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PubMed1966

Bacteriological survey of the frozen prepared foods industry. I. Frozen cream-type pies.

During Food and Drug Administration inspections of 12 imitation cream pie producers, 453 finished product samples and 350 line samples were collected and analyzed bacteriologically. Sanitary conditions in the plants varied from good to poor and, in general, were reflected in the bacteriological results. The survey revealed that, in the great majority of cases, frozen imitation-cream pies produced in plants operating under good conditions of sanitation had the following bacteriological content: (i) a most probable number (MPN) of fewer than three Escherichia coli cells per gram (i.e., absent from all tubes in the methodology employed), (ii) an average MPN of fewer than 50 coliforms per gram (10 or more pies), (iii) the absence of coagulase-positive staphylococci in 0.1-g portions, and (iv) an aerobic plate count of fewer than 25,000 per gram (geometric mean of 10 or more pies).

Escherichia coli↗
PubMed1997

Bacteriology of lacrimal duct obstruction in adults.

AIMS: To determine the current bacteriology of lacrimal duct obstruction (LDO) and to relate the bacteriological findings to the type of symptoms. METHODS: 127 samples were obtained from the lacrimal sac in 118 consecutive adult patients with LDO, including nine bilateral cases. RESULTS: Altogether, 156 isolates were recovered from the 127 samples cultured. Cultures were positive from 84% of the samples. Gram positive bacteria were isolated in 79 (62%) samples. The most frequently cultured bacterial species was Staphylococcus epidermidis, representing 27% of the isolates. Gram negative bacteria were recovered from 26 (20%) samples, and these bacteria were statistically significantly more common in cases with copious discharge than in cases with minor discharge (p = 0.000). Cases with simple stenosis of the lacrimal duct (SSLD) showed significantly less Streptococcus sp (p = 0.004) and Gram negative organisms (p = 0.004) than those with chronic dacryocystitis. CONCLUSION: The bacteriology of SSLD resembles that of normal conjunctival flora. Chronic dacryocystitis in adults is associated with an increased proportion of Gram negative bacteria which may be a reservoir for postoperative intraocular infection. They should also be taken into account in selecting antimicrobial prophylaxis in lacrimal drainage surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Bacteriological quality control in human milk-banking.

The bacteriological quality of pooled human milk donated to the Oxford milk bank was analysed and the effects on bacteriology of sterilisation of the milk-collecting vessels in the home with hypochlorite solution and of Holder pasteurisation in a purpose-built human-milk pasteuriser were studied. Collecting milk in hypochlorite-sterilised vessels resulted in a significantly lower bacterial count of both pathogens and species of unlikely pathogenicity before pasteurisation and significantly increased the chance of pasteurisation giving a sterile product. Potentially pathogenic organisms grown in untreated milk were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and group B beta-haemolytic streptococci. Seven species of organisms of unlikely pathogenicity were also identified. Pasteurisation eliminated all potential pathogens from milk but did not reliably remove any of the species of unlikely pathogens. Banked human milk may be contaminated with bacteria which are known to be capable of producing lipases, proteases, and decarboxylases. Accurate pasteurisation, together with attention to the sterility of the collecting vessels, results in a bacteriologically safe product that retains many of the protective properties of raw milk.

Disinfection↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bacteriological epidemiology and treatment of bacterial vaginosis.

One hundred symptomatic women with clinical bacterial vaginosis (BV) were enrolled in this study. The bacteriological epidemiology of BV and efficacy of oral or vaginal administration of antimicrobial agents for treatment of BV were investigated. The epidemiology of BV was investigated before antimicrobial therapy. Fifty patients were treated with oral administration of metronidazole (MTN), 500 mg twice a day, and 50 patients with 2% clindamycin (CLDM) phosphate in a vaginal cream, 5 g once a day for 7 days. The major organisms occurring were Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, Gardnerella vaginalis, Peptostreptococcus species, Bacteroides species, Prevotella species, and Mobiluncus species and opportunistic pathogens such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis. The therapeutic efficacy of CLDM cream on BV appeared to be preferable to oral MTN from clinical and bacteriological aspects. The clinical and bacteriological effectiveness of MTN and CLDM in the treatment of BV suggests that anaerobes might play a major role in causing the clinical symptoms in patients with BV.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed1998

Influence of pulmonary bacteriology and histology on the yield of diagnostic procedures in ventilator-acquired pneumonia.

