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PubMed1989

[Fecal fat excretion rate in patients with Crohn's disease--comparison of a diet containing 50 g/day of fat with elemental diet with an addition of 50 g/day butter fat].

Fecal fat excretion rate was determined by the method of Van de Kamer in 31 patients with Crohn's disease and six healthy controls, when fed by the diet containing 50 g/day of fat. Patients with jejuno-ileitis and those with partial and extensive resection showed a significantly greater excretion rate compared with patients with ileitis and healthy controls, however, there was no significant difference between patients with ileitis and healthy controls. In this study, the fecal excretion rate was less than 10 g/day in non-operated cases. Our results seems to be smaller than those in previous studies from the western countries. Fecal fat excretion rate was determined in 12 patients with non-operated Crohn's disease and six healthy controls, when fed by the additional 50 g/day butter fat during the elemental diet. With ingestion of the additional 50 g/day butter fat during elemental diet, fecal fat excretion rate was significantly increased in the patients with non-operated Crohn's disease than the results of the diet containing 50 g/day fat, but not significantly changed in the healthy controls. This result suggest that determination of fecal fat excretion rate with fed by the additional 50 g/day butter fat during elemental diet is a useful test for detecting a mild fat malabsorption in non-operated Crohn's disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Determination of aflatoxin B1 in corn, wheat, and peanut butter by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and solid phase radioimmunoassay.

Determinations of aflatoxin B1 in corn, wheat, and peanut butter by an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) and a solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) were compared. Samples spiked with 2.9-43.2 ppb B1 were subjected to AOAC extraction procedure 26.017 or 26.023. The extracts were concentrated, redissolved in methanol, diluted in phosphate-buffered saline with Tween 20, and directly analyzed for B1 by either ELISA or RIA. At 5.8 ppb or greater, recoveries for B1 in corn, wheat, and peanut butter samples were 80.0, 86.6, and 94.8% by ELISA and 61.0, 93.3, and 110.0% by RIA, respectively. Recoveries greater than 120% were obtained for the wheat and peanut butter samples spiked with 2.9 ppb aflatoxin B1 by the RIA method but not by ELISA. Overall results indicated that ELISA gave more consistent data, relatively lower standard deviations, and lower coefficients of variation than did RIA. Analysis of 3 samples naturally contaminated with aflatoxins revealed that the ELISA data were comparable to those obtained by other established chemical methods.

Aflatoxin B1↗
PubMed2000

Individual cholesterol variation in response to a margarine- or butter-based diet: A study in families.

CONTEXT: The effectiveness of dietary modification in reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels can be reliably predicted for populations, but not for individuals. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether individual variation in cholesterol response to dietary modification is a familial trait. DESIGN: Two-period, outpatient crossover trial conducted from September 1997 to September 1999. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-six families from the Dallas-Ft Worth, Tex, area with 2 biological parents and at least 2 children aged 5 years or older volunteered; 46 families (n = 92 adults and n = 134 children) completed the study. INTERVENTION: All families followed two 5-week dietary regimens that included individualized daily dietary prescriptions and emphasized a low-saturated fat diet supplemented with specially manufactured baked goods and spreadable fat. One regimen used butter only and the other used margarine only. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Mean LDL-C levels during the last 2 weeks of each dietary period. RESULTS: Margarine intake compared with butter intake lowered LDL-C levels 11% in adults (95% confidence interval [CI], 13% to 9%) and 9% in children (95% CI, 12% to 6%) (P<.001 for both adults and children). The distribution of individual responses were peaked around the mean response. For adults and children together, family membership accounted for 19% of variability in response (P =.007). In children, family membership accounted for 40% of variability in response of percent change in LDL-C levels (P =.002). Body mass index and change in cholesterol ester (CE) 18:2/18:1 ratio accounted for 26% of variation, leaving 26% still attributable to family membership. In all participants, BMI predicted response-heavier individuals had higher LDL-C levels, less excursion in CE fatty acids, and less LDL-C response to dietary change. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that individual variation in response to a cholesterol-lowering diet is a familial trait. Body weight is an important modifiable factor that influences response. JAMA. 2000;284:2740-2747.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Hypersensitivity reactions to food colours with special reference to the natural colour annatto extract (butter colour).

