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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Reproductive rates, birth weight, calving ease and 24-h calf survival in a four-breed diallel among Simmental, Limousin, Polled Hereford and Brahman beef cattle.

Calving and weaning rates, birth weight, calving ease, and 24-h calf survival were evaluated in a four-breed diallel of Simmental (S), Limousin (L), Polled Hereford (H) and Brahman (B) beef cattle in five calf crops. Limousin dams tended to have the highest calving and weaning rates because they were able to have heavier calves with less calving difficulty and higher survival rates. Brahman-sired calves were the heaviest at birth (P less than .05) and B dams produced the lightest calves (P less than .001). Lower birth weights tended to be the limiting factor on survival of these calves. A linear comparison among means to evaluate purebred, additive, maternal and specific combining ability effects showed most of the reduction in birth weight from B dams was due to maternal effects. Breed of dam accounted for a higher proportion of variation in calving ease than did sire breed. Simmental sires had significantly heavier calves at birth and S and H dams tended to have more calving difficulty and lower survival rates. Heterosis for these traits was generally not significant. Correlations were generally positive and significant for birth weight and calving ease, but were more variable for birth weight and survival. Linear regressions of calving ease on birth weight both within years and within dam-breed-year subclasses were very similar in that the association of these two traits was reduced as dam age increased.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Human fertility and differential birth rates in American eugenics and genetics: a brief history.

Eugenics is a broad term used to describe a variety of social and state-sponsored reform movements. Although we usually think of Nazi atrocities when we hear the word "eugenics," in this article I discuss the manifestations of hereditary reform worldwide. In particular, I consider the history of eugenics in America, focusing on concerns about the differences in birth rates between various racial, ethnic, and educational groups. In the early twentieth century, the social and cultural expectations that surrounded the growing knowledge in genetics implied an ethical imperative for physicians. Physicians were expected to use their knowledge about genetics to help them decide what sort of advice and assistance should be given to those who wanted knowledge about birth control, or help in resolving problems concerning sterility and infertility. Today, with growing knowledge about human genetics, physicians are subject to increasing pressure to make similar judgments.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1998

Maternity care in The Netherlands: the changing home birth rate.

In 1965 two-thirds of all births in The Netherlands occurred at home. In the next 25 years, that situation became reversed with more than two-thirds of births occurring in hospital and fewer than one-third at home. Several factors have influenced that change, including the introduction of short-stay hospital birth, hospital facilities for independent midwives, increased referral rates from primary to secondary care, changes in the share of the different professionals involved in maternity care, medical technology, and demographic changes. After a decline up to 1978 and a period of relative stability between 1978 and 1988, the home birth rate started to decline further, to the extent that it might destabilize the Dutch maternity care system and the role of midwives in it. The Dutch maternity care system depends heavily on primary caregivers, midwives and general practitioners who are responsible for the care of women with low-risk pregnancies, and on obstetricians who provide care for high-risk pregnancies. Its preservation requires a high level of cooperation among the different caregivers, and a functional selection system to ensure that all women receive the type of care that is best suited to their needs. Preserving the home birth option in the Dutch maternity care system necessitates the maintenance of high training and postgraduate standards for midwives, the continued provision of maternity home care assistants, and giving women with uncomplicated pregnancies enough confidence in themselves and the system to feel safe in choosing a home birth.

Female↗
PubMed1997

[Trends in birth rates, general, infantile and neonatal mortality in Chile from 1850 to date].

BACKGROUND: Chile has experienced great changes in its health conditions, due to economical, social and demographic phenomena. AIM: To underline the moment of the demographic transition in Chile by means of a chronological epidemiological study, using available information. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data was obtained from registries of the National Statistical Office, General Statistics Direction and National Institute of Statistics. RESULTS: Birth rate was 41/1000 in 1850, remained stable until the thirties, decreased to 35/1000 in 1965, to 21.3/1000 in 1978 and to 20.5/1000 in 1994. The mortality rate increased from 20.3 to 37/1000 from 1850 to 1901 and the it descended to 5.50/1000 in 1993. The annual population growth was 1% in the forties, increased to 2.5% in 1965 and is 1.6% at the present. The population thus increased from 1,400,000 inhabitants in 1850 to 14,000,000 in 1994. The nuptial rate has remained between 7 and 8/1000 since 1934. Infantile mortality was 337 per 1000 newborns in 1950 and dropped to 12 in 1994. It represented 36% of the total mortality until the sixties, and now represents only 5%. This has contributed to the increase in life expectancy and ageing of our population. Neonatal mortality dropped from 136 per 1000 newborns in 1915 to 6.8 in 1994. Fetal mortality changed from 50 per 1000 newborns in 1936 to 5.3 in 1993. CONCLUSIONS: Several causes have contributed to the changes in the above mentioned indicators. Currently, we are in the third stage of a Demographic transition that began in the sixties.

Adolescent↗