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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

[A translation of the Tuhfe-i Aliyye--the Kina Kina (cinchona) essay by Ali Münşi of Bursa].

Ali Münşi (Bursa ? - Istanbul 1733), mostly known as Bursali Ali Münşi, is one of the most eminent physicians in the 18th century. He started education at a Bursa madrasa and attended courses given by many famous Ottoman physicians and scholars in various madrassas in Bursa. After completing his education in madrassa he was employed as a mudarris in Bursa and Istanbul madrassas. He was appointed to the Ottoman Palace and became a member of the royal physicians (etibba-yi hassa), because of his proficiency. Then, he was promoted and was officed as the head physician of the Galatasaray Enderun School. Ali Münşi has many works on medical practice, such as, Bida'at al-mübtedi, Cerrahnâme, Tuhfe-i aliyye and Altznotu Risalesi. Tuhfe-i Aliyye is known as the Kinakina Risalesi (chinchona), that is about how to treat a patient infected with malaria, by administering a drug named chinchona. Besides, it deals with the story of introducing chinchona to the Ottoman world from Europe. It was the first monography written on kinakina. There are several manuscripts of this text; for example, one is in the Bayezid Library, the other is in the Cerrahpaşa Medical School Medical History Department. This article is a Turkish transliteration of the Süleymaniye manuscript.

Cinchona↗
PubMed1986

On the ovarian bursa of the golden hamster. I. Scanning electron microscopy of the inner surface and stomatal orifices.

The inner surface of the ovarian bursa in the golden hamster was observed by scanning electron microscopy. There were numerous discontinuities in the bursal epithelium. Crevice-like gaps were formed between irregularly spaced epithelial cells, and the subepithelial connective tissue was exposed to the bursal cavity through the gaps. Through circular defects in the epithelial lining or pores, which were less than 20 microns in diameter, either the subepithelial connective tissue or stomatal orifices were visible. There were smooth surfaced areas lined with lymphatic endothelium, instead of bursal epithelium, which was continuous from the wall of the lymphatic vessel to the inner surface of the bursa. These areas were not present in all bursae, but if they were present, stomatal orifices consistently opened in them. Stomata in the ovarian bursa had two types of orifices, (1) circular orifices opening predominantly in smooth surfaced areas and measuring up to 50 microns in diameter; (2) jagged orifices opening usually in pores and measuring less than 10 microns in diameter. Blood cell components derived from ovulation entered lymphatics via stomata. Bursal fluid and small particles may drain into lymphatics directly via stomata and indirectly by diffusion through gaps, pores and connective tissue. Judging from the structural appearance of the stomatal orifices, the degree of opening of jagged orifices may change in response to changes in the cavity, while circular orifices may be stable openings.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[The development of the omental bursa].

The development of the omental bursa (lesser sac) was studied in serial sections of hybrid mouse embryos of 9-11 1/2 days. The anlage of the bursa is represented by several indentations on the right side of the mesenterium. Further growth and topographic alterations of the adjoining organs determine the definitive shape of the lesser sac. On the left side, the recessus pneumato-entericus is a transient structure which persists only until the 11th day of gestation. In humans, the anlage of the bursa is almost identical with its origin in mice. The bursa facilitates the separation from the digestive tract of several organs developing in the mesentery.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Infection of the intertubercular bursa in horses: four cases (1978-1991).

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical outcome of horses treated for infection of the intertubuercular bursa (infectious bicipital bursitis). DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of case records. ANIMALS: Four horses referred for treatment of infectious bicipital bursitis. PROCEDURE: Medical records of horses that were severely lame on admission were reviewed. RESULTS: In 3 horses, palpation over the bicipital bursa as well as flexion and extension of the scapulohumeral joint were resented. Ultrasonography performed in 1 horse revealed that the bicipital bursa was large and that excessive amounts of fluid containing hyperechoic material were evident within the bicipital bursa. Two horses were treated by the administration of antimicrobial and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Both remained lame and failed to resume their former activity. Two horses additionally were treated surgically by means of a partial synovectomy. Both resumed their former activity although a subtle lameness remained in 1 horse. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Partial synovectomy may be useful in the treatment of horses with infectious bicipital bursitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Age-related changes in the medullary reticular epithelial cells of the pigeon bursa of Fabricius.