It is well known that synthetic food colours especially some azo dyes can provoke hypersensitivity reactions such as urticaria, angioneurotic oedema, and astma (Michaëlsson and Juhlin, 1973, Granholt and Thune, 1975). Natural food colours are scarcely investigated with respect to potential allergic properties. Annatto extract, a commonly used food colour in edible fats e.g. butter, has been tested in patients. Among 61 consecutive patients suffereing from chornic urticaria and/or angioneurotic oedema 56 patients were orally provoked by annatto extract during elimination diet. Challenge was performed with a dose equivalent to the amount used in 25 grammes of butter. Twentysix per cent of the patients reacted to this colour 4 hours (SD: 2,6) after intake. Similar challenges with synthetic dyes showed the following results: Tartrazine 11%, Sunset Yellow FCF 17%, Food Red 17 16%, Amaranth 9%, Ponceau 4 R 15%, Erythrosine 12% and Brillant Blue FCF 14%. The present study indicates that natural food colours may induce hypersensitivity reactions as frequent as synthetic dyes.

Angioedema↗
PubMed1995

Lipase from Pseudomonas fragi CRDA 323: partial purification, characterization and interesterification of butter fat.

Several strains of Pseudomonas were screened for lipase production using the rhodamine agar diffusion test. On the basis of the diameter of the halo produced, P. fragi CRDA 323 and P. putida ATCC 795 were considered to be good and weak lipase producers respectively. P. fragi, cultured in a 2-l fermenter, produced a maximal amount of lipase after 3-4 days of incubation at 27 degrees C. The lipase extract of P. fragi was obtained by acidification of culture supernatant at pH 4.0 and partially purified with ammonium sulphate precipitation. The majority of lipase activity (42%) was located in fraction IV, precipitated at 20%-40% of saturation, with a 19-fold enzyme purification. The Km and Vmax values for the partially purified enzymatic extract (fraction IV) were 0.70 mg/ml and 0.97 x 10(-3) U/min respectively. Fraction IV, which showed an optimum activity at pH 8.5, was used for the interesterification of butter fat in a microemulsion free co-surfactant system containing Span 60 (sorbitol monostearate) and Tween 60 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate) in the ratio 48:52 (v/v). The results showed that the interesterification of butter fat resulted in a considerable decrease in long-chain saturated fatty acids (C12:0, C14:0 and C16:0) with a concomitant increase in C18:0 and C18:1 at the sn-2 position of selected triacylglycerols. In addition, the results demonstrated an increase in the fatty acids (C12:0, C14:0 and 16:0) among the 1 and 3 positions of the triacylglycerol molecules of modified buffer fat accompanied by a decrease in C18:0 and C18:1.

Butter↗
PubMed1988

Analysis of triazine herbicides residues in butter and pasteurized milk.

A method has been developed for the determination of atrazine, cyanazine, prometryn, simazine, and terbutryn residues in butter. The residues were extracted from the matrix with a mixture of petroleum ether/methanol (3 + 1), and from the separated water-methanol phase extraction was carried out with chloroform. The extract was cleaned up on an alumina column. Capillary glass liquid chromatography using a 15 m x 0.32 mm glass capillary column coated with OV-1 and an alcali flame ionization detector were employed for the analysis of the residues. The analyses were evaluated by the internal standard method, using metribuzin as the internal standard. The recovery of the method was 68.7%-79.8% for the individual herbicides under study at the fortification level of 0.1 mg.kg-1 and 79.2%-91.9% at the fortification level of 0.02 mg.kg-1. The determination limit of the method was 0.005 mg.kg-1. When centrifuging full milk, residues of triazines were partitioned between the water and fat phases, whereby 17%-82% of the residues were transferred to the milk fat. Samples of commercial butter were analysed and found to contain 0.005-0.023 mg.kg-1 atrazine.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of butter and soybean oils on solid-phase gastric emptying in patients with functional dyspepsia.

