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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Expression of interleukin-6 in porcine, ovine, and bovine preimplantation conceptuses.

A porcine interleukin-6 (pIL-6) cDNA has been cloned from pig spleen cDNA library to provide information that would allow us to study IL-6 mRNA expression during pregnancy of several domestic Artiodactyla. The cDNA is 1058 bp long and with a single open reading frame that encodes a 212 amino acid polypeptide with 28-residue signal sequence. It shares 61% and 43% amino acid sequence identity with human and mouse IL-6, respectively. PCR procedures with primers designed from regions of sequence conserved between human and pig have been used to identify IL-6 cDNA in lambda gt11 libraries constructed from day 15-16 (sheep), day 17 (cattle), and day 13-17 (pig) conceptus mRNA. The presence of IL-6 mRNA in elongating preimplantation ovine (days 13-25), porcine (days 13-21), and bovine (days 16-20) conceptuses was also demonstrated by PCR after reverse transcription of total ribonucleic acid with reverse transcriptase and by solution hybridization with a pIL-6 cRNA probe. These observations suggest that IL-6 is a product of these early conceptuses and may be involved in early maternal responses to the presence of an embryo within the uterus.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Purification and characterization of insulin and the C-peptide of proinsulin from Przewalski's horse, zebra, rhino, and tapir (Perissodactyla).

Within the order Perissodactyla, the primary structure of insulin has been strongly conserved. Insulin from Przewalski's horse and the mountain zebra (suborder Hippomorpha) is the same as that from the domestic horse and differs from insulin from the white rhinoceros and mountain tapir (suborder Ceratomorpha) by a single substitution (Gly-->Ser) at position 9 in the A-chain. A second molecular form of Przewalski's horse insulin isolated in this study was shown to represent the gamma-ethyl ester of the Glu17 residue of the A-chain. This component was probably formed during the extraction of the pancreas with acidified ethanol. The amino acid sequence of the C-peptide of proinsulin has been less well conserved. Zebra C-peptide comprises 31 amino acid residues and differs from Przewalski's horse and domestic horse C-peptide by one substitution (Gln30-->Pro). Rhino C-peptide was isolated only in a truncated form corresponding to residues (1-23) of intact C-peptide. Its amino acid sequence contains three substitutions compared with the corresponding region of horse C-peptide. It is postulated that the substitution (Pro23-->Thr) renders rhino C-peptide more liable to proteolytic cleavage by a chymotrypsin-like enzyme than horse C-peptide. C-peptide could not be identified in the extract of tapir pancreas, suggesting that proteolytic degradation may have been more extensive than in the rhino. In contrast to the ox and pig (order Artiodactyla), there was no evidence for the expression of more than one proinsulin gene in the species of Perissodactyla examined.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Conserved synteny between pig chromosome 8 and human chromosome 4 but rearranged and distorted linkage maps.

The porcine genes encoding interleukin 2, alcohol dehydrogenase (class I) gamma polypeptide, and osteopontin were mapped to chromosome 8 by linkage analysis. Together with previous assignments to this chromosome (the albumin, platelet-derived growth factor receptor A, and fibrinogen genes), an extensive syntenic homology with human chromosome 4 was discovered. Loci from about three-quarters of the q arm of human chromosome 4 are on pig chromosome 8. However, the linear order of the markers is not identical in the two species, and there are several examples of interspecific differences in the recombination fractions between adjacent markers. The conserved synteny between man and the pig gives strong support to a previous suggestion that a synteny group present in the ancestor of mammalian species has been retained on human chromosome 4q. Since loci from this synteny group are found on two cattle chromosomes, the bovine rearrangement must have occurred after the split of Suidae and Bovidae within Artiodactyla.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bovids as indicators of Plio-Pleistocene paleoenvironments in east Africa.

Reconstructions of the paleoenvironments of early hominids offer a framework for understanding hominid ecological and behavioral adaptations. Habitat reconstructions typically rely upon various biological or physical habitat indicators, and here we present reconstructions of the Plio-Pleistocene paleohabitats of Koobi Fora and Olduvai Gorge as based on fossil bovids (Artiodactyla: Bovidae). Bovids are the most common faunal element at most Neogene hominid and hominoid fossil localities and have been widely studied. This study addresses the functional morphology of the bovid femur through discriminant function analysis and provides additional support for the observation that certain features of the femur demonstrate clear correlations with the amount of vegetative cover in different modern habitats. The reconstructions for both Koobi Fora and Olduvai Gorge suggest that the full range of environments inhabited by living bovids was present during the Plio-Pleistocene. Koobi Fora appears to have had a somewhat higher percentage of more closed habitats than the relatively more open habitats of Olduvai Gorge. These habitat reconstructions are in broad agreement with other reconstructions based on a purely taxonomic approach to the bovid remains. Grounding our reconstructions of paleoenvironments in studies of functional morphology can help to develop a richer idea of the habitats and resources available to early hominids.

