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PubMed2004

Decreases in percentages of naïve CD4 and CD8 T cells and increases in percentages of memory CD8 T-cell subsets in the peripheral blood lymphocyte populations of A-bomb survivors.

Our previous studies have revealed a clear dose-dependent decrease in the percentage of naïve CD4 T cells that are phenotypically CD45RA+ in PBL among A-bomb survivors. However, whether there is a similar radiation effect on CD8 T cells has remained undetermined because of the unreliability of CD45 isoforms as markers of naïve and memory subsets among the CD8 T-cell population. In the present study, we used double labeling with CD45RO and CD62L for reliable identification of naïve and memory cell subsets in both CD4 and CD8 T-cell populations among 533 Hiroshima A-bomb survivors. Statistically significant dose-dependent decreases in the percentages of CD45RO-/CD62L+ naïve cells were found in the CD8 T-cell population as well as in the CD4 T-cell population. Furthermore, the percentages of CD45RO+/CD62L+ and CD45RO+/CD62L- memory T cells were found to increase significantly with increasing radiation dose in the CD8 T-cell population but not in the CD4 T-cell population. These results suggest that the prior A-bomb exposure has induced long-lasting deficits in both naïve CD4 and CD8 T- cell populations along with increased proportions of these particular subsets of the memory CD8 T-cell population.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Dose estimation for atomic bomb survivor studies: its evolution and present status.

In the decade after the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, several large cohorts of survivors were organized for studies of radiation health effects. The U.S. Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC) and its U.S./Japan successor, the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), have performed continuous studies since then, with extensive efforts to collect data on survivor locations and shielding and to create systems to estimate individual doses from the bombs' neutrons and gamma rays. Several successive systems have been developed by extramural working groups and collaboratively implemented by ABCC and RERF investigators. We describe the cohorts and the history and evolution of dose estimation from early efforts through the newest system, DS02, emphasizing the technical development and use of DS02. We describe procedures and data developed at RERF to implement successive systems, including revised rosters of survivors, development of methods to calculate doses for some classes of persons not fitting criteria of the basic systems, and methods to correct for bias arising from errors in calculated doses. We summarize calculated doses and illustrate their change and elaboration through the various systems for a hypothetical example case in each city. We conclude with a description of current efforts and plans for further improvements.

Body Burden↗
PubMed2006

Levels of antibodies to microorganisms implicated in atherosclerosis and of C-reactive protein among atomic bomb survivors.

Although it has been suggested that cardiovascular disease incidence is increased among atomic bomb survivors, the existence of a causal relationship between radiation exposure and atherosclerosis is unclear. Microbial infections, including those caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori and cytomegalovirus, have recently been implicated in atherosclerosis. Since immune function is somewhat impaired among atomic bomb survivors, their immune defense against such infections might be diminished. To investigate this possibility, we measured antibody levels to the above microorganisms in the sera of survivors. We found that the levels of IgG and IgA antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae decreased significantly with radiation dose, whereas the levels of IgG antibodies to Helicobacter pylori or cytomegalovirus remained unchanged. The inflammation marker C-reactive protein was significantly and positively associated with level of antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae only in heavily exposed (>or=1000 mGy) survivors. These results may suggest that among atomic bomb survivors, immune response to Chlamydia pneumoniae is diminished and chronic inflammatory reactions related to Chlamydia pneumoniae infection are present.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

[Pregnancy outcome during the bombing of Yugoslavia from March 24 to June 9, 1999].