BACKGROUND: To determine whether vegetable fats cause a slower or quicker rate of gastric emptying (GE) than animal fats, we evaluated the effect of animal butter and vegetable soybean oil on solid-phase GE in patients with functional dyspepsia. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with functional dyspepsia were enrolled in this study. Radionuclide-labeled solid meals were used to evaluate GE. A study meal was composed of 206.8 kcal to 9.2 g protein, 45 g carbohydrate, and 10 g fat (formula 1, with animal butter: 26.2% saturated palmitic acid, 29.1% unsaturated oleic acid, 3.5% linoleic acid, and 0.5% linolenic acid; formula 2, with vegetable soybean oil: 11.0% saturated palmitic acid, 23.4% unsaturated oleic acid, 53.7% linoleic acid, and 7.8% linolenic acid). Each patient received formulas 1 and 2 as study meals on separate days. GE was represented by the gastric retention ratio of the study meal at 90 min (RR90): RR90 = residual radioactivity within the region of interest (ROI) covering the entire stomach at 90 min divided by the initial radioactivity within the ROI at 0 min. RESULTS: The RR90 was 0.648 +/- 0.156 for formula 1 and 0.600 +/- 0.131 for formula 2. There was no significant difference for the RR99 between formulas 1 and 2 (paired Student's t test, p > 0.05). Of the 27 patients, 12 (44.4%) demonstrated an increased RR99 from formula 1 to formula 2, and the RR90 of remaining 15 (55.6%) patient decreased. In addition, neither the patients with increased RR90 nor those with decreased RR90 showed a difference of symptoms between the two study meals. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that there is no difference between these two types of fat on gastric emptying.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Multivariate prediction of clarified butter composition using Raman spectroscopy.

Raman spectroscopy has been used to predict the abundance of the FA in clarified butterfat that was obtained from dairy cows fed a range of levels of rapeseed oil in their diet. Partial least squares regression of the Raman spectra against FA compositions obtained by GC showed good prediction for the five major (abundance >5%) FA with R2 = 0.74-0.92 and a root mean SE of prediction (RMSEP) that was 5-7% of the mean. In general, the prediction accuracy fell with decreasing abundance in the sample, but the RMSEP was <10% for all but one of the 10 FA present at levels >1.25%. The Raman method has the best prediction ability for unsaturated FA (R2 = 0.85-0.92), and in particular trans unsaturated FA (best-predicted FA was 18:1 t delta9). This enhancement was attributed to the isolation of the unsaturated modes from the saturated modes and the significantly higher spectral response of unsaturated bonds compared with saturated bonds. Raman spectra of the melted butter samples could also be used to predict bulk parameters calculated from standard analyzes, such as iodine value (R2 = 0.80) and solid fat content at low temperature (R2 = 0.87). For solid fat contents determined at higher temperatures, the prediction ability was significantly reduced (R2 = 0.42), and this decrease in performance was attributed to the smaller range of values in solid fat content at the higher temperatures. Finally, although the prediction errors for the abundances of each of the FA in a given sample are much larger with Raman than with full GC analysis, the accuracy is acceptably high for quality control applications. This, combined with the fact that Raman spectra can be obtained with no sample preparation and with 60-s data collection times, means that high-throughput, on-line Raman analysis of butter samples should be possible.

Butter↗
PubMed1999

Lipidemic effects of an interesterified mixture of butter, medium-chain triacylglycerol and safflower oils.

The objective of this study was to determine if the positional structure of dietary triacylglycerol affected lipidemic responses. Thirty healthy adults (16 men and 14 postmenopausal women) with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations >3.37 mM (130 mg/dL) enrolled in a prospective, single-blind, cross-over outpatient clinical trial that consisted of two 5-wk dietary phases. After baseline screening, subjects were instructed to follow individualized meal plans (weight maintenance diets with 36% of total energy from fat, half of which was from a test oil) and randomized to receive either butter (B) or an interesterified mixture (IM) of butter, medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT), and safflower oils. Blood drawn during weeks 5 and 10 of feeding was analyzed for total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C),LDL-C, and triacylglycerols (TAG). Mean plasma levels of TC (B, 6.98+/-1.06 mM; IM, 7.09+/-1.20 mM), HDL-C (B,1.30+/-0.35 mM; IM, 1.29+/-0.34 mM), and LDL-C (B, 4.91+/-0.95 mM; IM, 4.92+/-1.10 mM) were not significantly different between the two dietary treatments. Mean TAG levels were higher for the interesterified B-MCT mixture (B, 1.75+/-0.72 mM; IM, 1.96+/-0.86 mM, P < 0.05). We conclude that an IM of B, MCT, and safflower oils as compared to native B has no appreciable effect on plasma cholesterol concentrations but is associated with a modest rise in plasma TAG.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1988

Effects of dietary butter enrichment on the fatty acid distribution of phospholipid fractions isolated from rat platelets and aortae.