We investigated the influence of pulmonary bacteriology and histology on the yield of diagnostic procedures in a clinically relevant model of ventilator-acquired pneumonia (VAP). Twenty-seven piglets entered a 4-d protocol of ventilatory support under general anesthesia. Endotracheal aspirates (EA), protected specimen brush (PSB), and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were obtained on Day 4. PSB and BAL were performed under bronchoscopic guidance in dependent and nondependent lung segments. Immediately thereafter sternotomy allowed bilateral lung biopsies including the segments studied by bronchoscopic techniques. All respiratory specimens were then processed for microscopic examination and quantitative cultures (QC). In this model where many of the confounding factors often present in human studies were absent, we found that (1) although the local bacterial burden tended to correlate with the presence and the severity of histologic lesions, no definite bacteriologic cutoff could differentiate the histologic presence or absence of pneumonia; (2) histologic lesions of pneumonia and parenchymal bacterial burden were unevenly distributed through the lungs; (3) this heterogeneity in bacterial distribution also held true for single bacterial species; (4) using discriminative values of >= 10(3) cfu/ml, >= 10(4) cfu/ml, and >= 10(5) cfu/ml to define positive PSB, BAL, and EA cultures, respectively, these techniques identified the histologic presence of pneumonia with a sensitivity of 69%, 78%, and 100%, respectively; (5) the specificity of these techniques in recognizing VAP was less than 50%; (6) with these discriminative values, less than 50% of PSB and BAL specimens correctly identified the causative organisms, whereas 94% of EA specimens correctly established the microbiologic diagnosis of pneumonia. We believe that the peculiar histologic and bacteriologic features of VAP may account for the difficulties of PSB and BAL, which combine QC with the use of discriminative thresholds, to reliably recognize pneumonia and to identify the causative organisms. For clinical practice, no technique confidently helps in recognizing pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients. With regard to bacterial diagnosis, use of quantitative cultures of EA seems to be the best technique to identify the causative organisms in patients suffering VAP.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bacteriological profile of ophthalmic infections in an Israeli hospital.

AIM: To find the optimal antibiotic treatment for ophthalmic infections in an Israeli hospital. METHODS: In a retrospective study from our laboratory, which serves as both a primary and secondary referral center, we analyzed the bacteriological profile and the antibiotic sensitivity of ophthalmic infections using the computerized laboratory reports of 331 consecutive ophthlamic bacteriological cultures from patients with various ophthalmic infections. RESULTS: Microbiological growth was obtained in 113 samples (34.1%). The most commonly isolated organism was coagulase-negative staphylococcus (19.5%), followed by coagulase-positive staphylococcus (16.8%), Enterobacteriaceae (14.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.3%), and streptococcal species (8.9%). Pseudomonas species were the most common isolates from the lacrimal pathways (20.0%). Streptococci were the most common isolates cultured from the conjunctiva (27.3%). Coagulase-positive staphylococcus was the most common isolate from corneal ulcers (33.3%), and coagulase-negative staphylococcus from the vitreous (30.8%). The overall antibiotic sensitivity of common ophthalmic pathogens was similar to that reported from other parts of the world. CONCLUSIONS: Although essentially similar to previous series, this report from the Middle East differs as follows. Firstly, Pseudomonas species were the most common isolates from the lacrimal pathways. Secondly, the overall rate of streptococcal isolates was lower than in previous reports. Thirdly, streptococcal species were rarely isolated from corneal samples. Although other studies from the region have described the causative organisms of ocular infections in specific ocular sites, this is the first study from the Middle East to summarize the full bacteriological profile of ocular infections in one medical center.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Acute streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis: a review of clinical efficacy and bacteriological eradication.