Africa, Eastern↗
PubMed1996

Evidence on mammalian phylogeny from sequences of exon 28 of the von Willebrand factor gene.

Phylogenetic relationships among 27 extant mammalian species (representing 15 placental orders) were studied using sequences of exon 28 of the gene encoding von Willebrand Factor (vWF), a glycoprotein which functions in blood clotting. Analysis of sequences coding for vWF revealed evidence for several subordinal and superordinal groupings, but the earliest branching sequence of placental mammals was left largely unresolved. Strong support was found for a monophyletic clade consisting of elephants, sea cows, hyraxes, aardvarks, and elephant shrews. This systematic placement of the elephant shrews agrees strongly with two other molecular data sets (interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein and alpha-lens crystallins) and is consistent with analysis of fossil elephant shrews recently discovered in north Africa. Evidence from vWF sequences agrees with a number of previous molecular and morphological studies in providing strong support for the monophyly of both bats and rodents. The orders Primates, Proboscidea, Carnivora, Perissodactyla, and Artiodactyla were represented by more than one species which joined in each case to form a monophyletic order.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Higher taxonomic relationships among extant mammals based on morphology, with selected comparisons of results from molecular data.

Until a few decades ago, phylogenetic relationships among placental orders were ambiguous and usually depicted to radiate as an unresolved "bush." Resolution of this bush by various workers has been progressing slowly, but with promising results corroborated by nondental, dental, and molecular characters. In this study we continue to seek resolution. A total of 258 nondental and 2 dental characters was analyzed by PAUP and MacClade on 39 vertebrate taxa (3 reptiles, 1 nonmammalian therapsid, and 35 mammals; 20 of the mammals are extant and 15 are extinct) to study higher taxonomic relationships with emphasis on Placentalia (Eutheria). About two-thirds of the characters are osteological, the rest concern soft tissues, including myological but excluding molecular characters (most are our data, the rest are from the literature). Cladistic analysis included all 39 taxa (fossil taxa help to evaluate polarities of characters) and all characters were given equal weight. Extant Mammalia are divided into Prototheria and Theria, the latter into Marsupialia and Placentalia. Placentalia comprises Xenarthra and Epitheria. Within Epitheria, Lipotyphla and Preptotheria (emended) are sister-taxa. Preptotherian taxa group into: ungulate-related taxa and various nonungulates. The former include Carnivora, Pholidota, Tubulidentata, Artiodactyla, Cetacea, Perissodactyla, Hyracoidea, Proboscidea, and Sirenia. A possible association to embrace Lagomorpha, Rodentia, Macroscelidea, Scandentia, Primates, Chiroptera, and Dermoptera is suggested. Significant differences between our findings and those of recent investigators include the dissociation of Pholidota from Xenarthra and the plesiomorphous position of Lipotyphla within Epitheria. Congruence between morphological and molecular results is closer than previously reported.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Phylogenetic study of complete cytochrome b genes in musk deer (genus Moschus) using museum samples.

As an endangered animal group, musk deer (genus Moschus) are not only a great concern of wildlife conservation, but also of special interest to evolutionary studies due to long-standing arguments on the taxonomic and phylogenetic associations in this group. Using museum samples, we sequenced complete mitochondrial cytochrome b genes (1140 bp) of all suggested species of musk deer in order to reconstruct their phylogenetic history through molecular information. Our results showed that the cytochrome b gene tree is rather robust and concurred for all the algorithms employed (parsimony, maximum likelihood, and distance methods). Further, the relative rate test indicated a constant sequence substitution rate among all the species, permitting the dating of divergence events by molecular clock. According to the molecular topology, M. moschiferus branched off the earliest from a common ancestor of musk deer (about 700,000 years ago); then followed the bifurcation forming the M. berezovskii lineage and the lineage clustering M. fuscus, M. chrysogaster, and M. leucogaster (around 370,000 years before present). Interestingly, the most recent speciation event in musk deer happened rather recently (140,000 years ago), which might have resulted from the diversified habitats and geographic barriers in southwest China caused by gigantic movements of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in history. Combining the data of current distributions, fossil records, and molecular data of this study, we suggest that the historical dispersion of musk deer might be from north to south in China. Additionally, in our further analyses involving other pecora species, musk deer was strongly supported as a monophyletic group and a valid family in Artiodactyla, closely related to Cervidae.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

An aspartic proteinase expressed in the equine placenta.