BACKGROUND: The medulla of the avian bursal lymphoid follicles contains heterogeneous cell populations, including the so-called medullary reticular epithelial cells (REC). These cells may contribute to the bursal microenvironment for B-lymphocyte differentiation and maturation. The bursa of Fabricius undergoes well-characterized posthatching developmental changes, but the age-related changes of the medullary REC have not been studied. The present study approaches this topic by analyzing hallmarks of epithelial cells: the occurrence of cytokeratin-type intermediate filaments and of desmosomes and desmoplakins in pigeon medullary REC. METHODS: The bursae of Fabricius of male king pigeons (Columba livia L.) Morini's strain were examined at different ages (from hatching to 120 days after hatching) by light microscopic immunohistochemistry for pan-cytokeratins and desmoplakins and by transmission electron microscopy. The area occupied by medullary cytokeratin-immunoreactive cells was evaluated with quantitative image analysis. RESULTS: At hatching, cytokeratin immunoreactivity was not detected in the bursal lymphoid follicles. During the posthatching growth period of the organ (7-75 days), there was a progressive and significant increase in the area occupied by cytokeratin-immunoreactive medullary REC, in the intermediate filaments filling the cytoplasm of REC, and in the number of desmosomes. Conversely, during the regressive period analyzed (90-120 days), the density of cytokeratin-positive cells progressively decreased, although they retained their ultrastructural characteristics. The evaluation of desmoplakin immunoreactivity paralleled that of cytokeratin. CONCLUSION: The present results demonstrate that the medullary REC of the pigeon bursa of Fabricius undergoes age-dependent changes parallel with that involving the whole organ. The possible contribution of medullary REC to the bursal microenvironment is discussed.

Aging↗
PubMed1981

Cellular composition of the bone marrow in the chicken: II. The effect of age and the influence of the bursa of Fabricius on the size of cellular compartments.

The blood and bone marrow of New Hampshire chicks were analyzed quantitatively from the time of hatch to 8 weeks of age. Hormonal bursectomy was performed by treating embryonating eggs on the 11th day of incubation with testosterone propionate (TP) which resulted in severe hypogammaglobulinemia and complete atrophy of the bursa of Fabricius. TP-treated birds exhibited some lymphocytopenia, reduced splenic weight, and lack of plasma cells in their bone marrow. The number of cells per milligram bone marrow was comparable in normal and TP-treated birds, falling in the range reported for laboratory rodents. The chick medullary hemopoiesis is characterized by the predominance of erythroblasts throughout early development; granulocytes and lymphocytes represent much smaller cellular compartments than in rodents. In the chick granulocytes tend to decrease after hatch, whereas in rodents they tend to increase. The normal chick shows a temporary increase in marrow lymphocytes after hatch, similar to that observed in some young rodents, but on a much smaller scale. Hormonal bursectomy did not prevent the development of a lymphocyte population in the bone marrow. These cells were fewer in TP-treated birds at hatch and at 4 weeks than in normal birds, but at 8 weeks of age normal and bursectomized chicks had comparable numbers of lymphocytes in their marrow. Although some lymphocytes in avain bone marrow may depend on the bursa of Fabricius for their development, a substantial proportion of bone marrow lymphocytes in the chick are bursa independent. The cell surface phenotype and site of origin of these cells remains to be investigated.

Aging↗
PubMed1995

Dome epithelium and follicle-associated basal lamina pores in the avian bursa of Fabricius.

BACKGROUND: The immunological role played by the avian bursa of Fabricius has been well established. Although numerous studies have also reported on the development and general morphology of this organ, some structure-function relationships still have not been fully explained. METHODS: Bursae from chickens at three developmental stages were removed and examined by scanning electron microscopy. Routine preparation was used as well as sonication (microdissection). Micrographs were used for qualitative morphological study and for quantitative morphometric analyses. RESULTS: Routine SEM observations were similar to those previously reported in the literature. Sonicated specimens allowed topographical study of various levels of surface erosion. Two types of surface cells were observed: typical absorptive epithelium and follicle-associated epithelial (FAE) cells. Erosion of the dome surface epithelium revealed basal lamina pores in the region over the subepithelial lymphoid follicles. These pores were present at hatching. Morphometric analysis of dome and pore areas revealed that the pore area decreases in relation to dome area with aging. CONCLUSIONS: Basal lamina pores may provide a communication route between the lymphoid follicles and the external environment via the FAE cells. Also, the close association between the FAE cells of the epithelial domes, the epithelial pores, the capillary complex of the previously described bursal--blood barrier, and the subepithelial lymphoid follicles could represent a morphological "pore complex" that matures early in posthatching development and may be related to the immunological function of the bursa.

Aging↗
PubMed1990

Nurse cells of the bursa of Fabricius: do they exist?

