Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Barrier Methods”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Use of contraceptives by women of upper socioeconomic status.

This was a descriptive correlational study of the contraceptive knowledge, methods, and consistency of contraceptive use by women of upper socioeconomic class. Socioeconomic class was determined using Hollingshead's Four-Factor Index of Social Status (1975) and was based on the woman's own educational and occupational status. The mean socioeconomic score for participants in this study (N = 83) was high in the second of five socioeconomic classes. Study participants were found to be consistent users of their contraceptive method and had fewer unplanned pregnancies in their history than the general population. They were more knowledgeable about contraceptives and reproduction than others tested with the same contraceptive knowledge instrument. They used barrier methods predominantly, with the use of less theoretically effective methods correlating significantly with a greater number of contraceptive methods used in the past.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Use of contraception among women applying for abortion].

During a period of one year (1988-89), a questionnaire was distributed to women applying for legal abortion at Frederikssund Hospital in Denmark. Two hundred and eight-eight answered the questions about why they had become pregnant. 84% of the women had used contraceptive methods. The remainder included women who regretted a planned pregnancy and women who believed they were infertile. 50% of the women had at least one intercourse without using contraceptives. Women using barrier-methods who forgot the contraceptive once or women who had stopped using the pill were mainly concerned. 23% of the women said they had used contraceptives correctly and consistently. After the abortions 75% intended to use IUD, oral contraceptives or sterilization. Suggestions to reduce the number of unwanted pregnancies are discussed. Eg. spread of the knowledge of postcoital contraception as an extraordinary measure after an unprotected coitus is suggested. This will not replace other contraceptives, but should be used in a emergency.

Abortion Applicants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mortality associated with fertility and fertility control: 1983.

This analysis demonstrates that levels of mortality associated with all major methods of fertility control (tubal sterilization, the pill, IUD, condom, diaphragm, spermicides, rhythm and abortion) are low in comparison with the risk of death associated with childbirth and ectopic pregnancy when no fertility control method is used. The exceptions are the risks associated with pill use after the age of 40 for women who do not smoke, and with pill use after the age of 35 for smokers. The safest approach to fertility control is to use the condom and to back it up by abortion in case of method failure. Except for the lowest-risk method of fertility control (condom and abortion) and the highest (pill use by a smoker), most strategies of fertility control result in a similar risk of mortality until the woman reaches 35 years of age. At that point, risk from pill use rises more sharply than risk associated with other methods. The above conclusions are based on the lowest contraceptive failure rates reported by Schirm and his colleagues for married American women. If, instead, the highest failure rates are employed, use of the pill by a nonsmoker or the IUD clearly is safer than reliance on barrier methods or rhythm. As noted earlier, there are few women who make their contraceptive choices solely on the basis of perceived risk of mortality. Very few, for example, would consider abortion as a primary method of birth control; and for many, abortion would not be acceptable even as a backup for failed contraception. Although the risk of mortality resulting from use of the IUD is low, many women who have not yet had children might not want to face the increased risk of infertility problems from pelvic inflammatory disease that have been associated with use of this method.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1985

A comparative clinical trial of the contraceptive sponge and Neo Sampoon tablets.

Neo Sampoon, a foaming vaginal tablet containing 60 mg of the spermicide menfegol, and the Collatex sponge (now marketed in the United States as the Today sponge), a dome-shaped polyurethane device that contains 1 g of nonoxynol-9, were compared in terms of effectiveness, safety, and acceptability. Both methods were new to the Maribor General Hospital, Yugoslavia, where the trial was conducted among 450 volunteers randomly assigned to one of the two methods. At 12 months, the life-table pregnancy rate per 100 women for the Neo Sampoon group was 12.8, compared with a rate of 10.4 among the sponge users (P greater than .10). After pregnancy, the second most frequent reason for termination was discomfort, with a 12-month termination rate due to this cause of 6.9 per 100 women in the Neo Sampoon group and 6.2 in the sponge group. Although fewer than a quarter of the volunteers had any experience with barrier methods before this trial, the life-table continuation rate was high in both groups, with more than 70% using their assigned method for the full 12 months. Also, upon conclusion of the study, 41% of the volunteers chose another barrier contraceptive method. Although the effectiveness of the sponge and Neo Sampoon is not comparable to that of the pill or IUD, both vaginal methods appear to be safe and acceptable additions to the range of contraceptive choices.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1988

Non-availability of the IUD and contraceptive choice.

