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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Characterization of benzaldehyde lyase from Pseudomonas fluorescens: A versatile enzyme for asymmetric C-C bond formation.

The thiamin-diphosphate-dependent enzyme benzaldehyde lyase is a very import catalyst for chemoenzymatic synthesis catalyzing the formation and cleavage of (R)-hydroxy ketones. We have studied the stability of the recombinant enzyme and some enzyme variants with respect to pH, temperature, buffer salt, cofactors and organic cosolvents. Stability of BAL in chemoenzymatic synthesis requires the addition of cofactors to the buffer. Reaction temperature should not exceed 37 degrees C. The enzyme is stable between pH 6 and 8, with pH 8 being the pH-optimum of both the lyase and the ligase reaction. Potassium phosphate and Tris were identified as optimal reaction buffers and the addition of 20 vol% DMSO is useful to enhance both the solubility of aromatic substrates and products and the stability of BAL. The initial broad product range of BAL-catalyzed reactions has been enlarged to include highly substituted hydroxybutyrophenones and aliphatic acyloins.

Aldehyde-Lyases↗
PubMed2004

Oxidation of benzaldehyde in films by Oxo-Cr(V) salen derivatives at solid/liquid interface.

The oxidation of benzaldehyde as a film on a solid surface by various substituted oxochromium(V) salen in solution has been studied by monitoring the change in contact angle of the oxidant at the film/liquid interface utilizing a Teflon cell of known hydrodynamics and controlled convection/diffusion. The kinetics of the redox reaction in bulk has been monitored by measuring the change in absorbance of the oxidant solution. The interfacial study permits analysis of adsorption of the oxidant followed by the oxidation of the substrate under pseudo-first-order conditions. A comparison of the independent surface-averaged kinetic data with those obtained in the solution phase oxidation reaction is made and a model is presented for the mechanism of the interfacial reaction. The kinetic investigation shows that the rate of oxidation is accelerated in the presence of an electron-withdrawing group and is faster at the solid/liquid interface compared to the bulk. The probable mechanism of the redox reaction is discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Synthesis and characterization of complexes of p-isopropyl benzaldehyde and methyl 2-pyridyl ketone thiosemicarbazones with Zn(II) and Cd(II) metallic centers. Cytotoxic activity and induction of apoptosis in Pam-ras cells.

It is known that metallic complexes of methyl 2-pyridyl ketone thiosemicarbazone (HL1) and p-isopropyl benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (HL2) may have potential antitumor activity. We have prepared complexes of HL1 and HL2 with Zn(II) and Cd(II). The cytotoxic activity shown by these compounds against cell lines sensitive and resistant to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-DDP) indicates that coupling of HL1 and HL2 to Zn(II) and Cd(II) centers may result in metallic complexes with important biological properties since they display IC50 values in a microM range similar to that of the antitumor drug cis-DDP. Moreover, it is interesting to note that the Zn/HL2 complex exhibits specific cytotoxic activity against Pam-ras cells (cis-DDP resistant cells which over-express the H-ras oncogene) with an in vitro therapeutic index of 3.26 versus 0.78 for cis-DDP. Treatment of Pam-ras cells with the IC50 value of the Zn/HL2 compound induces a 'DNA ladder' (fragmentation of genomic DNA in nucleosome units) indicative of apoptosis in this ras-transformed cell line. In contrast, a 'DNA smear' (non-specific fragmentation of genomic DNA) is observed in Pam 212 normal cells treated with the IC50 of this compound. The analysis by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy of the interaction of the Zn/HL2 compound with calf thymus DNA (CT DNA) indicates that it produces stronger alterations on the double helix conformation than cis-DDP. So, these results suggest that Zn/HL2 may be considered a potential antitumor agent.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Hydroxy- or methoxy-substituted benzaldoximes and benzaldehyde-O-alkyloximes as tyrosinase inhibitors.

Several benzaldoximes, benzaldehyde-O-ethyloximes, and acetophenonoximes were synthesized and evaluated as tyrosinase inhibitors by an assay based on tyrosinase catalyzed L-DOPA oxidation. Whereas benzaldoxime itself is only a weak inhibitor, its derivatives with one or two hydroxy or methoxy moieties in para and meta positions depress tyrosinase activity. Acetophenonoximes and trisubstituted benzaldoximes show no inhibitory activity. The IC(50) of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde-O-ethyloxime (0.3 +/- 0.1 micromol L(-1)) is of the same magnitude as tropolone (0.13 +/- 0.08 micromol L(-1)), one of the best tyrosinase inhibitors known so far.