This review evaluates studies published between January 1997 and August 2003 comparing clinical outcome and bacteriological eradication rates for patients with acute streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis treated with penicillin or other antimicrobial agents. Studies were identified using MEDLINE, and clinical outcome and bacteriological eradication at end of treatment and 2 weeks after end of treatment were ascertained. Any longer-term follow-up was also noted, along with treatment-related adverse events and compliance. Clinical efficacy rates between penicillin and comparator antibiotics were generally high and similar. Bacterial eradication rates were more variable and, 2 weeks after treatment, ranged from 64% to 93% for penicillin and 31% to 98% for comparators. Simpler dosing schedules and shorter therapy durations produced higher compliance rates. This review highlights the similarities and differences between treatment with penicillin and a wide range of comparator antibiotics. Therapy for acute group A streptococcal pharyngitis should combine excellent clinical efficacy, high bacteriological eradication rates, good tolerance and a simple, convenient dosing regimen.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

Clinical and bacteriologic efficacy of amoxycillin b.d. (45 mg/kg/day) versus amoxycillin t.d.s (40 mg/kg/day) in children with group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis.

This randomized, observer-blind, multicenter, parallel-group study compared the clinical and bacteriologic efficacy and safety of amoxycillin, 45 mg/kg/day b.d. and amoxycillin, 40 mg/kg/day t.d.s. after 7 days of treatment in 517 children with acute bacterial tonsillopharyngitis. At the end of treatment, a successful clinical response was recorded in more than 96% of patients in each of the treatment groups. A similar result was obtained at follow-up. Among those patients who were bacteriologically evaluable at the end of treatment, a successful bacteriologic response was achieved in more than 94% in each treatment group. Both treatments were well tolerated. Drug-related adverse events were recorded in just 12 patients (4.6%) in the b.d. group and six (2.4%) in the t.d.s. group. The study demonstrated that a twice-daily regimen of amoxycillin, 45 mg/kg/day, was as effective and as well tolerated as the standard three-times-daily regimen of amoxycillin, 40 mg/kg/day, in the treatment of acute bacterial tonsillopharyngitis in children.

Adenoids↗
PubMed1979

Bacteriological examination of a modern animal house containing small laboratory animals.

Floors and other areas totalling 1800 m2, comprising conventional and specified-pathogen-free (SPF) units, were screened bacteriologically 6 times in a year. The contamination indices observed were lower within than outside the units, and lower in the SPF than in the conventional unit. Bacterial counts in rooms containing animals in the conventional and SPF units were very similar. In all of the areas investigated within the units, most of the samples revealed less than 2 colony forming units per cm2. In contrast, high degrees of bacteriological contamination were detected in the changing rooms after showering or washing before entry. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the dominant bacterial species isolated. The bacteriological spectrum did not vary between the areas surveyed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Quantitative bacteriology of closed-suction wound drainage in contaminated surgery.

This study was designed to evaluate the predictive value of quantitative bacteriology of closed-suction postoperative wound drainage in identifying the patient likely to develop wound infection as well as its subsequent flora. Forty-one patients undergoing major cancer surgery of the head and neck were studied. Postoperatively, closed-suction wound drainage was cultured, and anaerobic and aerobic bacterial isolates were quantitated. The wound infection rate was 20% (8/41). No trend toward increased rate of wound infection with increased numbers of bacteria colonizing the wound was observed. Additionally, there was no consistent correlation between species of bacteria isolated from closed-suction wound drainage and recovery from subsequent wound infection. Quantitative bacteriology of closed-suction wound drainage after contaminated head and neck cancer surgery does not accurately predict which patients were likely to become infected, or the probable bacteriology of subsequent wound infection.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed2002