This manuscript describes the cloning of a novel aspartic proteinase expressed in the placenta of the horse (order Perrisodactyla). Evidence for similar genes in the cat (Carnivora) and ruminants (Artiodactyla), indicates that these molecules have been conserved within widely divergent species with distinct types of placentation. Since ePAG is produced by the outer cell layer (trophoblast) of the placenta, it can tentatively be grouped with the pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAG) of cattle, sheep, and pig. The high sequence identity that ePAG shares with pepsinogens as well as the PAG, indicates that ePAG may be the evolutionary bridge that links these two groups of aspartic proteinases.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Evolution of protamine P1 genes in mammals.

Protamine P1 genes have been sequenced following PCR amplification from 11 mammals representing five major mammalian orders: Rodentia (rat and guinea pig), Carnivora (cat and bear), Proboscidea (elephant), Perissodactyla (horse), and Artiodactyla (camel, deer, elk, moose, and gazelle). The predicted amino acid sequence for these genes together with previously reported sequences results in a data set of 25 different P1 genes and 30 different P1 amino acid sequences. The alignment of all these sequences reveals that protamines are amongst the most rapidly diverging proteins studied. In spite of the large number of differences there are conserved motifs that are also common to birds such as the N-terminal ARYR followed by the triple alternating SRSRSR phosphorylation site. The central region contains 3 arginine clusters consisting of 5-6 arginines each. The C-terminus appears to be the most variable region of the protamines. Overall the molecular evolution of P1 genes is in agreement with the expected species evolution supporting that these genes have evolved vertically.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions in mammalian genes and the nearly neutral theory.

The nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution predicts larger generation-time effects for synonymous than for nonsynonymous substitutions. This prediction is tested using the sequences of 49 single-copy genes by calculating the average and variance of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions in mammalian star phylogenies (rodentia, artiodactyla, and primates). The average pattern of the 49 genes supports the prediction of the nearly neutral theory, with some notable exceptions. The nearly neutral theory also predicts that the variance of the evolutionary rate is larger than the value predicted by the completely neutral theory. This prediction is tested by examining the dispersion index (ratio of the variance to the mean), which is positively correlated with the average substitution number. After weighting by the lineage effects, this correlation almost disappears for nonsynonymous substitutions, but not quite so for synonymous substitutions. After weighting, the dispersion indices of both synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions still exceed values expected under the simple Poisson process. The results indicate that both the systematic bias in evolutionary rate among the lineages and the episodic type of rate variation are contributing to the large variance. The former is more significant to synonymous substitutions than to nonsynonymous substitutions. Isochore evolution may be similar to synonymous substitutions. The rate and pattern found here are consistent with the nearly neutral theory, such that the relative contributions of drift and selection differ between the two types of substitutions. The results are also consistent with Gillespie's episodic selection theory.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Origin and fate of fetuin-containing neurons in the developing neocortex of the fetal sheep.