The Copper 7 and Lippes Loop IUD are no longer distributed in the United States, and the cost of the Progestasert precludes usage in many family planning clinics. The impact of the loss of this widely used contraceptive method was assessed in a pilot study at the UCLA Family Planning Clinic. The clients who would have selected an IUD at the time of their clinic visit between March and December of 1986 instead chose oral contraceptive pills (55%) or barrier methods (45%) but their level of dissatisfaction with the methods they received was significantly greater than that of all other contraceptors, and this led to their subsequent selection of another method which, in the majority (66%), was of lower efficacy than the IUD. There were two unplanned conceptions amongst twenty women who would have chosen an IUD, both due to non-compliance with oral contraceptive pills; and at the time of survey in March 1987, no clients had opted for sterilization. Women who no longer have their choice of the IUD represent a high risk for contraceptive dissatisfaction and failure, but have not made precipitous decisions to undergo permanent sterilization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Female-controlled methods to prevent sexual transmission of HIV.

UNLABELLED: THE NEED FOR PREVENTION: Women throughout the world face a growing risk of infection with HIV. Consistent condom use, one cornerstone of primary prevention strategy, is not always feasible for many women. Consequently, women urgently need infection prevention technology that is within their personal control. METHODS: This session will review current efforts to develop and test female-controlled methods for preventing sexual transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted pathogens. Both physical and chemical methods will be summarized, including recent findings concerning the efficacy and acceptability of the vaginal pouch (female condom), as well as an overview of research on vaginal microbicides. Data from studies of existing over-the-counter spermicides will be reviewed. The wide range of novel microbicidal products currently being evaluated in the laboratory and early clinical trials demonstrate the breadth of possibilities presented by chemical barrier methods. However, formidible challenges face public and private sector research and development efforts. This session will conclude by highlighting several issues related to the clinical evaluation and introduction of female-controlled prevention technology.

Contraception↗
PubMed1998

Planned condom use among women undergoing tubal sterilization.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Women who are undergoing tubal sterilization are at risk for various sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) if they do not use a barrier method of contraception. There is a paucity of data concerning dual use of condoms among sterilized women. GOAL: Planned use of condoms for protection against STDs was examined among 2,782 women undergoing surgical sterilization from 1991 to 1996. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. RESULTS: Planned condom use increased significantly over the 6-year study period. Of women who were using condoms before sterilization (n = 646), nearly half indicated no plans to do so after becoming sterilized. Thus, 11% of the total sample experienced an increased risk for exposure to human immunodeficiency virus or other STDs. Condom abandonment was significantly higher among Hispanic and married women. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the association between condom use and various characteristics. Factors associated with future condom use were younger age, black ethnicity, being unmarried, previous STD, not having a steady partner, higher number of previous sexual partners, having used condoms for disease prevention in the past, and lack of partner involvement in the decision to undergo sterilization. CONCLUSIONS: Use of condoms among sterilized women appears to be on the rise, women at higher risk for disease are more likely than others to be using condoms, and only a small group of women experience an increased risk for exposure to disease as a result of selecting this permanent method of contraception.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Determinants of contraceptive method among young women at risk for unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections.

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between contraceptive method choice, sexual risk and various demographic and social factors. Data were collected on 378, 15- to 24-year-old women, recruited from health clinics and through community outreach in Northern California. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association of predictors with contraceptive method used at last sex. Asian and Latina women were less likely to use any method. Women who were raised with a religion, or thought they were infertile, were also less likely to use any method. Women with multiple partners were generally less likely to use any method, but were more likely to use barrier methods when they did use one. Few women (7%) were dual method users. Women appear to act in a rational fashion within their own social context and may use no methods at all or use methods that are less effective for pregnancy prevention but offer more protection from sexually transmitted infections.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Choice of contraceptive method for birth control and attitudes toward abortion in Swedish women ages 23-29.

In Sweden, contraceptive methods for birth control are readily available, but one in four pregnancies was legally terminated during the period from 1975 to 1990. Our purpose in conducting the present study was to describe young women's choices and use of contraceptive methods and their attitudes to abortion. The participants were 305 Swedish women ages 23-29 years. Eighty-eight percent of the women were using some contraceptive method. The most common method was hormonal (43%), followed by a barrier method (22%). The women considered that abortion should not be used as a method of birth control and that the fact that a pregnancy is unintended is not a sufficient reason for terminating it. An acceptable reason, they thought, for a woman to have an abortion is the woman's present situation, in particular her social situation. The women were aware that the use of contraceptive methods gives them the chance to choose if and when they wish to have children.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed2003

[Effect of hyperthermia on tight junctions between endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier model in vitro].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of hyperthermia in vitro on tight junctions between the endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. METHODS: An in vitro blood-brain barrier model was established by coculture of ECV304 cells with astrocytes. Transendothelial resistance (TER) of in vitro blood-brain barrier was determined by Millicell-ERS system, and the morphological change of tight junctions examined by silver staining. The expression level of zonula occluden-1(ZO-1) was analyzed by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR. RESULTS: The integrity of tight junctions was disrupted and the expression level of ZO-1 decreased after treatment with hyperthermia. CONCLUSIONS: Tight junctions between the endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier can be destroyed by hyperthermia, and decreased expression level of ZO-1 induced by hyperthermia is one of the most important molecular mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Contraception and pregnancy among young women in an urban Swedish population.

