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PubMed1984

Interpretation of single progesterone measurement in diagnosis of anovulation and defective luteal phase: observations on analysis of the normal range.

Single serum progesterone determinations were made in 79 apparently normal women with a regular menstrual cycle. A normal range (40 subjects) was derived from the concentrations in the follicular phase and used to define an "anovular" range for luteal phase values (nine out of 39 subjects). The remaining luteal phase values were used to construct an "ovular" range for the luteal phase and, within this range, to define a group of values (less than the 20th centile) which could be described as a "defective luteal phase." The cut off limits between ovular and anovular and between normal and defective luteal phases were respectively two and four times the follicular phase median. It is proposed that the numerical findings of this study may be used as a rule of thumb for defining normality and abnormality from a single serum progesterone determination.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Anovulation.

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Anovulation↗
PubMed1984

Nature of the light stimulus producing Aschoff's intensity effect and anovulation.

Using feedback circuits, light exposure was linked to wheel-running activity in female albino rats. Because the photosensitive portions of the circadian cycle are known to coincide with wheel-running activity, the feedback circuits concentrated light on the photosensitive portions of the cycle. In this type of lighting, the free-running period of locomotor activity was directly proportional to the light intensity (i.e., the Aschoff effect), and at an intensity of 100 1x, cyclic ovulation caused. Both these effects, which were previously thought to result only from exposure to continuous light (LL), occurred even though these rats were exposed to only 4 h of light per circadian cycle. These results indicate that the consequences of LL are not due to the continuity of the light per se but represent the effects of light falling on discrete photosensitive portions of the circadian cycle.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Upper body obesity and hyperinsulinemia are associated with anovulation.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of body fat distribution and hyperinsulinemia on the occurrence of ovulation. Fifty-six women (20-35 years old) either with overweight or obesity (body mass index >/=25) were studied. They were classified in two groups according to waist/hip ratio (WHR); one with predominance of adiposity in the upper body segment (n = 29, WHR >0.85) and the other with predominant adiposity in the lower body segment (n = 27, WHR </=0.85). Basal body temperature and serum progesterone were determined in each cycle during 6 months. Serum insulin levels were measured at baseline and 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min after a 75-gram oral glucose load. The mean insulin values in response to oral glucose load in patients with upper body segment obesity were significantly higher than those corresponding to women with lower body segment obesity. Furthermore, the ratio between ovulated cycles and all the cycles studied in patients with upper body segment obesity was significantly lower than that observed in patients with lower body segment obesity. Upper body obesity seems to affect the ovulatory process and this may be related to the presence of hyperinsulinemia.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1983

Anovulation in female rats induced by neonatal administration of the catechol estrogens, 2-hydroxy-estradiol and 4-hydroxy-estradiol.

The effects of estradiol (E2) and its 2- and 4-hydroxylated metabolites on gonadotrophin regulation in the female rat brain were examined. Neonatal female rats were injected from day 1 through 5 with E2, 2-OHE2 and 4-OHE2, at doses of 0.1, 1 and 10 micrograms/day. At 2, 6 and 24 h after the last estrogen injection, some animals from each treatment group were killed and the concentration of estrogen receptors (ERn) in their brain cell nuclei determined. The remaining animals were allowed to mature. Their vaginal smear patterns were examined from 7 to 9 and from 15 to 17 weeks of age. They were then ovariectomized and tested for their capacity to exhibit a luteinizing hormone (LH) surge in response to estrogen and progesterone injections. In a parallel series of experiments, the affinities of the three test estrogens for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were determined from in vitro competition studies with fetal rat serum. All three estrogens increased brain cell nuclear ERn concentrations, measured at 2 h after the final injection. E2 was more potent in this respect than either 4-OHE2 or 2-OHE2. E2 and 4-OHE2 competed for binding to AFP to an approximately equal extent. 2-OHE2, however, was a much weaker competitor for AFP than either of the other two compounds. The neonatal E2 and 4-OHE2 treatments reduced the number of animals showing regular cyclic vaginal smears, at all three doses tested. In contrast, 2-OHE2 significantly affected vaginal cyclicity only at a dose of 10 micrograms/day.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Use of LHRH agonists in the treatment of anovulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

The long-acting agonist analogue of LHRH, Buserelin (Hoechst) has been used to suppress endogenous gonadotrophins prior to induction of ovulation with low dose human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) in women with clomiphene-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The results have been compared with those in a similar group of patients treated with HMG alone. Buserelin (900-1,500 micrograms/day) was given intranasally to 11 women who thereafter received a total of 33 cycles of treatment with low-dose HMG. The control group comprised 16 women who received 40 cycles of HMG without Buserelin pretreatment. The ovulation rate was similar in the two groups: Buserelin + HMG 70%, HMG alone 68% and both groups showed a high rate of single follicle ovulation (52 and 63%, respectively). The threshold dose of gonadotrophin required to induce a single follicle was similar in the two groups. Premature elevation of LH in the late follicular phase was common in women who received HMG alone, but did not occur in any cycle in the patients receiving Buserelin pretreatment. In summary, these data show that pretreatment with an LHRH analogue prevents a premature LH surge but it remains to be determined whether this will have a significant bearing on the rate of successful pregnancy in women with PCOS.

Anovulation↗
PubMed1999

Anovulation in cyclooxygenase-2-deficient mice is restored by prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-1beta.