Rats were maintained for 2 weeks on a low-fat basal diet (5% energy) and a diet from which 50% of the energy was derived from butter. Lipids were extracted from aortae and platelets and the fatty acid profiles of individual phospholipids were examined. Similar responses to dietary butter enrichment occurred in PI, PS, PE and PC fractions from either tissue: 20:4(n - 6) and all other n - 6 series longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids except 20:3(n - 6) decreased in percentage; all n - 3 series polyunsaturated fatty acids increased, including 20:5(n - 3) and 22:6(n - 3); n - 9 series polyunsaturated fatty acids, derived from 18:1(n - 9), increased. Despite the considerable redistribution of polyunsaturated fatty acids, the percentages of total polyunsaturated fatty acids in each phospholipid were, in every case, independent of diet. None of the changes were localized in a particular phospholipid fraction. Quantitation of fatty acids using heptadecanoic acid as an internal standard revealed that the concentrations of 20:4(n - 6) in platelet and aortic PE and PC was higher than in PI fractions. Therefore, in terms of substrate amount, it appears that PC and PE as well as PI have the potential to provide endogenous 20:4(n - 6) for oxygenation to the prostanoids thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin I2.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Arachidonic acid supplementation dose-dependently reverses the effects of a butter-enriched diet in rats.

Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed a butter-enriched diet (50% fat) for 2 weeks which was supplemented orally with 9, 18, 36, or 72 mg/day of ethyl arachidonate for a further 2 weeks. The control group of animals were fed a 5% fat diet for 4 weeks. Aortic prostacyclin (PGI2) production, platelet aggregation and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) production and plasma and aortic phospholipid (PL) fatty acids were measured. 50% butter-feeding resulted in a significant reduction in aortic PGI2 production and collagen-induced platelet aggregation and TXA2 production. These changes were accompanied by a reduction in plasma and aortic PL arachidonic acid levels and an increase in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid (ETA) and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA). These changes in prostanoid production, platelet aggregation and PL fatty acid composition were dose-dependently reversed by the daily oral administration of ethyl arachidonate (9, 18, 36, or 72 mg). The threshold dose being as little as 9 mg of ethyl arachidonate/rat/day for reversal of PL fatty acid composition, collagen-induced platelet aggregation and TXA2 production, and 18 mg of ethyl arachidonate/rat/day for reversal of aortic PGI2 production. Full reversal was seen generally with 36 or 72 mg of ethyl arachidonate/rat/day. The data highlight the responsiveness of tissue eicosanoid production to small quantities (ppm) of dietary eicosanoid precursors.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Contamination of liquid milk and butter with pesticide residues in the Ludhiana district of Punjab state, India.

An analysis of 92 samples of liquid milk from Ludhiana, India, during 1999-2001 revealed the presence of DDT in 6 (7.4%) samples and of these 2 samples were found to exceed the maximum residue limit (MRL) of DDT fixed at 0.05 mg kg(-1) (on a whole milk basis). HCH residues were detected in 49 (53.3%) samples and constituted only gamma-HCH (lindane). The MRL of lindane is fixed at 0.01 mg kg(-1) (whole milk basis), and all 49 liquid milk samples exceeded this value. These results are indicative of contamination of bovine milk with pesticide residues as a result of the ban on the use of DDT and HCH in agriculture and public health programs. Similarly, analysis of 40 samples of butter showed the presence of DDT and HCH in 28 and 8 samples, respectively. However, none of the samples exceeded the MRL value of either DDT or any isomer of HCH. DDT residues comprised mainly p,p-DDE and p,p-TDE, whereas HCH residues were present as lindane in 6 samples, and 2 samples revealed the presence of beta-HCH. The estimated daily intake of lindane through the consumption of contaminated liquid milk exceeded its acceptable daily intake value for children. Interestingly, none of the liquid milk or butter samples revealed the presence of any commonly used organophosphorus or synthetic pyrethroid insecticides at their detection limit of 0.01 mg kg(-1).