Cell-cell interactions in B lymphocyte development have so far been incompletely characterized, mostly due to lack of a special organ for B cell maturation in the mammalian species. Certain well-known lymphostromal interactions in the thymus have raised the question whether similar interactions with nurse cells would also operate in the development of B cells. We have tested this hypothesis in the chicken bursa of Fabricius, an organ specific for the B cell maturation. To identify possible nurse cells, with viable lymphocytes enclosed, the cells in the bursa of Fabricius were dispersed with collagenase and trypsin. Light and electron microscopic examination of bursa cell suspensions showed four types of aggregates, identified by low magnification light microscopy as potential nurse cell-like complexes. Electron microscopy revealed that all aggregates consisted of epithelial cells, and complexes of epithelial cells with lymphocytes enclosed were not observed. These findings indicate that interactions similar to those seen in the avian and mammalian thymus between epithelial nurse cells and T lymphocytes are not a part of the avian B cell differentiation process.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Apoptosis is associated with the extensive B cell death in the sheep ileal Peyer's patch and the chicken bursa of Fabricius: a possible role in B cell selection.

The ileal Peyer's patch (PP) and the bursa of Fabricius have major roles in populating the B cell system in sheep and chickens, respectively. These tissues contain greater than 90% B cells and possess a massive proliferation index with greater than 5% of B cells entering mitosis per hour. Paradoxically, almost all of the B cells produced in these sites rapidly die in situ. Here we show that the extensive B cell death occurring in the ileal PP and bursa is associated with apoptosis. Gel electrophoresis of ileal PP cell DNA from 7-14 week-old lambs and bursal cell DNA from 4-week-old chickens demonstrated a laddering of DNA in multiples of approximately 200 bp, a pattern indicative of apoptosis. In sheep, the intensity of the laddering pattern seen after agarose gel electrophoresis was always greater with ileal PP cell DNA compared with thymocyte DNA, and usually greater than jejunal PP cell DNA. Likewise, DNA isolated from chicken bursal cells and mouse PP cells always exhibited a more intense laddering pattern than chicken or mouse thymocytes, respectively. When placed in culture ileal PP cells died rapidly less than 40% viable cells were recovered after 24 h. Within 6 h of culture many ileal PP cells exhibited an apoptotic appearance in that they contained condensed chromatin and fragmented nuclei. Moreover, greater than 55% of total cellular DNA was fragmented. Compared with thymocytes, ileal PP cells underwent DNA fragmentation to a much greater extent and with a faster time course in short-term culture. We propose that cell death by apoptosis may make an important contribution to B cell development in the lamb ileal PP and the chicken bursa. Apoptosis may provide a mechanism for the diversification of the B cell immune repertoire and/or the selection of non-self reactive B cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Age-related changes in the avian primary lymphoid organs (thymus and bursa of Fabricius).

The avian primary lymphoid organs, the thymus and the bursa of Fabricius, undergo age-dependent changes leading in some cases to the complete atrophy of the organ. Nevertheless, the timetable of the involutive process as well as the consequences in the structure and functionality of the organs vary largely in the time frame and structural changes among species. On the other hand, and in contrast with the large body of literature reporting the structural and functional changes in mammalian primary lymphoid organs, the age-dependent changes in avian thymus and bursa of Fabricius are scarce, fragmentary, and heterogeneous. This article reviews the current literature on this topic, and focuses primarily on the involution of the bursa of Fabricius.

Aging↗
PubMed1986

The follicle-associated epithelium in the bursa of Fabricius cell origin studied by means of quail-chick chimeras and monoclonal antibodies.

The cell origin of the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of the bursa of Fabricius was studied by two different technical approaches. Precolonized quail bursal rudiments were grafted into chick embryos and the grafts were recovered 2 wk after hatching of the recipients. By taking advantage of the distinct nuclear characteristics of chick and quail cells, it could be shown that the specialized FAE consists of a mixture of epithelial cells, with special features, among which hemopoietic cells, originating from the host, are dispersed. Staining of chicken bursas with different monoclonal antibodies reacting either with the epithelial component (BEP-1) or with the hemopoietic cells of the bursa (L22, L17) confirmed that hemopoietic cells, presumably macrophages, are mixed with the epithelial cells at the level of FAE.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Pancreas of Aselli in some species of the shrews (Sorex araneusneomys fodiens) as an analogue of the bursa of Fabricius in birds.

No organ equivalent to the bursa of Fabricius in birds, which is responsible for the production of B cells, has been found in mammals thus far. It has been suggested that Peyer's patches and the appendix along with the bone marrow play this role. In this study, the gland of Aselli of shrews was examined, whose function has not yet been clarified. The results of the study of the gland of Aselli in common and water shrews suggest this gland to be the key lymphoid organ analogous to the bursa of Fabricius. However, unlike the bursa of Fabricius, the gland of Aselli seems to fulfil two functions. It not only produces B cells, but also is the site of their terminal differentiation into plasma cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The bursa of Fabricius as a trapping mechanism for environmental antigens.

