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PubMed1989

Adolescent ego development: relationship to family cohesion and adaptability.

Adolescence has been a focus of research for several decades. Recently, a portion of this body of research has addressed the relationship between adolescent development and family functioning. The intent of much of this research has been the attempt to determine how family dynamics influence the developmental processes of adolescents. Adolescents' perceptions of family cohesion and adaptability, as well as their levels of satisfaction with those perceptions, have been correlated with ego development within a sample of middle adolescents. Adaptability and cohesion were found to be significantly related to ego development, but interactions among the two variables, as well as with family structure were important.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

Developing measures of type A behavior in children and adolescents.

Development of measures of Type A behavior in children and adolescents is described and the results of two studies to validate these measures are given. Children in the fifth, seventh, and ninth grades (n = 120 in Study I; n = 652 in Study II) were given five measures of the Type A Behavior Pattern (TABP): the Student Type A Behavior Scale (STABS); Student Structured Interviews (SSI), scored separately for content and behavior; Matthews Youth Test for Health (MYTH); and Parent Observation Checklist, as well as measures of state anxiety, trait anxiety, and depression. Descriptive statistics from the two samples were very similar and indicated that boys scored significantly higher than girls on the MYTH, while seventh and ninth grade girls scored significantly higher than fifth grade girls or boys of any grade on Structured Interview Behavior (SSI-Behavior). Correlations suggested separate self-reported perceptual and behavioral components of Type A behavior in children. In both studies, STABS and SSI-Content correlated moderately well (.48 to .49) but had little relationship with SI-Behavior and the MYTH. Measures of anxiety and depression included to assess discriminant validity were correlated with the self-report measures of TABP (.22 to .56), but showed little relationship with the behavioral measures, especially in the larger cross-validation study. Parallels between these results and those of adult studies are discussed, and the use of multiple measures in classifying subjects is suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Depression in adolescence: new developments.

Depression in adolescence is under-recognized although its associated burden of illness is very high. Some frequent associations with depression in this age group are under-achievement, poor lifestyle choices including substance abuse, and a high risk of the persistence of the illness into adulthood There is also an increased risk of mortality related to suicide and harmful lifestyles. For depression in adolescents to be reduced, there needs to be strong collaboration among health professions, adolescents and their caregivers. Non-mental health clinicians must expand their role and become better prepared to recognize, prevent and treat depression in this age-group. Greater public awareness must also be achieved so that adolescents and their caregivers can seek help early.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Cognitive and affective development in adolescence.

Questions about the nature of normative and atypical development in adolescence have taken on special significance in the last few years, as scientists have begun to recast old portraits of adolescent behavior in the light of new knowledge about brain development. Adolescence is often a period of especially heightened vulnerability as a consequence of potential disjunctions between developing brain, behavioral and cognitive systems that mature along different timetables and under the control of both common and independent biological processes. Taken together, these developments reinforce the emerging understanding of adolescence as a critical or sensitive period for a reorganization of regulatory systems, a reorganization that is fraught with both risks and opportunities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Adolescent neuropsychological development after early right prefrontal cortex damage.

Adolescent development and pattern of recovery are described for a 15-year-old boy who sustained extensive right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex damage at age 7 from rupture and surgical treatment of a deep arteriovenous malformation. Follow-up evaluations at 4 years and most recently 8 years after illness have shown clear improvement in social-behavioral and almost all cognitive areas initially assessed. He demonstrated resolution of left hemispatial neglect and other visuospatial impairments in working memory, design fluency, and planning and organization. However, at the 8-year follow-up interval, an acquired form of attention deficit disorder remains evident. We hypothesized that this is the likely cause of comparatively lower scores in general intelligence, verbal learning and memory, discourse, and processing speed, that at the 4-year follow-up interval. New measures of emotional face and voice recognition showed only minor difficulties, principally in identifying vocal disgust and fear. Social and psychological maturation has continued to improve, with no evidence of developmental arrest or pervasive social impairment, although the individual is confused at times by complexities and nuances of social interaction. The pattern of findings 8 years after early right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex damage suggests remarkable recovery of primary visuospatial and social impairments, but lingering and somewhat worsening performance deficits which may be due to attentional difficulties and impulsive responding. Treatment of the attentional difficulties is currently being investigated.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Stage of change, decisional balance, and temptations for smoking: measurement and validation in a large, school-based population of adolescents.