BACKGROUND/AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate pregnancy outcome during the bombing of Yugoslavia in the period from March 24 to June 9, 1999. METHODS: A retrospective study included a total of 81 spontaneous abortion following XII gestation week, and 1448 deliveries, hospitalized in the regional hospital. The analyzed were: the incidence of spontaneous abortion, Cesarean section, post-term delivery, vaginal delivery following the previous Cesarean section within the period from March 24 to June 9, 1999, and compared to the same periods in 1998 and 2000 by the use of chi2 and Kolgomorov-Smirnov tests. RESULTS: Under the conditions of a three-month stress imposed by the bombing, significantly increased were the incidence of spontaneous abortion and vaginal delivery following the previous Cesarean section, while the incidence of Cesarean section and post-term delivery were decreased, but the incidence of perinatal outcome was paradoxically improved. The analysis of findings on admittance revealed that iterative Cesarean section was performed electively, close to the expected term of delivery, and vaginal delivery following the previous Cesarean section mainly two weeks before that term with the admittance finding confirming a high active stage pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Within the bombing, statistically significantly was increased the percentage of abortions after XII gestation week, and the biological duration of pregnancy was reduced. The reduced duration of pregnancy complete with the accelerated fetal mutation (also caused by the stress) resulted in better perinatal outcome, and statistically significantly lower percentage of Cesarean section.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2003

Terrorist bombing at the USA Embassy in Nairobi: the media response.

BACKGROUND: On 7th August 1998, a terrorist bomb destroyed the American Embassy in Nairobi, killing and injuring thousands of people. OBJECTIVES: To describe the media component of the (larger) mental health response, and evaluate the impact of the intervention. DESIGN: Descriptive cross sectional study. SETTING: Nairobi, three months after the explosion. SUBJECTS: Residents of Nairobi and outlying areas, exposed to the bomb blast and who received Radio and TV coverage about the explosion. INTERVENTIONS: Radio and TV broadcasts, starting hours after the explosion and continuing for two weeks thereafter. RESULTS: Of a sample of 400 respondents interviewed, 172 reported they were affected by the bomb blast, either directly or through friends and relatives. TV and radio had the highest reach, (89% and 85%) respectively. Seventy per cent felt the programmes gave victims hope and 90% felt the programmes should continue, as they were helpful to the needy. CONCLUSION: The media is a controversial, sometimes overused and at times underused resource in Disaster Management. Judicious use of the media was shown to be helpful in this study. Literature supports media interventions in disaster. Doctors working in disaster areas need to understand the media and to prepare for its use as it compliments other interventions.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The F value for chromosome aberrations in atomic bomb survivors does not provide evidence for a primary contribution of neutrons to the dose in Hiroshima.

Brenner and Sachs (Radiat. Res. 140, 134-142, 1994) proposed that the ratio of interchromosomal to intrachromosomal exchanges, termed the F value, can be a cytogenetic fingerprint of exposure to radiations of different linear energy transfer (LET). Using published data, they suggested that F values are over 10 for low-LET radiations and approximately 6 for high-LET radiations. Subsequently, as F values for atomic bomb survivors were reported to be around 6, Brenner suggested that the biological effects of atomic bomb radiation in Hiroshima are due primarily to neutrons. However, the F values used for the survivors were means from individuals exposed to various doses. As the F-value hypothesis predicts a radiation fingerprint at low doses, we analyzed our own data for the survivors in relation to dose. G-banding data for the survivors showed F values varying from 5 to 8 at DS86 doses of 0.2 to 5 Gy in Hiroshima and around 6 in Nagasaki with no evidence of a difference between the two cities. The results are consistent with our in vitro data that the F values are invariably around 6 for X and gamma rays at doses of 0.5 to 2 Gy as well as two types of fission-spectrum neutrons at doses of about 0.2 to 1 Gy. Thus, apart from a possible effect at even lower doses, current data do not provide evidence to support the proposition that the biological effects of atomic bomb radiation in Hiroshima are caused mainly by neutrons.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMed2000

The first mail bomb?

A news item in the newspaper, the Evening Star, for the Country, October 18, 1833, probably is the first report of a mail bomb in the United States. It is also likely to be the first defusing of a mail bomb. The device appeared to be extraordinarily sophisticated and would have likely worked had it not been for suspicions of the recipient of the bomb.

Crime↗
PubMed2003

Potential health hazards of cluster bombing in the Shomali Valley, Afghanistan in October-November 2001.

