and two for the TYRP1 mutations in a 60-member pedigree. These mutations could be used to identify carriers of brown phenotypes in the domestic cat.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1981

Vascular effects of slow reacting substance (SRS) in the cat nasal mucosa and the appearance of a SRS-like principle in cat nasal secretion on nerve stimulation.

Stimulation of parasympathetic secreto-vasomotor nerve fibres in cat nasal mucosa produced nasal secretions with biological activity similar to cat paw SRS. The biologically active principle was purified by ethanol extraction, Amberlite XAD-2 and anion exchange chromatography. It had elution characteristics common with cat paw SRS but different to those of prostaglandin F2 alpha. The biological activity on the guinea pig ileum was antagonized by FPL 55712. In the cat intraarterial administration of cat paw SRS resulted in a dose-dependent but modest increase in nasal blood flow whereas local blood content was not affected. Provided SRS has similar effects on human nasal blood flow the importance for SRS as a mediator for nasal congestion in allergic rhinitis or parasympathetically induced vasomotor rhinitis seems less likely.

Angiotensin II↗

PubMed1994

Crossed and uncrossed segmental synaptic effects on obliquus externus abdominis motoneurons from cutaneous and cutaneous-muscle nerve in spinal cats and alpha-chloralose-anesthetized cats.

Segmental synaptic responses in the obliquus externus abdominis (OEA) for stimulation of the dorsal cutaneous and cutaneous-muscle (CD) nerve and the ventral cutaneous and cutaneous-muscle (CV) nerve were investigated in 49 spinal cats and 28 cats under alpha-chloralose anesthesia (chloralose cats) with an intracellular recording method. The result that there was no monosynaptic PSP in OEA motoneurons for stimulation of the CD or CV nerves (containing the cutaneous-muscle nerve) indicates that the cutaneous muscle of the dorsal or ventral area does not connect monosynaptically to the OEA motoneuron. The OEA motoneurons in chloralose cats received few effects from descending pathways coming from the upper spinal cord and the brain. Almost all OEA neurons had polysynaptic EPSP responses for stimulation of the ipsilateral or contralateral CD or CV nerves at 5-10T stimulus intensity in spinal or chloralose cats, which indicates that the OEA muscle can contract bilaterally when strong impulses of superficial afferents from the left or right skin or cutaneous muscle enter in the spinal cord.

Anesthesia, General↗

PubMed1975

Studies on Brugia pahangi 9. The longevity of microfilariae transfused from cat to cat.

Microfilariae in whole uncentrifuged cat blood were transfused from infected to normal cats. The recipient cats were bled frequently and the life-span of the microfilariae in the peripheral circulation was determined; The life-span on microfilariae in different cats was ver variable. Microfilariae were detected fro 2-136 days after inoculation. In immunized cats microfilariae could not be detected 18 hours after inoculation. Any attempt to concentrate or clean the microfilariae caused them to disappear from the circulation more quickly.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Immunotherapy with dog and cat allergen preparations in dog-sensitive and cat-sensitive asthmatics.

Standardized dog and cat allergen preparations with defined allergen composition were used for immunotherapy (IT) in dog-sensitive and/or cat-sensitive adult patients. Seventeen patients completed 1 year of IT. Eleven patients were treated with dog allergen, five with cat allergen, and one with both dog and cat allergen. The treatment was well tolerated, with increased subjective tolerance. After 3 months of IT there was a significant decrease in conjunctival (p less than .05) and skin sensitivity (p less than .05). Specific IgE decreased significantly within 1 year as assayed by RAST and IgE-crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis. Specific IgG increased in all patients. The results indicate that IT with potent and standardized dog and cat allergens influence the sensitivity to these allergens.

Allergens↗

PubMed1988

Selective encapsidation of CAT gene transcripts in TMV-infected transgenic tobacco inhibits CAT synthesis.

Young tobacco seedlings (F1-progeny), transformed to express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) mRNA with or without a 3'-proximal copy of the origin-of-assembly sequence (OAS) from tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA (residues 5118-5550), were inoculated with TMV. After 21 days, virus symptoms were observed and systemic TMV infections were confirmed by Western blotting for viral coat protein and by electron microscopy of leaf saps. CAT activities were measured in extracts of leaf discs taken before, and 21 days after, virus inoculation. On average, the systemic leaves from TMV-infected CAT-transgenic plants containing the OAS exhibited 3.2-fold less CAT activity than the equivalent leaves from CAT-transgenic control plants lacking the OAS. Hence selective, OAS-dependent encapsidation of nuclear DNA transcripts into TMV-like (pseudovirus) particles can reduce expression of a particular mRNA, post-transcriptionally, in vivo. Furthermore, these data indicate that TMV self-assembly is not restricted to an exclusive subcellular compartment in vivo, and that formation of natural pseudovirions (A. Siegel, Virology 46, 50-59 (1971)) may shut off specific host RNA functions.