Developing interventions for reducing adolescent smoking rates based on the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) requires the development of quality measures of the key constructs of the model. The goal of this investigation was to evaluate the psychometric properties of measures of Stage of Change, Decisional Balance and Situational Temptation for both smokers and nonsmokers and to test if the predicted relationships between these constructs were confirmed in a large (N=2808) sample of adolescents. A correlated three factor model (Social Pros, Coping Pros and Cons) provided an excellent fit to the 12-item Decisional Balance inventory for both smokers (CFI=0.957) and nonsmokers (CFI=0.963). A hierarchical four factor model (negative affect, positive social, habit strength and weight control) provided an excellent fit to the eight-item Situational Temptations inventory for smokers (CFI=0.969). A hierarchical five-factor model (same four as smokers plus Curiosity) provided an excellent fit to the 10-item Situational Temptations inventory for nonsmokers (CFI=0.943). The relationships between both the Decisional Balance and temptation scales and the Stages of Change were verified for both smokers and nonsmokers. The measures for adolescents are similar to but not the same as the measures of these constructs for adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Letters from V: adolescent personality development in sociohistorical context.

Systematic content analysis of personal documents is used to assess the course of personality development in one adolescent female exposed to traumatic historical and personal events, as well as more normative life changes. Seventy-one letters written by a young girl to her former teacher over a 9-year period comprise the data for this study. Our analyses assess the normal developmental processes of preoccupation with identity formation and the establishment of intimate relationships, as well as responses to life changes (emigration, marriage, pregnancy). Overall, results suggest that despite serious challenges and losses, this individual experienced normal personality development throughout her trying adolescence. In addition, particular life events affected the course of that development. Factors which may have facilitated her resilience are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Worksite-based parenting programs to promote healthy adolescent sexual development: a qualitative study of feasibility and potential content.

CONTEXT: Parents can play a significant role in promoting healthy sexual development and risk reduction among adolescents, but many are uncertain about how to talk with their adolescents about sex. Worksites provide an untapped but promising setting in which to reach parents to help them develop parenting and communication skills. METHODS: Focus groups with 33 employed parents of adolescents and 41 high school students, and interviews with seven worksite executives, explored the desire for worksite-based parenting programs, how best to implement programs and recommendations for content. Standard qualitative analysis techniques were used to identify major themes in participants' comments. RESULTS: Parents and employers were enthusiastic about worksite-based parenting programs. Parents reported that adolescents are reluctant to talk with them, but acknowledged their own inexperience talking about sex. Their suggestions included that programs be held at lunchtime, give participants opportunities to interact with each other and with facilitators, and give participants exercises to practice at home. Employers described potential benefits (e.g., improved employee morale) and challenges (e.g., privacy concerns) of programs. Teenagers said that their parents made false assumptions about their sexual activity if they asked about sex. Participants suggested that parenting programs cover adolescent development, sex, abstinence and communication (e.g., how to start conversations). CONCLUSIONS: A worksite-based program designed to help parents of adolescents develop communication and parenting skills could provide a way to reach busy parents. Recommendations from parents, employers and teenagers can be used to make such a program appealing and effective.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Psychosocial development among adolescents with visual impairment.