Enzyme Inhibitors↗
PubMed2001

Chemical control on the coordination mode of benzaldehyde semicarbazone ligands. synthesis, structure, and redox properties of ruthenium complexes.

Reaction of benzaldehyde semicarbazone (HL-R, where H is a dissociable proton and R is a substituent (R = OMe, Me, H, Cl, NO(2)) at the para position of the phenyl ring) with [Ru(PPh(3))(3)Cl(2)] and [Ru(PPh(3))(2)(CO2)Cl2] has afforded complexes of different types. When HL-NO(2) and [Ru(PPh(3))(3)Cl2] react in solution at ambient temperature, trans-[Ru(PPh(3))(2)(L-NO2Cl] is obtained. Its structure determination by X-ray crystallography shows that L-NO2 is coordinated as a tridentate C,N,O-donor ligand. When reaction between HL-NO2 and [Ru(PPh(3))(3)Cl2] is carried out in refluxing ethanol, a more stable cis isomer of [Ru(PPh(3))(2)(L-NO2)Cl] is obtained. The trans isomer can be converted to the cis isomer simply by providing appropriate thermal energy. Slow reaction of HL-R with [Ru(PPh(3))(2)(CO2)Cl2] in solution at ambient temperature yields 5-[Ru(PPh(3))(2)(L-R)(CO)Cl] complexes. A structure determination of 5-[Ru(PPh(3))(2)(L-NO2)(CO)Cl] shows that the semicarbazone ligand is coordinated as a bidentate N,O-donor, forming a five-membered chelate ring. When reaction between HL-R and [Ru(PPh(3))(2)(CO2Cl2] is carried out in refluxing ethanol, the 4-[Ru(PPh(3))(2)(L-R)(CO)Cl] complexes are obtained. A structure determination of 4-[Ru(PPh(3))(2)(L-NO2)(CO)Cl] shows that a semicarbazone ligand is bound to ruthenium as a bidentate N,O-donor, forming a four-membered chelate ring. All the complexes are diamagnetic (low-spin d(6), S = 0). The trans- and cis-[Ru(PPh(3))(2)(L-NO2)Cl] complexes undergo chemical transformation in solution. The 5- and 4-[Ru(PPh(3))(2)(L-R)(CO)Cl] complexes show sharp NMR signals and intense MLCT transitions in the visible region. Cyclic voltammetry of the 5-[Ru(PPh(3))(2)(L-R)(CO)Cl] and 4-[Ru(PPh(3))(2)(L-R)(CO)Cl] complexes show the Ru(II)-Ru(III) oxidation to be within 0.66-1.07 V. This oxidation potential is found to linearly correlate with the Hammett constant of the substituent R.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Template Synthesis of a Tetraaza Macrocycle Which Involves Benzaldehyde Rather Than Formaldehyde as a Building Block. Isolation and Structure Determination of the Open-Chain Schiff Base Intermediate Complex.

The classical formaldehyde building block has been replaced by the bulkier benzaldehyde in the Cu(II) template synthesis of the cyclam-like tetraaza macrocycle of type 1, in which nitroethane operated as locking fragment. The synthetic pathway involves three distinct steps: (i) Schiff base condensation of the metal-free open-chain tetramine; (ii) Cu(II) coordination and preorientation of the Schiff base; (iii) nucleophilic attack by the deprotonated nitroethane fragment and formation of the macrocyclic complex. Both the Schiff base Cu(II) complex and the Cu(II) macrocyclic complex were isolated in a crystalline form and their molecular structures were determined: {N-[2-((E)-benzylideneamino)ethyl]-N'-[2-((Z)-benzylideneamino)ethyl]propane-1,3-diamine}copper(II) nitrate: triclinic, space group P&onemacr;, with a = 12.296(5) Å, b = 10.787(6) Å, c = 10.547(7) Å, V = 1161(1) Å(3), and Z = 2 (R = 0.055, R(w) = 0.061); [(5R,6S,7S)-6-methyl-6-nitro-5,7-diphenyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane]copper(II) perchlorate: monoclinic, space group P2(1)/n, with a = 15.246(5) Å, b = 23240(7) Å, c = 8.540(4) Å, V = 2980(2) Å(3), and Z = 4 (R = 0.095, R(w) = 0.095). This allowed us to define mechanistic details of the macrocyclization process. It is suggested that the same three-step pathway takes place in the much easier and faster one-pot template syntheses of cyclam-like macrocyles, which involve formaldehyde as a building block.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Secondary deuterium kinetic isotope effects in irreversible additions of allyl reagents to benzaldehyde.