A cluster bomb consists of a canister that opens in mid-air releasing a number of bomblets, which spread over a large area of ground and explode on impact. The exact proportion of bomblets that fail to explode on impact is a matter for debate between military and humanitarian agencies. After the recent bombing of Afghanistan, nine cluster bomb sites in the Shomali Valley were assessed. A total of 317 of 1,818 cluster bomblets had failed to explode (17.4%). Of these 317, 107 (33.7%) had become buried in the ground. Fifty-seven percent of the buried cluster bomblets were embedded deeper than 10 cm. To detect cluster bomblets buried at this depth, large loop metal detectors are needed.

Afghanistan↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Are the injuries caused by the "water bombs" dropped by the Canadair airplane blast injuries?].

During the forest fire extinguishing in summer using the fire-fighting amphibia (the Canadair) seven soldiers were injured by the "water bomb" dropped from the amphibia and two soldiers died. The way of injury occurrence as well as type and nature of injuries, imposed the question to the author: could it be a case of blast injuries, especially of primary blast injuries? Except for pure scientific reasons, a positive answer could have a practical importance both in regulation of work of persons engaged in fire combat on the ground during extinguishing of fire by the amphibia as well as for physician's work with those exposed to water impact from the plane and who could be eventually injured. Defining any mechanical injuries as transmission of the corresponding kinetic energy, the author considers that the mechanism of injury occurrence of the internal organs caused by the impact of the "water bomb" from the amphibia is the transmission of the energy impact wave into the body. The author has concluded that the impact of the "water bomb" dropped from the fire fighting amphibia can cause changes in the internal organs which are characteristic of primary blast injury. It is proposed that persons exposed to impact even in the absence of visible changes should be subjected to otorhinolaryngologic, and, in special cases, to pulmonary examinations.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1991

Hiroshima-like neutrons from A-bomb replica: physical basis for their use in biological experiments.

The lineal energy distribution and several other dosimetric parameters were measured for the neutrons emitted from a replica of the Hiroshima bomb to determine their usefulness in biological experiments designed to estimate the effectiveness of actual Hiroshima neutrons. The "Little-Boy" replica (LBR) was constructed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in support of the recent atomic-bomb dose reevaluation and was made of identical materials and had nearly identical dimensions and geometry as the Hiroshima bomb. However, the LBR was operated as a steady-state nuclear reactor, which permitted measurements under controlled conditions. Detailed dosimetric measurements and calculations were made at distances of up to 2.1 m from the center of the LBR uranium core. At these distances, the in-air kerma was approximately 97% from neutrons and kerma rates were shown to be particularly useful for biological experiments (up to approximately 7 Gy/h was possible). Quantitative intercomparisons of neutron energy spectra, lineal energy distributions, and measured cytogenetic results for several fission-neutron sources indicate that Hiroshima and LBR neutrons should be of similar biological effectiveness. Based on these evaluations, and cytogenetic results for LBR neutrons reported in a companion paper (this issue), it is estimated that Hiroshima neutrons were 20 to 30% more effective than the fission neutrons commonly used in radiobiology.

Neutrons↗
PubMed1991

Biological effectiveness of neutrons from Hiroshima bomb replica: results of a collaborative cytogenetic study.

The effectiveness of neutrons from a facsimile of the Hiroshima bomb was determined cytogenetically. The "Little-Boy" replica (LBR), assembled at Los Alamos as a controlled nuclear reactor for detailed physical dosimetry, was used. Of special interest, the neutron energy characteristics (including lineal energy) measured 0.74 m from the LBR were remarkably similar to those calculated for the 1945 Hiroshima bomb at 1 to 2 km from the hypocenter, as shown in a companion dosimetric paper (Straume, et al., Radiat. Res. 128, 133-142 (1991)). Thus we examine here the effectiveness of neutrons closely resembling those that the A-bomb survivors received at Hiroshima. Chromosome aberration frequencies were determined in human blood lymphocytes exposed in vitro to graded doses of LBR radiation (97% neutrons, 3% gamma rays). Vials of blood suspended in air at distances up to 2.10 m from the center of the LBR uranium core received doses ranging from 0.02 to 2.92 Gy. The LBR neutrons (E approximately 0.2 MeV) produced 1.18 dicentrics and rings per cell per Gy. They were more effective than the higher-energy fission neutrons (E approximately 1 MeV) commonly used in radiobiology. The maximum RBE (RBEM) of LBR neutrons at low doses is estimated to be 60 to 80 compared to 60Co gamma rays and 22 to 30 compared to 250-kVp X rays. These results provide a quantitative measurement of the biological effectiveness of Hiroshima-like neutrons.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Growth and differentiation of circulating hemopoietic stem cells with atomic bomb irradiation-induced chromosome abnormalities.