The psychosocial development of adolescents with visual impairment was studied in a group of 54 adolescents (40 boys, 14 girls) attending Finnish regular schools. Mean age was 14.0 (SD 0.87). The control group consisted of normally sighted adolescents of the same age level (N=385, 172 boys, 213 girls). Data were collected with self-report questionnaires. Results indicated that the adolescent group with visual impairment did not differ from the control group in the frequency of depression, distress symptoms or in their relations with parents and siblings. Adolescents with visual impairment less often had many friends and dates with other young people than those without visual impairment. They also reported more often feelings of loneliness and difficulties in making friends. Self-esteem, school achievement and social skills were lower in girls with visual impairment than in the control girls. In summary, our results showed that the psychosocial developmental outcomes of many adolescents with visual impairment were similar to their peers without visual impairment. However, some adolescents with visual impairment, especially girls, need more support in their psychosocial development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Mapping cortical gray matter asymmetry patterns in adolescents with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure.

Here we report on detailed three-dimensional quantitative maps of brain surface and gray matter density asymmetry patterns during normal adolescent development and show how these anatomical features of the brain are disrupted as a result of prenatal exposure to large quantities of alcohol. We studied two independent samples of normally developing children, adolescents, and young adults, totaling 83 subjects from two different research groups, and compared them to 21 individuals with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Surface-based image analysis techniques allowed us to match cortical anatomy across subjects and between hemispheres based on manually delineated sulcal landmarks. Quantitative maps of brain surface asymmetry reveal prominent peri-Sylvian hemispheric differences in which the superior temporal and inferior parietal cortices are shifted backward in the left relative to the right hemisphere in both normal and alcohol-exposed subjects. Cortical surface gray matter asymmetry, mapped here in adolescent populations, is most prominent in the posterior inferior temporal lobes (right greater than left), and this effect does not differ between groups of normally developing children, adolescents, or young adults. Alcohol-exposed individuals show a significant reduction in this asymmetry, whether studied with surface-based or more traditional volumetric region of interest analyses. This region of cortex, near the junction of Brodmann's areas 21, 22, and 37, primarily subserves language functions that are known to be impaired on average in the alcohol-exposed subjects. Our findings elucidate regional patterns of brain surface and gray matter asymmetry during normal development and may contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the neural substrates of cognitive dysfunction after heavy prenatal alcohol exposure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Reproductive hormone profiles in captive male orangutans: implications for understanding developmental arrest.

For many years researchers have described some male orangutans as "subadult." These males are of adolescent to adult age and are reproductive, but have little to no secondary sexual trait development. Until now the only endocrine study of this arrest of secondary sexual trait development was performed by Kingsley (1982, 1988). She found that "subadult" or arrested males have lower testosterone levels than similar age developing adolescents or adult males. In this study, urine samples were collected over a two-year period from 23 captive male orangutans in order to more fully define male endocrine profiles. Three study males were juveniles, seven were arrested adolescents, six were developing adolescents, and seven were mature adults. Morning samples were analyzed by radioimmunoassay for levels of testicular steroids and gonadotropins and group hormone profiles were compared by analysis of variance. Results illustrate that arrested adolescent orangutans have significantly lower testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels than developing adolescents, but significantly higher levels than juveniles. Luteinizing hormone (LH) levels also differed between arrested and developing adolescents, with arrested males having lower levels. However, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were similar in both morphs of adolescent male. The overall hormone profiles for arrested and developing adolescent male orangutans suggest that arrested males lack levels of LH, testosterone, and DHT necessary for development of secondary sexual traits. However, they have sufficient testicular steroids, LH, and FSH to fully develop primary sexual function and fertility. These endocrine data help define alternative developmental pathways in male orangutans. The authors discuss the relationship between these developmental pathways and male orangutan reproductive strategies, and hypothesize about their prepubertal socioendocrine determination.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The development and psychometric properties of a measure of social and adaptive functioning for children and adolescents.