The bursa of Fabricius was isolated from gut-derived antigens by ligating the bursal duct on the 18th day of incubation. Ligation of the bursal duct (BDL) suppressed the bursal development, spontaneous germinal centre formation in the spleen and the development of serum "natural" agglutinins for bacteria or heteroerythrocytes. Moreover, administration of sterilized cecal contents into the bursal lumen at BDL led to normal level of serum "natural" agglutinins. These findings strongly suggest that the bursa of Fabricius possesses an antigen-dependent process which modulates the development of immune system. Antigen-trapping mechanism of the bursa may supply information about environmental antigens for this process.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1977

Further characterization of the sensitizing bursa cells and of the target for suppression in the transfer of agammaglobulinemia.

Presensitization of BX donors with B cells appears obligatory in order for their T cells to acquire suppressor capacity against the adoptive humoral antibody response of bursa cells to B. abortus. Although anti-Ig + C treatment of bursa cells removes their capacity to "immunize" BX chickens for suppressor activity, BX chickens cannot be sensitized for this effect by the injection of chicken IgM + IgG. Both embryonic and allogeneic bursa cells can "immunize" the T cells of BX chickens. The observation that spleen cells from BX chickens can cause absence of plasma cells and germinal centers in the spleen and mucosal lining of cecal tonsils of histocompatible recipients within 1-2 weeks after transfer suggests that the suppressor cells mediate their effect by acting directly on B cells at one or more stages during their development.

Agammaglobulinemia↗
PubMed1976

Bursa of Fabricus: uptake of radioactive particles and radiotoxic "sealing" of bursal follicles.

Making use of the fact that the avian bursa is uniquely equiped for uptake, degradation and storage of particulate matter from the cloacal lumen, we administered 239Pu(IV) perorally or via the cloaca to cause radiotoxic damage to the bursal tissue. This resulted in a involution of the follicles, reduction of the lymphocyte mass, predominance of smaller lymphoid cells in the medulla as compared to controls, disappearance of tuft epithelia, formation of a sub-epithelial fibrous layer in many follicles and impairment or an almost complete loss of the capacity of the bursa to take up particulate matter. Concomitant with these changes was a reduction in the concentration of serum IgG. These findings are discussed in relation to the immunologic contact role of the bursa.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Toxic effect of carrageenan on lymphoid-follicle associated epithelial cells of the bursa of Fabricius of chickens.

The lymphoid-follicle associated epithelial (FAE) cells of the bursa Fabricii of chickens show enzymatic and micropinocytotic activities; they can perform functions reminiscent of those of macrophages. To test this relationship, we checked whether FAE cells are sensitive to carrageenan, a substance widely known to be toxic for macrophages. This substance was gently introduced into the bursal lumen and was left there for a period of 72 to 120 h. The bursae of Fabricius were then examined histologically and histochemically. The result was that the FAE areas had been reduced in number and that their structural pattern had been modified. This effect suggests that FAE cells may be sensitive to carrageenan. The immunological response to SRBC was studied in one group of animals that had received carrageenan. The antibody seemed to elicit an increase in the agglutinins and in the number of direct PFC/spleen against SRBC in comparison with control chickens. On the basis of the morphological and immunological results obtained, the origin and the role of the FAE cells of the bursa of Fabricius are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Synovial sarcoma arising in an anatomical bursa.

In previous studies, the origin of synovial sarcoma directly from synovium has not been satisfactorily established. This case report describes the light and electron microscopic features of a biphasic synovial sarcoma occurring within the popliteal fossa. At surgery, a cystic mass was identified in relationship to the semitendinosus tendon at the anatomical site of the semitendinosus bursa. The tumour originated from the inner surface of the bursa as multiple papillary projections with no evidence of extension beyond the capsule of the bursa. Portions of the synovial surface were hyperplastic but otherwise normal. The findings indicate that biphasic synovial sarcoma can arise directly from synovium and support the hypothesis of a mesenchymal histogenesis for this tumour.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Distribution of the 1,25 dihydroxy-vitamin D3 receptor in the bursa of Fabricius of chicken.

The vitamin D3 metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3 is probably involved in B lymphocyte ontogeny. We therefore determined the distribution of the 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor in the bursa of Fabricius and spleen cells of 7-day-old chicks, by immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody against the chick intestinal cell 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor. The bursa cells of young (7-day-old) chicks contained large amounts of receptor while the spleen cells did not. The bursa cells of older (35-day-old) chicks contained fewer receptors, but the number of receptors in the spleen increased.

Aging↗