Effect of bacteriological status on pressure ulcer healing in patients with advanced cancer.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to identify the quantitative and qualitative bacteriological status of pressure ulcers in patients with advanced cancer, and the effects on the healing process. METHOD: We recruited 34 patients with advanced cancer who had 38 superficial grade II and III pressure ulcers. Patients were randomly allocated to treatment with Lyofoam/polyurethane foam dressing (Seton) or Aquagel/hydrogel dressing (Wytw.Opatrunków). Efficacy, treatment times and healing rates were noted. Qualitative studies were undertaken on 38 pressure ulcers and quantitative bacteriological studies on 19 ulcers. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference between the two treatment groups in efficacy, healing rates and treatment times. Bacteriological assessment identified 92 species. CONCLUSION: The bacteria did not cause any clinical signs of infection. Variations in the number and types of bacteria in individual wounds did not correlate to the grade of ulcer or the dressing used.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The serologic response to Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium in experimentally infected chickens, followed by an indirect lipopolysaccharide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and bacteriologic examinations through a one-year period.

Three groups of 100 individually marked salmonella-free chickens were followed for a period of 53 wk. The chickens were infected as day olds by crop instillation of 10(8) colony-forming units: one group with Salmonella enteritidis and a second group with Salmonella typhimurium. A third group was kept uninfected as controls. The groups were monitored bacteriologically by examination of cloacal swabs and organs and serologically by examination of serum and egg yolk by a lipopolysaccharide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay throughout the period. Within the first week, 100% of birds in both infected groups were excreting salmonella bacteria in the feces. However, the number of fecal excretors declined rapidly with time, down to 6% in 16 wk for S. typhimurium and down to a similar level within the first 8 wk for S. enteritidis. For the latter, relapses with up to 40% positive birds were observed at the onset of egg production. For both S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis, positive bacteriologic cultures were obtained by sampling from internal organs at the end of the experiment, more than 1 yr from the time of infection. At the age of 6-7 wk, 50% of the chickens in the two infected groups showed a measurable serologic response in serum samples. The response persisted throughout the study in both serum and egg yolk samples. The inclusion of serologic methods is a valuable additional tool in the detection of salmonella in poultry, but serology should be used in conjunction with bacteriologic methods in surveillance programs, in particular to detect flocks in early stages of infection before a measurable serologic response has been raised.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Bacteriologic study of the contents of radicular cysts].

INTRODUCTION: Radicular cysts are, most often, oral tissue cysts. The basis for their development are the remains of Hertwig's epithelial sheath, which is stimulated to proliferate by infectious agents, mostly periapical granuloma or pulp necrosis. The cyst contents can be liquid, either clear or milky-white, or thick and yellowish-caseous pus. Bacteriological and histopathological researches have shown that development of radicular cysts from periapical lesions is a consequence of penetration of normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study has bacteriologically examined contents of 50 radicular cysts. They were operated between 1993 and 1995 at the Department of Oral Surgery of the Outpatient Health Care Centre Banja Luka. Pathological substrate of the cyst was punctured by a sterile needle and bacteriologically examined at the Microbiological Laboratory of the Clinical Centre in Banja Luka. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Radicular cysts contents most often consisted of: alpha-hemolytic streptococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphyilococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus group B and alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus. It is concluded that normal oral cavity flora is present in the cysts contents, the infection penetrated through the root canal to periapex, where, due to the course of time, radicular cyst develops from periapical granuloma.

Bacteria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Bacteriologic examination of gallbladder contents].