The competitive kinetics of additions of allyl to benzaldehyde-h and -d from allyltributyl tin, from diisopropyltartrylallyl boronate, and from allyl bromide and zinc dust in aqueous tetrahydrofuran have inverse secondary deuterium kinetic isotope effects, SDKIEs. These inverse SDKIEs are in contrast to the normal SDKIEs that were obtained with allyl lithium and allyl Grignard, suggesting rate-determining single-electron transfer in these cases. By various MO calculations the transition state for addition of allyl boronate occurs with substantial B-O bond formation and little C-C bond formation. The magnitudes of the SDKIEs with the other two allylating reagents, when compared with reasonable equilibrium isotope effects for the addition, suggest transition states with substantial C-C bond formation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Molecular modeling of salt (lithium chloride) effects on the enantioselectivity of diethylzinc addition to benzaldehyde in the presence of chiral beta-amino alcohols.

Beta-amino alcohols (S,S,S)-1 and (R,R,S)-1, derived from cyclohexene oxide and containing alpha-phenylethyl auxiliaries, were examined as chiral promoters in the addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. In agreement with literature precedent, the N-alpha-phenylethyl chiral auxiliary had no significant impact on enantioinduction, which is determined by the configuration of the framework's C(OH), with unlike induction. Contrary to some literature reports, stereoinduction by lithium salt derivatives of (S,S,S)-1 and (R,R,S)-1 was lower than that obtained with the free amino alcohol. Remarkable lithium chloride salt effects were observed in the reaction. In particular, an opposite chiral induction was found with (S,S,S)-1-Li(2) as ligand and in the presence of "inert" salt. N-Alkylated derivatives (S,S,S)-3-7 proved to be more efficient ligands, providing higher yields and enantioselectivities in the formation of carbinols (R)- or (S)-2. BP86/DN**//PM3 theoretical calculations proved remarkably successful in reproducing the experimental observations and permitted expansion of Noyori's catalytic cycle [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 6327] to understand the relevant N-substitution and medium salt effects that determine the enantioselection in this catalytic asymmetric reaction.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Increased enantioselectivity in the addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde by the use of chiral ligands containing the alpha-phenylethylamino group in combination with achiral ligands.

Chiral ligands (S,S)-1, (S,S)-2, (S,S)-3, (S)-4, (S)-5, (S,S)-6, (S,S)-7, and (S,S)-8 turned out to be effective promoters in the enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. Interestingly, diamine (S,S)-3 and amino alcohols (S)-5 and (S,S)-7 induce the preferential formation of carbinol (R)-10 (unlike stereoinduction) whereas amido analogues (S,S)-2, (S)-4, and (S,S)-6 favor (S)-10 (like stereoinduction). Molecular modeling at the semiempirical PM3 level provided a reasonable interpretation based on conformational effects in the corresponding transition structures. Combinations of chiral ligands 1-8 with an achiral, flexible ligand (9) gave rise to an activated catalytic system that resulted in faster and higher yielding reactions. Furthermore, substantial increases in the observed enantiomeric excesses of product 10 confirmed the relevant role of achiral bis(sulfonamide) 9 as activator and "chiral environment amplifier".

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Ruthenium-catalyzed transformation of 3-benzyl but-1-ynyl ethers into 1,3-dienes and benzaldehyde via transfer hydrogen.

TpRuPPh(3)(CH(3)CN)(2)PF(6) catalyzed the transformation of various 3-benzyl but-1-ynyl ethers into dienes and benzaldehyde at a catalyst loading of 5 mol %. This process represents an atypical pattern of transfer hydrogenation. This catalytic reaction can be applied to various derivatives of 2-ethynyl tetrahydrofurans and pyrans to cleave their ether rings and gives diene and tethered aldehyde functionalities, respectively.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Synthesis of Novel Chiral Diazole Derivative Ligands for the Enantioselective Addition of Diethylzinc to Benzaldehyde.