The reproductive history and use of contraception in a representative sample of 19-year-old women from the city of Göteborg is reported. Oral contraceptives (OC) were taken by 47%, 4% had an intrauterine device and 12% used a barrier method while 37% practiced no form of contraception. The type of OC used and reasons for discontinuation are presented. The duration of OC use was one year or less for 46% of the women and exceeded 3 years in only 10%. Major causes of discontinued OC were the result of side effects attributed by the woman to OC, or a fear of OC. There were 93 pregnancies reported in the population sample, resulting in the birth of 34 infants. Pregnancy was terminated by legal abortion in 51% of the reported pregnancies. The ready availability of a return visit to discuss possible side effects and fears resulting from the chosen method of contraception may improve continuity, thus reducing the number of legal abortions.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed2004

Fertility awareness-based methods for contraception.

BACKGROUND: "Fertility awareness-based methods" (FAB) of family planning "involve identification of the fertile days of the menstrual cycle, whether by observing fertility signs such as cervical secretions and basal body temperature, or by monitoring cycle days. FAB methods can be used in combination with abstinence or barrier methods during the fertile time" (WHO 2000). Several names have been used to describe this approach to contraception, including "rhythm," "natural family planning" and "periodic abstinence." Fertility awareness-based methods can be used with abstinence from sexual intercourse. Alternatively, they can be used with barrier contraceptives or withdrawal during presumed fertile times. OBJECTIVES: We retrieved and analyzed all randomized controlled trials that examined any fertility awareness-based methods used for contraception. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the computerized databases Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, POPLINE, EMBASE, and LILACS (each from its inception to January, 2004) for randomized controlled trials of fertility awareness-based methods. We examined the reference list of each trial as well as that of review articles. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomized controlled trials in any language that compared any fertility awareness-based methods for contraception with a placebo; another method, including an alternative fertility awareness-based method; or fertility awareness-based methods used in conjunction with another contraceptive. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We assessed all titles and abstracts found for inclusion. We evaluated the methodological quality of the trials for potential biases by qualitatively assessing the study design; randomization method; allocation concealment; blinding; premature discontinuation rates; and loss to follow-up rates. Because of methodological weaknesses, we could not enter the trial results in RevMan, calculate measures of association, or aggregate data. MAIN RESULTS: Because of poor methods and reporting, pregnancy rates could not be determined. A trial in Colombia found similar numbers of pregnancies among women randomized to the ovulation and symptothermal methods. In contrast, a companion trial in Los Angeles observed more pregnancies in the group assigned to the ovulation method. In the two U.S. trials, recruitment of participants was unexpectedly difficult; this aspect was not mentioned in the report from Colombia. Continuation rates were poor. In the two larger trials, most participants discontinued their assigned method before entering the observation phase of the trial. REVIEWERS' CONCLUSIONS: The comparative efficacy of fertility awareness-based methods of contraception remains unknown. Despite intensive training and ongoing support, most participants in these trials discontinued prematurely. Contraceptive methods should be properly evaluated, preferably in randomized controlled trials, before adoption and dissemination.

Awareness↗
PubMed1992

Contraception in the latter part of reproductive life.

Contraception in the latter part of reproductive life is particularly important because of the increased fetal and maternal mortality associated with pregnancy in this age group. The combined pill can be continued until the menopause in healthy, non-smoking women with no additional risk. The advantages of the combined pill include protection against menopausal symptoms as well as some of the common gynecological disorders. Progestogen-only formulations can now be administered by both oral and non-oral routes. The levonorgestrel-releasing IUD is an exciting new development, especially suited to this age group because of the reduction in menstrual loss. Although barrier methods often prove unacceptable if used for the first time in the late thirties and forties, they have no serious adverse effects and in addition provide protection against cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and sexually transmitted disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Preventive dental programs for school-age children in 8 countries: pilot survey, 1979.