INTRODUCTION: Acute calculous (obstructive) cholecystitis develops as a consequence of cystic obstruction and obstruction of bile flow into choledochus. Most often it is a result of impacted gallstones in Hartman's pouch or the cystic duct. Their direct pressure on gallbladder mucosa causes ischemia, necrosis and ulceration with consequential wall edema and obstructed venous flow. This mechanism is further increasing and spreading the inflammatory process. Ulcerations may be that extensive, that mucosa is highly recognizable on the microscopic preparation. Leukocyte infiltration of all segments occurs. Results of necrosis are as follows: perforation with pericholecystic abscess formation, fistulization or biliary peritonitis. AIM: The aim of this investigation was to use microbial sensitivity tests in order to establish possibilities of antibiotic therapy in patients with acute cholecystitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Using random sampling a total of 240 patients with acute cholecystitis were included in the investigation. They were all treated at the Clinic of Abdominal and Endocrine Surgery of the Clinical Center Novi Sad in the period 1997-1999. All patients underwent bacteriological examination and were coherent in regard to sex and age. Microbial sensitivity tests analyzed two groups of bacteria: Group I: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Staphylococcus and Group II: other isolated bacteria (Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Serratia and Streptococcus). RESULTS: In our material Escherichia coli was isolated in most patients--32 (55.17%), Klebsiella and Staphylococcus in 6 (10.34%) patients and Streptococcus in 4 (6.90%), whereas other bacteria were infrequent (Citrobacter and Serratia in 3.45%, Enterobacter, Proteus and Pseudomonas in 1.75%). Thus, E. coli, Klebsiella and Staphylococcus were established in 75.85% of bacteriologic findings, and all the rest in 24.15%. Assessment regarding premedication with antibiotics started with an assumption that cholecystitis was caused by one of the bacteria isolated in 75% of cases. That is why antibiotics should be given prior to surgery, primarily those to which these bacteria are susceptible in more than 95% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: E. coli, Klebsiella and Staphylococcus participate with 75.85% of all bacteriologic findings, whereas all the others make 24.15%; Amikacin, Cefalexin, Ceftriaxone, Ofloxacin and Pefloxacin are recommended in premedication; considering the fact that new generation antibiotics have not been tested yet, they were not taken into consideration for this study.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1988

Clinical and bacteriological effects of therapy of urinary tract infection in primary health care: relation to in vitro sensitivity testing.

17 primary health care (PHC) centres participated in a 1-month evaluation of a county urinary tract infection (UTI) management program. A total of 302 patients contributing 355 episodes, dominated by female (93%), lower symptomatic (75%) and Escherichia coli (74%) episodes were studied. In therapeutic failure gram-negative bacteria other than E. coli showed an increased prevalence whereas Staphylococcus saprophyticus was not found. The general pattern of drug resistance was little influenced by UTI history and the mean pretherapy prevalence of resistance to the 7 antibacterial agents studied was low (7%). Drug resistance was increased in failure (mean 24%) also for agents not used for therapy (sulphonamides and nitrofurantoin) but not in early or repeated recurrence. UTI symptoms were eradicated in only two-thirds of bacteriologically cured episodes but in one-third of the failures at the posttreatment control. On average, therapy resulted in 8% bacteriological failure and 12% early recurrence. The bacteriological cure rate was the same irrespective of whether the infecting bacteria were classified as sensitive or resistant in vitro to the drug given. Thus, sensitivity testing of isolates is rarely needed in sporadic or recurrent UTI in PHC but may be relevant in failure. In order to be of prognostic value in uncomplicated UTI high-level breakpoints focusing more on peak urinary drug concentrations need to be studied.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Milk antitrypsin as a marker of bovine mastitis--correlation with bacteriology.