The high-pressure-promoted reaction of epoxides with pyrazoles and imidazoles provided access to a variety of chiral diazole derivative ligands such as 11-23. Furthermore, chiral pyrazoles 26 and 27, which have a primary alcohol side chain, were also prepared from (+)-camphopyrazole 4. Each of these chiral diazole ligands was used for the catalytic enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The best results were obtained for 16 and 18: 93% ee was achieved in both cases, and reversed asymmetric induction was observed. A plausible mechanism for this efficient asymmetric induction is offered on the basis of X-ray crystallographic data.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Elimination Reactions of (E)- and (Z)-Benzaldehyde O-Pivaloyloximes. Transition-State Differences for the Syn and Anti Eliminations Forming Nitriles.

Elimination reactions of (E)- and (Z)-benzaldehyde O-pivaloyloximes 1 and 2 with DBU in MeCN have been investigated kinetically. The reactions are second order and exhibit substantial values of Hammett rho and k(H)/k(D) values, and an E2 mechanism is evident. The rate of elimination from 2 is approximately 20 000-fold faster than that from 1. For reactions of 1 with DBU in MeCN, a Hammett rho value of 2.4 +/- 0.1, k(H)/k(D) = 2.7 +/- 0.3, DeltaH() = 12.5 +/- 0.2 kcal/mol, and DeltaS() = -31.0 +/- 0.6 eu have been determined. The corresponding values for 2 are rho = 1.4 +/- 0.1, k(H)/k(D) = 7.8 +/- 0.3, DeltaH() = 8.8 +/- 0.1 kcal/mol, and DeltaS() = -23.6 +/- 0.4 eu, respectively. The results indicate that the nitrile-forming anti eliminations from 2 proceed via a more symmetrical transition state with a smaller degree of proton transfer, less negative charge development at the beta-carbon, and greater extent of triple-bond formation than that for the syn elimination.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Investigation of aerosol formation during benzaldehyde photolysis.

The kinetics of photolysis and photonucleation of benzaldehyde (BA) vapor in the air and in an inert gas is investigated, along with the physical and chemical characteristics of the resulting aerosol particles. Short-lived free radicals that accompany the BA photonucleation process were identified by means of spin trapping. Numerical simulation of BA photonucleation, combined with the proposed chemical mechanism, allowed us to calculate the rate of generation of initial particles and to estimate the aerosol quantum yield.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Kinetic investigations of product inhibition in the amino alcohol-catalyzed asymmetric alkylation of benzaldehyde with diethylzinc

In situ reaction rate measurements help to define the role of product inhibition in the asymmetric alkylation of benzaldehyde with diethylzinc using (-)-MIB as a chiral reagent. Reaction calorimetry and kinetic modeling demonstrated that the rate behavior over consecutive reactions may only be rationalized when reversible binding of the product alkoxide is taken into consideration. These results may have implications for the conversion dependence of product enantioselctivity in reactions using enantioimpure catalysts.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Amino acid-based dithiazines: synthesis and photofragmentation of their benzaldehyde adducts.

Alpha-amino acids and GABA are functionalized with dithiazine rings via reaction with sodium hydrosulfide in aqueous formaldehyde. The resulting dithiazines are lithiated at -78 degrees C and reacted with benzaldehyde furnishing amino acid-based 2,5-bis-substituted dithiazines. These adducts undergo externally sensitized photofragmentation with quantum efficiency comparable to that of the parent dithiane adducts, thus offering a novel approach to amino acid-based photolabile tethers. [reaction: see text]

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Benzaldehyde lyase-catalyzed enantioselective carboligation of aromatic aldehydes with mono- and dimethoxy acetaldehyde.

[reaction: see text] Benzaldehyde lyase from the Pseudomonas fluorescens catalyzes the reaction of aromatic aldehydes with methoxy and dimethoxy acetaldehyde and furnishes (R)-2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-1-arylpropan-1-one and (R)-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethoxy-1-arylpropan-1-one in high yields and enantiomeric excess via acyloin linkage. Aromatic aldehydes and benzoins are converted into enamine-carbanion-like intermediates prior to carboligation.

Acetaldehyde↗