This paper reports the results of a pilot project, sponsored by the FDI Working Group on Oral Health Promotion, which was designed to describe preventive dental programs for school-age children in 10 countries. A mail questionnaire was developed to obtain information about program philosophy, target population, preventive program components, promotion and educational methods, barriers to program development, program priorities and evaluation methods. In this pilot phase, a total of 27 questionnaires were returned from 8 countries (Argentina, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Japan, Singapore, Sweden, Thailand, United Kingdom). Respondents generally recognized the need to include three major program elements in order to build comprehensive programs, primary preventive measures, early detection and treatment services, and instructional activities for children and adults. Financial problems were cited most frequently as barriers to program development, followed by manpower, public acceptance, policy decisions, policy-maker attitudes, legal constraints and transportation. The domain of educational problems associated with initiating and maintaining children's preventive dental programs is broad and diverse. Educational problems, roles and methods seemed to be pervasive, cutting across all program components. Although the greatest educational emphasis appeared to be on oral hygiene, the need was also recognized to include educational components for each dental program element or service, such as fluoride rinsing. Educational needs related not only to children, but to policy-makers, dental and other health professionals and program and school personnel. The FDI Working Group has expanded the survey and collected data from a much larger number of countries during 1979-1981. Results of the larger survey will be presented at the Annual World Dental Congress of the FDI in Vienna, 1982.

Asia↗
PubMed2001

Contraception in the adolescent: an update.

Contraception remains an important part of national efforts to reduce adolescent pregnancy in the United States. A number of safe and effective contraceptive methods are available for our youth, including abstinence, barrier methods, oral contraceptives, Depo-Provera, and Norplant. Research over the past few decades has resulted in a variety of oral contraceptives with reduced amounts of hormones and reduced side-effects. A number of methods have received approval by the Food and Drug Administration since the last review in 1980, including emergency contraceptives, depomedroxyprogesterone acetate, and the cervical cap. The use of condoms and vaginal spermicides continues to be recommended for all sexually active adolescents to reduce (not eliminate) the risk for acquiring sexually transmitted diseases. A polyurethane condom is now available, in addition to the latex condom and other barrier contraceptives, including the following: diaphragm, cervical cap, vaginal sponge, female condom and vaginal spermicides. Because of continuing concerns about pelvic inflammatory disease related to intrauterine devices, currently available intrauterine devices are not recommended for most adolescents. Abortion is not considered as a contraceptive method.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Contraception and sexually transmitted diseases: interactions and opportunities.

Today "safe sex" means protection from both unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease and human immunodeficiency virus. These parallel complications of sexual activity have serious biologic and clinical sequelae that should be considered at the time of contraceptive selection. In addition, there is ongoing debate regarding potential interactions between antibiotic intervention and contraceptive steroids. This article assesses the impact of hormonal contraception, spermicides, barrier methods, intrauterine devices, and douching on the pathogenesis of sexually transmitted disease and the human immunodeficiency virus infection. It discusses the direct and indirect effects of contraception methods on clinical physiology and host immune responses while also considering the possible consequences on maternal and infant health if pregnancy results from the use of ineffective contraception. Counseling and care for both family planning and infectious disease protection must be provided to all sexually active individuals.

Contraception↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of prostate-specific antigen as a quantifiable indicator of condom failure in clinical trials.

The ability of condoms to retain all elements of semen during intercourse has been assessed by postcoital visual inspection and in vitro permeability studies. Yet, these observations may not be sufficiently precise or realistic. This pilot study evaluated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as a semen marker of inapparent failure of the condom barrier under conditions of actual use. Twelve couples collected samples from the vagina and surfaces of the condom using sterile cotton swabs. We obtained precoital and postcoital samples for 24 acts of unprotected intercourse, 54 acts of intercourse using intact condoms, and 40 acts of intercourse using condoms that had been deliberately punctured. We used electrophoresis to determine the amount of PSA present in the samples. PSA was detected in 100% (24/24) of vaginal samples collected immediately after unprotected intercourse and in none of the vaginal samples collected more than 24 h after intercourse (0/90). PSA was also present in 98% (83/85) of the samples collected from the inside of the condom that had failed during intercourse. Excluding uses where the condom failed during intercourse, PSA was detected in 2% (1/47) of the postcoital vaginal samples collected after use of intact condoms and in 41% (14/34) of the samples collected after use of condoms with known 1-mm punctures. We conclude that PSA shows great promise as a semen biomarker in clinical trials of barrier methods. We recommend that future studies further investigate the ability of this biomarker to identify condom failures and quantify the extent of semen exposure associated with various types of condom failures.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of marital dissolution on contraceptive protection.

An analysis of data from the 1973 and 1976 National Surveys of Family Growth indicates that although marital disruption affects contraceptive practice, the patterns of contraceptive behavior among separated women who remain sexually active are very similar to those of women who remain married. Women about to separate rely less on barrier methods than do continuously married women, and this pattern persists after separation. It is likely that coitus-related methods are less frequently used because they require cooperation between the spouses. In addition, coitus-related methods are probably used less after separation because these methods are less effective, and unintended pregnancies are less desirable in the intermarital or postseparation period. As might be expected, both before and after separation, women who experience marital dissolution are less likely than the continuously married to be sexually active. The difference is greater after separation, but the major finding is the similarity of separated and continuously married women with respect to both coitus and contraceptive protection.

Contraception↗