The effects of atomic bomb irradiation on hemopoietic stem cells were studied cytogenetically using single colonies derived from hemopoietic progenitor cells. The subjects studied were 21 healthy atomic bomb survivors (10 males and 11 females) in the high dose exposure group (100+ rad) with a known high incidence (10% or more) of radiation-induced chromosome abnormalities in their peripheral blood lymphocytes (stimulated with phytohemagglutinin), and 11 nonexposed healthy controls (5 males and 6 females). Colony formation by circulating granulocyte-macrophage (GM-CFC) and erythroid (BFU-E) progenitor cells was made by the methylcellulose method using peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Chromosome specimens were prepared from single colonies by our micromethod. The total number of colonies analyzed in the exposed group was 131 for GM-CFC and 75 for BFU-E. Chromosome abnormalities were observed in 15 (11.5%) and 9 (12.0%) colonies, respectively. In the control group, the total number of colonies analyzed was 61 for GM-CFC and 41 for BFU-E. None of these colonies showed chromosome abnormalities. The difference in incidence of chromosome abnormalities was highly significant by an exact test; p = 0.003 for GM-CFC and 0.017 for BFU-E. The karyotypes of chromosome abnormalities obtained from the colonies in the exposed group were mostly translocations, but deletion and marker chromosomes were also observed. In two individuals, such karyotypic abnormalities as observed in the peripheral lymphocytes were also seen in the myeloid progenitor cells. This finding suggests that atomic bomb irradiation produced a chromosome aberration on multipotent hemopoietic stem cells common to myeloid and lymphoid lineages. These stem cells, although carrying chromosome defects, are likely to have survived for more than 30 years, continuously producing progenitor cells capable of normal-looking growth and differentiation.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Chromosome aberrations and transforming genes in leukemic and non-leukemic patients with a history of atomic bomb exposure.

To investigate leukemogenesis in atomic bomb (A-bomb) survivors, chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells, and T- and B-lymphocytes from 135 healthy persons who had been exposed within 1,000 m of the hypocenter of the Hiroshima A-bomb were sequentially examined. Leukemic marrow cells from 468 patients with acute or chronic type of leukemias, including 25 acute leukemias exposed to 1 rad or more of radiation were also studied cytogenetically. Analysis of breakpoints observed in T-lymphocytes with stable types of abnormalities revealed a nonrandom distribution, and clustering in specific regions of chromosomes such as 22q1, 14q3, and 5q3. Statistical analysis revealed a higher incidence of translocations in 50 bands, including those containing cellular oncogenes such as 8q22, 8q24, and 9q34. Of these 50 bands, 20 were matched with bands specific for leukemia and cancer and 14 with constitutive fragile sites. In leukemic marrow, all 10 patients who had been exposed to radiation of more than 200 rad and then developed acute non-lymphocytic leukemia had chromosome aberrations. Their aberrations were more complex than those in patients exposed to less than 200 rad (33 patients) and in the non-exposed patients (134 patients). DNA samples extracted from bone marrow cells of 13 survivors, including 4 healthy survivors with more than 30% chromosome abnormalities in the bone marrow and 9 leukemia patients were used for in vivo selection assay of transforming genes. Tumor formation in nude mice was observed in 3 of the 4 healthy survivors and 9 leukemia patients. All of the transfectants were shown to contain Alu sequences. The transforming N-ras gene was detected for the first time in the bone marrow cells from 3 heavily exposed survivors and from 7 leukemia patients with a history of radiation exposure.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed1979

Blast injury with particular reference to recent terrorist bombing incidents.