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Modification of the fatty acid composition of rat heart sarcolemma with dietary cod liver oil, corn oil or butter.

The effect of dietary cod liver oil, corn oil or butter upon the lipid composition of cardiac sarcolemma and the activity of sarcolemmal Na+, K+ ATPase was examined in male Wistar rats. The cod liver oil diet caused significant changes in the fatty acid composition of the major phospholipids of sarcolemma, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. In both these phospholipids arachidonic acid, 20:4 (n - 6) was reduced by about 50% compared to rats fed butter or corn oil and was replaced by the (n - 3) fatty acids eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. The corn oil diet caused a significant diminution in the oleic acid content of phosphatidyl choline and elevation of linoleic acid in phosphatidyl ethanolamine. The phospholipid class composition, total phospholipid fatty acid content and cholesterol content of sarcolemma were not altered by the diets used. The activity of Na+, K+ ATPase in the cardiac sarcolemma was not significantly changed by the different diets.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Comparability of world-wide analytical data of PCDDs, PCDFs and non-ortho PCBs in samples of chicken, butter and salmon.

It was the primary objective of the present study to elucidate, from a chemical analytical point of view, the comparability of dioxin determinations and the consequences concerning the data on levels in food reported world-wide. To do so, an international intercalibration study on the determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like PCBs in three natural food items was performed between March and June 2000. Samples of chicken, butter and salmon, collected in Norway, where sent to 42 laboratories and analysed for 20 PCDDs/PCDFs/non-ortho PCBs. The study generated congener-specific data for the three food matrixes both on wet weight and lipid basis. The reported data from 37 laboratories, in 15 countries, were statistically analysed in order to determine the congener-specific comparability as well as the comparability based on a toxic equivalency value (TEQ). Based on the reported data the mean relative standard deviations (mean RSD) for the WHO98-TEQDFP measurements were found to range from 36% to 57% the three foods. For chicken, the consensus level was 1.2 ppt TEQ on lipid basis, and the reported levels by 24 laboratories were between 0.53 and 2.2 ppt. For butter, the consensus was 0.55 ppt TEQ. 27 laboratories reported levels from 0.18 up to 1.5 ppt. For the salmon, sample levels of 5.9 to 38 ppt TEQ (by 25 laboratories) was reported where 15 ppt was the consensus value. It can thus be concluded that the world-wide data on dioxins, at background levels in foods, are not direct numerically comparable due to inherent analytical reasons. Up to 50% deviations are expected when interlaboratory dioxin results for foods are compared.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Determination of cadmium, lead, and copper in margarines and butters by galvanostatic stripping chronopotentiometry.

A galvanostatic stripping chronopotentiometric (GSCP) method for the simultaneous determination of cadmium, lead, and copper in commercial margarines and butters is described. Quantitative analyses of heavy metals in the mineralized fat samples, except standard addition method, were carried out automatically. The mean concentrations of Cd(II), Pb(II), and Cu(II) in different types of margarines and butters varied from 9.1 to 26.2, 9.2-14.2, 298.2-364.0 microg x kg(-)(1), respectively, that is below the legal requirements. The detection limits are 0.02, 0.02, and 0.06 microg x L(-)(1) for Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cu(II), while the reproducibilities are 3.3, 5.7, and 2.0%, respectively. The comparable precision (RSD = 0.76-4.5 and 0.87-4.9%) and recovery (96.7-102.2% and 96.1-103.2%) for the proposed GSCP and standard GFAAS methods, demonstrate the benefit of GSCP method in the routine analysis of heavy metal ions in fats.