Milk antitrypsin reflects leakage of protein of blood plasma into milk. Mastitis detection can be based on measurement of the trypsin-inhibitor capacity in milk; the "Eflab Mastitis Test" procedure is based on this principle. The procedure was developed to screen for subclinical mastitis; high capacity and sensitivity permits whole herds to be analyzed on a quarter basis to identify inflamed quarters during a single sampling. Milk antitrypsin was measured on 2174 quarter milk samples by a colorimetric procedure. The Multiskan MC reader was hooked to desk computer to interpolate antitrypsin from the standard curve and to analyze results. The analysis of inflammation was based on antitrypsin as well as computerized interquarter evaluation. These measures were compared with bacteriologic study of milk to set criteria for automatic identification of mastitis in individual quarters. The comparison against the lowest teat antitrypsin gave better indication of infection than antitrypsin as such. By strict criteria that identified inflammations caused by major pathogens, 18.8% of uninfected quarters were identified as false positive. The explanation is that a single bacteriological culture is not reliable for detecting mastitis, because there are temporary causes of tissue irritation other than bacteria that may be identified during standard bacteriologic examination.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Bacteriological qualities of indoor and out-door drinking water in Kibera sub-location of Nairobi, Kenya.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the bacteriological quality of out-house (tank or standpipe) water and in-house drinking water (storage containers) and determine the risk factors influencing it. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: The study was carried out in Kibera slums located 7 km southwest from the Nairobi City centre. SUBJECTS: Water samples from twenty outside tanks/standpipes and sixty from in-house water storage containers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pour plate method was used to enumerate total bacterial counts in water, while the multiple tube technique was used to determine faecal coliform (FC) and faecal streptococci (FS) numbers. A questionnaire and environmental observation were used to determine the risk factors influencing bacteriological quality of water. RESULTS: The mean total bacterial counts (TBC) for out-house water was 46.6 per 100 ml while that for in-house water was 818.2 per 100 ml. Faecal coliforms were isolated from 7 (35%) standpipes and 57 (95%) in-house storage containers. The mean faecal coliform count was 93 and 103.4 per 100 ml for out-house and in-house water, respectively. The counts were significantly higher in the latter. Faecal streptococci were isolated from 2 (10%) standpipes and 37 (61.7%) in-house storage containers. The mean faecal streptococci counts were 35 and 65 per 100 ml for out-house and in-house water sources, respectively. Escherichia coli was isolated in 2 (10%) of out-house water and 30 (50%) of in-house. Of these, four were enteropathogenic, serotype 011 from one out-house water source and serotypes 011, 011, 0112ac from in-house water sources. CONCLUSIONS: Bacteriological contamination of water at the source with a further deterioration between the collection points and homes was observed. A defective water delivery system and inadequate environmental sanitation were a potential source of contamination for out-house water. Scoops were a major source of contamination for stored water.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed2004

Bacteriology of unshelled frozen blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus).

In this study, 45 (10 whole specimens and 35 frozen claws) frozen samples of Portunus pelagicus imported into Sicily (Italy) from the west coast of Africa were examined to assess their bacteriological characteristics and suitability for consumption. Bacteriological examination was performed on two subsamples for each whole crab. The first was the body and claw muscle; the second was a pool of viscera and gills. In the case of frozen claws, each muscle claw was a sample. An aerobic plate count at 30 degrees C (mesophilic aerobic plate count [MAPC]) and 18 degrees C (psychrotrophic aerobic plate count [PAPC]) for 3 days, sulfite-reducing anaerobes, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, and Aeromonas spp. were enumerated. Detection of halophilic Vibrio spp. was also performed using salt polymixin broth as an enrichment medium and thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar as a selective medium; a further morphological and biochemical identification of suspected colonies was performed. The bacterial load of muscle and viscera and gills was low. The MAPC ranged from 0.78 to 3.26 log CFU/g, and the PAPC ranged from 0.48 to 2.41 log CFU/g. Vibrio spp., Aeromonas spp., sulfite-reducing anaerobes, and E. coli were never isolated from muscles or viscera and gills. In contrast to the findings of others, this study showed good bacteriological quality of crabs imported into Sicily from the west coast of Africa. This study also demonstrated the positive influence of the characteristics of environment of origin and postharvest handling hygiene; these parameters could be useful in the context of the application of the hazard analysis critical control point system to this production.

Animals↗