Acetyltransferases↗

PubMed2005

A comparison of CAT Doppler and oscillometric Memoprint machines for non-invasive blood pressure measurement in conscious cats.

Indirect blood pressure measurements were compared in 28 conscious cats using Doppler and oscillometric blood pressure-measuring devices. Ten cats were used to compare Doppler measurements between two examiners and 18 cats were used to compare Doppler and oscillometric measurements. The Doppler machine obtained systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings in 100% and 51% of attempts, respectively. With the oscillometric machine, systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings were obtained in 52% of the attempts. With the Doppler, measures of mean systolic blood pressure between two examiners were positively correlated, but there was no correlation for diastolic blood pressure measures. When comparing the results obtained by Doppler and oscillometric machines there was no significant difference between mean systolic blood pressure readings, but the oscillometric machine produced significantly higher estimates of diastolic blood pressure. In both cases, the standard deviations for the oscillometric machine were considerably larger than those for the Doppler machine. The first reading of systolic blood pressure obtained with the Doppler machine was an excellent predictor of the mean of five readings, but this was not so for the oscillometric machine. It took less than 5 min to obtain five readings in 37.5% of cases with the Doppler machine but this was true for only 5% of cases with the oscillometric machine. Two cats with ophthalmological lesions consistent with systemic hypertension were identified. In these two patients, systolic blood pressure measurements were between 200 and 225 mmHg when measured by Doppler, and between 140 and 150 mmHg when measured by the oscillometric machine. This suggests that a lower reference range for normal systolic blood pressure values should be used for the oscillometric device.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Natural FCoV infection: cats with FIP exhibit significantly higher viral loads than healthy infected cats.

Natural feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection has been shown to not only induce intestinal infection with viral shedding, but also systemic infection which either remains without clinical signs or leads to feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). As systemic infection is not the key event in the development of FIP, the question arises as to whether a potential difference in viral load might be of importance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to quantitatively assess feline coronavirus (FCoV) RNA loads in haemolymphatic tissues of healthy, long-term FCoV-infected cats and cats with FIP. In cats that died from FIP, viral loads were significantly higher, indicating a higher rate of viral replication or a reduced capacity for viral clearance in cats developing and/or suffering from FIP.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Bacteriological warfare amongst cats: what have we learned about cat bite infections?

Cat bite infections are one of the most common infectious diseases presenting to veterinary practices and to emergency rooms at human hospitals. This review describes the disease in humans and cats, the origin of organisms involved in cat bite abscesses and the importance of selected organisms such as members of the genus Porphyromonas in the disease. It also discusses future directions, the importance of identifying significant organisms and why an understanding of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns is of consequence to the outcome of the disease in humans and cats.

Abscess↗

PubMed2005

Calcinosis involving multiple paws in a cat with chronic renal failure and in a cat with hyperthyroidism.

Calcinosis of multiple paws is described in two cats. A metastatic pathogenesis was supported by the laboratory findings of hyperphosphataemia and a calcium x phosphorus solubility product > 7 g/L. Hyperparathyroidism could not be confirmed because a valid feline parathyroid hormone assay was not available at the time. One cat was diagnosed with chronic renal failure and presented initially with an irregular nodular calcification on the chin. Dietary and medical management was unsuccessful and ultimately the animal was euthanased. Hyperthyroidism was diagnosed in another cat by laboratory findings and scintigraphic imaging. In addition, the cat had a hyperphosphataemia in the absence of azotaemia. Intravenous administration of radioactive iodine as (131)I was accompanied by reduction and normalization in serum total thyroxine and phosphorus concentrations and resulted in resolution of calcification in the paws.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

[Urine protein analysis with the sodium-dodecyl-sulfate-polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in healthy cats and cats with kidney diseases].

In this investigation, the value of urine protein analysis by means of molecular-weight related sodium dodecyl-polyacryl gradient gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was examined with regard to its applicability and diagnostic significance in nephropathy in the cat. A total of 87 cats was included in the study, 30 of them that were clinically healthy served as the control group. The urine protein pattern of this group had, besides the band representing the market albumin, and additional broad band within the size of the marker transferrin. In some cases, weak bands were present within the range of the Tamm-Horsfall-protein and immunoglobulin G. Micromolecular protein bands were not demonstrable. The remaining 57 animals had a histologically proven nephropathy. Thirty-eight cats had elevated urea and/or creatinine values in the plasma (group 1), and 19 animals had values within the reference range (group 2). The urine protein pattern as evidenced by SDS-urine electrophoresis was altered in all cats with histologically proven nephropathy, and it is thus concluded that with this technique a nephropathy can be diagnosed very early and prior to changes of plasma urea and creatinine (group 2). Moreover, in most of the cases, the nephrological changes can be classified as glomerular or tubulo-interstitial (group 1 and group 2). However, it is not possible to draw exact conclusions concerning the underlying morphological changes, nor can the severity of the disease be correctly assessed.