Butter↗
PubMed1999

Effects of butter oil blends with increased concentrations of stearic, oleic and linolenic acid on blood lipids in young adults.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this present project was to evaluate a more satisfactory effect on plasma lipoprotein profile of spreads based on dairy fat. DESIGN: This study was designed as a randomised cross-over experiment with a three-week treatment separated by a three-week wash-out period. Sixty five grams of the fat content of the habitual diets was replaced by either butter/grapeseed oil (90:10) (BG); butter oil and low erucic rapeseed oil (65:35) (BR) or butter blended in a 1:1 ratio with a interesterified mixture of rapeseed oil and fully hydrogenated rapeseed oil (70: 30) (BS). SUBJECTS: Thirteen healthy free-living young men (age 21-26 y) fulfilled the study. INTERVENTIONS: At the beginning and end of each diet period two venous blood samples were collected. Triacylglycerol and cholesterol concentrations in total plasma and VLDL, LDL, IDL and HDL fractions were measured, as were apo A-1 and apo B concentrations. Fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids, plasma cholesterol ester and platelets was also determined. RESULTS: Significantly (P < 0.05) lower total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations were observed after the BR and BS period, compared to BG. The effect of BR and BS did not differ. BG and BR resulted in equal concentrations of HDL-C, but significantly higher than BS. Consequently, a significantly lower LDL-C/HDL-C ratio was seen after the BR treatment compared to BG and BS. Apo A-1 concentrations were not significantly different, but Apo B was significantly increased after BG. CONCLUSIONS: Partially replacing milk fat with rapeseed oil seems to yield a more healthy spread. Stearic acid had a HDL-C lowering effect compared to milk fat, but did not affect LDL-C significantly. The addition of stearic acid did not improve the plasma lipoprotein profile for young men with low cholesterol levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Comparison of the modulatory influence of maize and olive oils and butter on metabolic responses to endotoxin in rats.

1. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease responses to cytokines and inflammatory agents. The present study examines how different intakes of n-6 and n-9 fatty acids influence the metabolic response to endotoxin in Wistar rats. 2. Weanling male rats were, for 4 weeks, fed diets containing 50, 100 or 200 g/kg fat in the form of maize oil (rich in linoleic acid), butter (poor in linoleic acid, rich in oleic acid) or olive oil (adequate in linoleic acid, rich in oleic acid) or standard laboratory chow. All butter and olive oil diets included 10 g/kg maize oil, in total fat, to avoid essential fatty acid deficiency. 3. Rats subsequently received 800 micrograms/kg Escherichia coli endotoxin or sterile saline subcutaneously. Twenty-four hours after injection, the rate of tissue protein synthesis was measured in liver, lung, kidney, tibialis muscle and spleen by the 'flooding dose' method. Protein and zinc concentrations were assayed in all tissues and serum albumin and caeruloplasmin measured. 4. In animals fed chow, protein synthetic rate increased by 18%, 29% and 27% in liver, lung and kidney respectively. Tissue zinc concentrations increased by 33% in kidney, and tissue protein increased by 17%, 23% and 17% in liver, lung and kidney respectively. Serum caeruloplasmin increased by 60% and albumin concentration fell by 14%. 5. In animals consuming the 50 g/kg maize oil diet, protein synthetic rate increased by 56%, 36% and 34% in liver, lung and kidney respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Studies into the transfer and migration of phthalate esters from aluminium foil-paper laminates to butter and margarine.

Retail samples of Canadian butter and margarine wrapped in aluminium foil-paper laminate were found to contain dibutyl, butyl benzyl and/or di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DBP, BBP, DEHP) as packaging migrants at levels up to 10.6, 47.8 and 11.9 micrograms/g, respectively. These phthalates were determined by capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) after clean-up of the separated oil by sweep co-distillation. The phthalate esters found in the contacted butter or margarine were also found in the contacting wrappers. They were determined in wrapper extracts by liquid chromatography with diode array detection or by GC-FID. Analysis of unused wrappers showed 76-88% of the total DBP and DEHP to be present on the foil (outer) surface as a component of the protective coating (washcoat). The remainder of the DBP and DEHP was found on the food-contacting paper surface, presumably by transfer from the outer to inner surface during storage in tightly wound rolls, although transfer of phthalate esters, if present in the paper-foil adhesive, cannot be ruled out. Food-contacting surface concentrations of DBP and DEHP were found to be 2.4 to 4.7 and 2.8 to 3.6 micrograms/cm2, respectively. Samples of each packaging component: paper, foil, adhesive, washcoat and inks were analysed for phthalate esters and only the washcoat was found to contain phthalate esters.

Butter↗