Developed, piloted, and examined the psychometric properties of the Child and Adolescent Social and Adaptive Functioning Scale (CASAFS), a self-report measure designed to examine the social functioning of young people in the areas of school performance, peer relationships, family relationships, and home duties/self-care. The findings of confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis support a 4-factor solution consistent with the hypothesized domains. Fit indexes suggested that the 4-correlated factor model represented a satisfactory solution for the data, with the covariation between factors being satisfactorily explained by a single, higher order factor reflecting social and adaptive functioning in general. The internal consistency and 12-month test-retest reliability of the total scale was acceptable. A significant, negative correlation was found between the CASAFS and a measure of depressive symptoms, showing that high levels of social functioning are associated with low levels of depression. Significant differences in CASAFS total and subscale scores were found between clinically depressed adolescents and a matched sample of nonclinical controls. Adolescents who reported elevated but subclinical levels of depression also reported lower levels of social functioning in comparison to nonclinical controls.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Male orangutan subadulthood: a new twist on the relationship between chronic stress and developmental arrest.

Both in the wild and in captivity, a marked and enduring arrest of secondary sexual developmental occurs in some male orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) (Kingsley [1982] The Orang-Utan: Its Biology and Conservation, The Hague: Junk; Utami [2000]). Researchers have hypothesized that chronic stress, perhaps related to aggression from mature males, causes endocrine changes altering growth and maturation rates in these males (Maple [1980] Orangutan Behavior, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold; Graham [1988] Orangutan Biology, Oxford: Oxford University Press). In this study, urine samples were collected over a 3-year period from 23 captive male orangutans to test the hypothesis that developmentally arrested male orangutans have an endocrine profile consistent with chronic stress. Three study males were juveniles, seven were arrested adolescents, six were developing adolescents, and seven were mature adults. Morning samples were analyzed by radioimmunoassay for levels of the stress hormones cortisol and prolactin, and group hormone profiles were compared by analysis of variance. Results indicate that developing adolescent male orangutans have a significantly higher stress hormone profile than juvenile, developmentally arrested adolescent, or adult males. These results imply that the arrest of secondary sexual development in some male orangutans is not stress-induced, but instead perhaps an adaptation for stress avoidance during the adolescent or "subadult" period. These data, together with previously reported data on levels of gonadotropins, testicular steroids, and growth-related hormones, define endocrine profiles associated with alternative reproductive strategies for males with and males without secondary sexual features (Maggioncalda et al. [1999], [2000].

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Birth weight and cognitive development in adolescence: causal relationship or social selection?

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health (Add Health), I investigate the relationship between birth weight and cognitive development among adolescents aged 12-17. Initial OLS regression models reveal a significant, positive relationship between low birth weight and verbal ability. Controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and other adolescent characteristics modifies, but does not eliminate, this relationship. Additional models that stratify the sample by parental education illustrate the greater importance of other family and adolescent characteristics for cognitive development in adolescence, and a diminished role of birth weight. In the final section of the paper, fixed effects models of non-twin full siblings indicate no significant association between birth weight and verbal ability, suggesting that traditional cross-sectional models overstate the influence of birth weight for cognitive development in adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Cognitive development and adolescent contraception: integrating theory and practice.

The cognitive skills that develop during adolescence are crucial to successful contraceptive practice because most birth control methods require at least a minimal ability to plan for, acquire, and utilize them at the appropriate time. Consequently, we must understand the special developmental setting in which adolescent sexual growth and experimentation occurs in order to have an impact on their contraceptive use. To provide optimal service to adolescents, the developmental and medical aspects should be taken into account in order to determine the best choice for each patient. This article demonstrates how mental health and medical providers can work together to better serve the adolescent population.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

African American female adolescent identity development: a three-dimensional perspective.

African American female adolescents have unique identity issues that structure developmental tasks. Qualitative data from a longitudinal research project are used to explicate a three-dimensional model of the identity developmental process in early-age African American female adolescents. The limitations of a gender analysis model of voice and connection are noted. It is suggested that the African American female adolescent experiences a relational crisis in both racial and gender identity development. Moreover, African American female adolescents develop skillful, unique, expressionistic, and assertive styles of relating to negotiating perceived hostile environments. Practice implications for child welfare are outlined.

Adolescent↗