Albuminuria↗

PubMed1986

Flow cytometric and radioisotopic determinations of platelet survival time in normal cats and feline leukemia virus-infected cats.

This study demonstrates the potential usefulness of a flow cytometric technique to measure platelet survival time in cats utilizing autologous platelets labeled in vitro with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). When compared with a 51Cr method, no significant differences in estimated survival times were found. Both the 51Cr and FITC-labeling procedures induced similar changes in platelet shape and collagen-induced aggregation. Platelets labeled with FITC had significantly greater volumes compared with those of glutaraldehyde-fixed platelets. These changes were primarily related to the platelet centrifugation and washing procedures rather than the labels themselves. This novel technique potentially has wide applicability to cell circulation time studies as flow cytometry equipment becomes more readily available. Problems with the technique are discussed. In a preliminary study of the platelet survival time in feline leukemia virus (FeLV)-infected cats, two of three cats had significantly reduced survival times using both flow cytometric and radioisotopic methods. These data suggest increased platelet turnover in FeLV-infected cats.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Alpha and beta cells projecting from retina to lamina A of the lateral geniculate nucleus in normal cats, monocularly deprived cats, and young kittens.

We strictly limited small injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to lamina A of the lateral geniculate nucleus of cats. This was done to label retrogradely only the alpha (Y) and beta (X) classes of retinal ganglion cell. Eighty-six such injections at a range of matched eccentricities were made bilaterally in 9 normal adult cats, 7 cats reared from birth to adulthood with monocular lid suture, and 9 normal kittens at 4 weeks of age; 5348 alpha and beta cells were retrogradely labeled from these injections. Quantitative measurements were made from these labeled cells and compared among 4 experimental conditions, these being normal adult retinas, the nondeprived and deprived retinas of lid sutured cats, and the retinas of kittens. Each injection led to a similar relative ratio of labeled alpha and beta cells (typically 5-15% alpha cells) that did not differ significantly among the experimental conditions, but further analysis suggested a slight diminution of labeled alpha cells in deprived retinas. Because the larger arbors of retinogeniculate Y axons are more likely to penetrate small geniculate HRP injection sites from eccentric locations than would be the case for the more restricted arbors of X axons, a normal tendency resulted for the peripheral halo of zones of retrograde labeling to be dominated by alpha cells. Thus a more accurate reflection of the relative numbers of labeled alpha and beta cells would result from considering only the core of zones of retrograde labeling. When this is done, deprived retinas exhibited relatively fewer labeled alpha cells than did normal, nondeprived, or kitten retinas. This may relate to prior observations (Sur et al. 1982) that abnormally few Y axons from the deprived retina innervate lamina A. No statistically significant differences in alpha or beta cell size were seen among normal, nondeprived, and deprived retinas, although both of these cell types in the kittens were equally smaller than their normal adult counterparts. This is particularly interesting in view of the postnatal growth of retinogeniculate axon arbors (Sur et al. 1984). The results are not surprising for alpha cells, since retinogeniculate Y axon arbors grow considerably after 4 weeks of age, but they are surprising for beta cells, since retinogeniculate arbors of X axons decrease after 4 weeks of age. This suggests no clear, general relationship between soma size and the extent of a cell's axonal arbor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1984

[3H]p-Aminoclonidine binding to multiple alpha 2-adrenoceptor sites in homogenates of cat frontal cortex and cat spinal cord.