The aetiology of primary blast lung is discussed with reference to the biodynamics of blast injury, and the clinical and pathological features of the condition are described. An analysis of casualties from bomb blast incidents occurring in Northern Ireland leads to the following conclusions concerning the injuries found in persons exposed to explosions: (1) there is a predominance of head and neck trauma, including fractures, lacerations, burns, and eye and ear injuries; (2) fractures and traumatic amputations are common and often multiple; (3) penetrating trunk wounds carry a grave prognosis; and (4) primary blast lung is rare. A comparison of four bombing incidents in England in 1973 and 1974 shows how the type and severity of injury are related to the place in which the explosion occurs. The administrative and clinical aspects of the management of casualties resulting from terrorist bombing activities are discussed.

Blast Injuries↗
PubMed1985

Collection of trace evidence from bombing victims at autopsy.

The body recovered from the scene of a bombing may contain important trace evidence that links the suspect to the crime. Recognizing the lack of guidelines for evidence removal from the body, we have prepared a protocol to guide the pathologist in the collection of trace evidence from the bombing victim. Case material used in the development of the protocol included 13 bombing fatalities reported to the St. Louis Medical Examiner's Office since 1975.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Breast cancer among atomic bomb survivors--the relationship of prognosis to pathologic findings.

Three hundred and sixty cases of breast cancer were collected from among the 63,000 female members of the Radiation Effect Research Foundation (RERF) extended Life Span Study sample which includes atomic bomb exposed women and controls of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The relationship of these breast cancer cases to A-bomb radiation was sought, and in studying of 5-year survival, the following conclusions were obtained concerning its relationship to histopathological findings. The prognosis of the 50+ rad high dose group is the best, followed by the nonexposed group and the low dose group. The apparently better survival may be due to the fact that this group is heavily weighted in favor of those who were younger at the time of the bomb (ATB). There is no specificity of the histologic type of breast cancer in the survivors by dose. Nor is any significant difference observed in the distribution of tumor size and histological grade, though the survival rates of this series are worse than those of usual Japanese women with breast cancer. Cellular reaction is significantly marked in the stroma of carcinoma tissue in the high dose group. Immune reaction is considered to be strong in the affected site of breast cancer in the high dose group and this can be regarded as a finding suggestive of good prognosis. Further extended studies are therefore warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Multiple myeloma among atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1950-76: relationship to radiation dose absorbed by marrow.

The relationship between atomic bomb exposure and the incidence of multiple myeloma has been examined in a fixed cohort of atomic bomb survivors and controls in the life-span study sample for Hiroshima and Nagasaki. From October 1950 to December 1976, 29 cases of multiple myeloma were confirmed in this sample. Our analysis shows that the standardized relative risk (RR) adjusted for city, sex, and age at the time of bombings (ATB) increased with marrow-absorbed radiation dose. The increased RR does not appear to differ between cities or sexes and is demonstrable only for those survivors whose age ATB was between 20 and 59 years. The estimated risk in these individuals is approximately 0.48 cases/million person-years/rad for bone marrow total dose. This excess risk did not become apparent in individuals receiving 50 rad or more in marrow total dose until 20 years or more after exposure.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Cancer risks and biomarker studies in the atomic bomb survivors.

This paper describes recent studies on cancer incidence among Japanese atomic bomb survivors. The report includes a brief description of the primary atomic bomb survivor cohorts. The results illustrate the magnitude of the excess risks and show how these risks vary with sex, age at exposure and time. Descriptions are presented in terms of both excess relative risks and excess absolute rates. The paper also includes a summary of the current status of research on biomarkers of radiation exposure in the atomic bomb survivors.

Adolescent↗