Mice carrying a null mutation for either of the two cyclooxygenase (COX) isoenzymes, necessary for prostanoid production, exhibit several isotype-specific reproductive abnormalities. Mice deficient in COX-1 are fertile but have decreased pup viability, whereas mice deficient in COX-2 fail to ovulate and have abnormal implantation and decidualization responses. The present study identifies the specific contribution of each COX isoenzyme in hypothalamic, pituitary, and ovarian function and establishes the pathology and rescue of the anovulatory syndrome in the COX-2-deficient mouse. In both COX-1- and COX-2-deficient mice, pituitary gonadotropins were selectively increased, whereas hypothalamic LHRH and serum gonadotropin levels were similar to those in wild-type animals (+/+). No significant differences in serum estrogen or progesterone were noted among the three genotypes. Exogenous gonadotropin stimulation with PMSG and hCG produced a comparable 4-fold increase in ovarian PGE2 levels in wild-type and COX-1(-/-) mice. COX-2(-/-) mice had no increase in PGE2 over PMSG-stimulated levels. Wild-type and COX-1(-/-) mice ovulated in response to PMSG/hCG; very few COX-2(-/-) animals responded to this regimen. The defect in ovulation in COX-2 mutants was attributed to both an abnormal cumulus oophorum expansion and subsequent stigmata formation. Gonadotropin stimulation and concurrent treatment with PGE2 or interleukin-1beta resulted in ovulation of COX-2(-/-) mice comparable to that in COX-2(+/+), whereas treatment with PGF2alpha was less effective. Collectively, these data demonstrate that COX-2, but not COX-1, is required for the gonadotropin induction of ovarian PG levels; that COX-2-related prostanoids are required for stabilization of the cumulus oophorum during ovulation; and that ovulation can be restored in the COX-2(-/-) animals by simultaneous treatment with gonadotropins and PGE2 or interleukin-1beta.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Circadian variations of luteinizing hormone can have two different profiles in adolescent anovulation.

The circadian profile of plasma LH concentrations was investigated in 12 healthy anovulatory adolescent women by drawing blood samples every 20 min for 24 h during the early follicular phase. Plasma 17 beta-estradiol, testosterone, and androstenedione levels were measured in the first sample. Ovarian size was measured by ultrasound. According to their mean plasma LH levels, the adolescents were divided into two groups, those with a high plasma LH level (2 Sd or greater than the mean adult value) and those with a normal plasma LH level. The mean plasma estradiol (P less than 0.001) and testosterone (P less than 0.05) levels were higher in the women with high plasma LH levels compared to those in women with normal plasma LH levels. The LH pulse amplitude was greater (P less than 0.05) and the interpulse interval shorter (P less than 0.025) in the high LH group compared to those in the normal LH group. A 24-h periodicity with the highest plasma LH levels and the greatest pulse amplitude in the afternoon was found in high LH group. In the normal LH group, the highest plasma LH levels and greatest pulse amplitude occurred in the first hours of the morning. An accentuated 24-h LH periodicity is typical of puberty, but disappears in adulthood. We have recorded the persistence of pronounced LH circadian changes in anovulatory adolescent women which might be a marker of a continuing maturational process. Furthermore, LH circadian changes have opposing profiles according to the mean LH values, suggesting the presence of different central nervous system pubertal programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Bromocriptine treatment in anovulation with decreased ratio of follicle stimulating hormone to luteinizing hormone and with hyperandrogenism.

Twenty-six anovulatory women of polycystic ovarian (PCO)-type were treated with bromocriptine (Br) at a daily dose of 5 mg for 2 months. Ovulatory cycles were resumed in 18 (69.2%) women (Br-responders). No difference between pretreatment serum levels of FSH, LH, PRL and estradiol and FSH/LH ratios in Br-responders and nonresponders was observed. The geometric mean of circulating androstenedione (A-dione) in Br-responders (2.58 ng/ml) appeared higher than that in nonresponders (2.11 ng/ml) but was not statistically significant. The geometric mean of dehydroepiandtrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) in Br-responders (1652 ng/ml) was lower (p less than 0.01) than that in nonresponders (2582 ng/ml). The ratio of DHEA-S to A-dione (D/A ratio) exhibited a highly significant between-group difference (p less than 0.001) (646 and 1222 for Br-responders and nonresponders, respectively). Br-nonresponders with high DHEA-S levels and D/A ratios tended to hyperproduction of adrenal androgen, and Br-responders with high A-dione levels and low D/A ratios to hyperproduction of ovarian androgen. The present study indicates that Br is effective in PCO-type women presumably with ovarian androgen hyperproduction. The efficacy of Br, when applied to PCO-type women, could be predicted with their D/A ratios.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Anovulation and oviductal hyperplasia in rats treated with clomiphene citrate 5 days after birth.

Five day old female rats were administered either 500 micrograms clomiphene citrate or propylene glycol. Vaginal opening occurred significantly earlier in the clomiphene treated group as compared with the control group. Clomiphene treated rats showed permanent sterility associated with anovulatory vaginal cycles in which the stage of vaginal cornification predominated. Furthermore, clomiphene treated rats exhibited a high incidence of pyosalpinx (or oviductal abscess). The possible mechanisms responsible for the anovulatory sterility and the pyosalpinx induced by neonatal clomiphene treatment are discussed.

Animals↗