We have investigated the characteristics of [3H]p-aminoclonidine binding to homogenates of cat frontal cortex and of cat spinal cord. At 37 degrees C, saturable [3H]p-aminoclonidine binding displayed rapid association and dissociation kinetics. Scatchard plots of data obtained from either tissue were consistently biphasic. Computer-assisted nonlinear least squares regression analysis based upon a one ligand/two binding site model was employed to resolve these plots into two linear components. The results of this analysis indicate that, for homogenates of either tissue, the KD of [3H]p-aminoclonidine binding, to the high and low affinity binding sites respectively, is approximately 0.5 nM and 9 nM. Mean Bmax values (fmol/mg protein), for the high and low affinity binding sites respectively, of 28 and 149 for homogenates of cat frontal cortex and 7.1 and 56 for homogenates of cat spinal cord were obtained. The results of competitive inhibition experiments, where 0.13 nM [3H]p-aminoclonidine was used, indicate that catecholamines compete for [3H]p-aminoclonidine binding sites in a stereoselective fashion, and that these sites possess a pharmacology characteristic of alpha 2-adrenoceptors. The results of Hill analysis of the competition data suggest that alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists and alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists possess selective affinity for these two alpha 2-adrenoceptor binding sites. The two populations of saturable [3H]p-aminoclonidine binding sites appear to correspond to those alpha 2-adrenoceptor ligand binding sites that have been referred to as the 'super high' and 'high' affinity state of the alpha 2-adrenoceptors.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Early sensory determinants of locomotor speed in adult cats: I. Visual compensation after bilabyrinthectomy in cats and kittens.

After a study of locomotion in cats deprived of their vestibular receptors early in life, the average speed of locomotion was measured in 3 adult cats, first before and then several months after bilateral labyrinthectomy, in a task involving free locomotion across platforms, rails or ladders and under normal illumination versus stroboscopic illumination or darkness. In the absence of visual cues, cats which received lesions as adults showed, on both wide and narrow supports, the same speed deficits as those of subjects which underwent lesions soon after birth. Visual cues were, however, used by some cats with early lesions to recover near normal performances on wide platforms. Evidence was found that the vestibular deficit comprised at least 3 components: a severe loss of dynamic balance occurred in all subjects with lesions and was mostly not compensated for by vision; a loss of the ability to keep to a straight course in darkness was observed on wide platforms, but vision considerably improved this function, even under stroboscopic illumination; a slight paw adjustment deficit was also observed on irregular supports, due to the fact that vision played a decreased role after the vestibular lesion. These effects point to the specificity of the vestibular control of balance, the availability of several sensorimotor strategies for orientation, and the complementarity of vestibular and visual inputs in guiding the subjects' step. We confirm here that vestibular inputs do not play a critical role during locomotor development, and stress the fact that peripheral visual cues about position or orientation (rather than motion), play a leading role in compensatory strategies.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed1992

Cat gastrinoma and the sequence of cat gastrins.

Following the curative resection of a pancreatic gastrinoma in a cat, gastrin peptides were purified from the tissue and sequenced. The sequence of cat gastrinoma G17 (18-34) confirms the previously published sequence. The sequence of cat G34 (1-34) is reported for the first time. The NH2-terminal portion of cat G34 differs from that of dog by having a Q (Gln) for L (Leu) at position 10 from the NH2-terminus.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1991

Isolation and purification of cat albumin from cat serum by copper ion affinity chromatography: further analysis of its primary structure.

Proteins, regardless of their origin, have to be highly purified, particularly from the immunochemical point of view, if they are to be used to study their allergenicity. It is shown that cat albumin, a highly potent allergen for cat-sensitive humans, can be isolated and purified from cat serum using immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (copper ions) instead of a salting-out process or precipitation with alcohol, techniques generally used for the preparation of serum proteins. During the process described, immunoglobulins are concomitantly isolated in a relatively pure form. Cat albumin amino acid composition and sequence were analysed after an ultimate purification by ion-exchange chromatography. The highest homology (greater than 80%) was found with the rat serum albumin.

Albumins↗

PubMed1991

Morphine effects in brainstem-transected cats: II. Behavior and sleep of the decerebrate cat.

Previous studies have shown that opiates suppress both non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Furthermore, during the induced insomnia period, characteristic species-specific behaviors occur which are associated with high voltage slow waves in the EEG. This paper investigates the lower brainstem mechanisms involved in the generation of these effects, and describes the action of single morphine doses (0.5, 2.0 or 3.0 mg/kg, i.p.) on the behavior and REM sleep of chronic decerebrate cats. The effects of morphine in the decerebrate cat followed a 3-stage time course similar to that seen in intact cats: (1) autonomic manifestations (3-8 min postdrug); (2) a quiet state (10-60 min postdrug) with behavioral signs of NREM; and (3) a state of activated behavior (1-6 h postdrug), including motor activity and variations in muscle tone. The decerebrate cats also showed a dose-dependent suppression of REM sleep. The present results indicate that: (1) the lower brainstem provides the basic mechanisms for the behavioral deactivation-activation and the autonomic effects of the drug; (2) hypnogenic and synchronizing influences arising from the brainstem might induce the high voltage, slow burst EEG produced by opiates; (3) REM sleep suppression originates only partially in the lower brainstem; (4) the subsidiary action of the prosencephalon seems to be required for the full expression of the drug's effect on behavior and the EEG.

Animals↗