The development of the neocortex has previously been extensively studied in carnivores (cat and ferret), rodents (rat and mouse) and primates (monkey and human). In these species, it has been shown that the initial population of cells migrating from the ventricular zone forms the primordial plexiform layer. This is subsequently split into marginal zone and subplate zone by the insertion of later-migrating cells into the primordial plexiform layer, to form the cortical plate proper. Many of the cells derived from the split primordial plexiform layer are transient. The neurons of the subplate zone are found in the deeper part of layer VI, and white matter deep to layer VI in the more mature cortex; most of these neurons disappear by adulthood. [3H]-thymidine labelling in the present study has shown a similar pattern of neocortical development in Artiodactyla (sheep). In addition it has been shown that the previously described staining of subplate and cortical plate cells for the fetal protein fetuin indicates that fetuin is a useful marker for a proportion of this transient population of neurons and defines its extent in neocortical development more clearly. Dividing cells were labelled by a single intra-amniotic injection of [3H]-thymidine at E26 to E35 (birth is at E150). The brains were subsequently examined at E40 or E80 for [3H]-thymidine labelling and fetuin staining by a combination of autoradiography and immunocytochemistry. The earliest generated neocortical cells detected in this study (E26) were found in two layers by E40, the outer marginal zone and inner subplate zone. Neurons of the marginal zone were generated up to E28; those of the early subplate zone were generated up to E31. The cortical plate proper was generated by cells "born" on E32 and later. This sequence is similar to that described in other species, especially the cat. A proportion of the early-generated neurons in the marginal zone, subplate zone and early cortical plate stained for fetuin. By E80 these earliest-generated, fetuin-positive cells were found in the white matter deep to the forming neocortical layers and in layer VI. In adult brains no fetuin-positive neurons could be identified in the neocortex, and neurons had almost entirely disappeared from the white matter. The fetal glycoprotein fetuin seems to be specifically associated with a population of cells that has the same developmental history as the transient marginal zone and subplate neurons described in other species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Stereo architecture of the connective tissue cores of the lingual papillae in the treeshrew (Tupaia glis).

The stereo architecture of the lingual connective tissue cores (CTC) in the treeshrew (Tupaia glis) (which has the primitive characteristics of primates) was observed by scanning electron microscopy, and compared to that of other animal orders. The tongue of the treeshrew has three vallate papillae which are situated in the posterior part of the tongue, while some macaques have several vallate papillae. Among numerous filiform papillae, fungiform papillae are sporadically distributed. A filiform papilla consists of a bundle of several slender spine-like processes arranged in a circle at the basal margin. After removal of the epithelium, the CTC of the filiform papilla looks like a human hand raised with the palm facing towards the tongue tip. The fungiform CTC in the threeshrew is columnar in shape (rather similar to that of Insectivora and Rodentia) and at the top there are several round depressions for taste buds. In the treeshrew several large rod-shaped processes are derived from the postero-lateral margin of the tongue, as in Carnivora (dogs and cats), where foliate papillae are located in many other animal species. The treeshrew has numerous characteristics similar to those of the crab-eating macaque (Primates), but at the same time it has some characteristics similar to those of Insectivora, Rodentia, Carnivora and Artiodactyla.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Immunohistochemical localization of keratin in bull, goat, and sheep anterior pituitary glands.

Immunohistochemical localization of keratin, an intermediate filament protein, was studied in bull, goat, and sheep anterior pituitary glands, i.e., in animals of the order Artiodactyla. Strong immunoreactivity was detected in the cells of the marginal layer of bull and goat, as well as in cysts or large follicles in the anterior lobe of all 3 species. In addition, a number of stellate-shape cells were immunoreactive for keratin and were distributed throughout the anterior lobe. The localization of keratin-positive cells in light-microscopic preparations correlated precisely with the localization of folliculo-stellate cells in adjacent ultrathin sections. In ultrastructural studies, many slender and elliptical membranous components which were different from smooth endoplasmic reticulum were observed in the cytoplasm of the some keratin-positive cells. Some of the folliculo-stellate cells in the 3 species were also immunoreactive for the alpha subunit of S-100 protein, which exists in some epithelial cells. On the other hand, immunolocalization of glial fibrillary acidic protein, a glial cell marker, could not be demonstrated in the anterior pituitary glands of the 3 species studied. These results suggest that keratin-positive folliculo-stellate cells express epithelial-like characteristics.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Fetuin: an acute phase protein in cattle.

Fetuin is a plasma protein present in high concentrations during fetal development in animals of the order Artiodactyla. Its role is not known. The human homologue of fetuin--alpha 2HS glycoprotein--has been shown to be a negative acute phase protein in adult plasma. In the present study, the concentration of fetuin was measured in the serum of healthy cattle (Bovis bovis) and in animals with various injuries and inflammatory disorders. The levels were decreased by 30% in pregnancy but increased up to 10-fold in some trauma cases. A significant negative correlation between the concentrations of fetuin and albumin has also been found. Thus, fetuin appears to be a positive acute phase protein in cattle.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗
PubMed1986

A soluble class I molecule analogous to mouse Q10 in the horse and related species.

Horse serum is shown to contain a soluble class I molecule analogous to the secreted Q10 molecule in the mouse. This molecule has several similarities to the recently described mouse Q10 molecule: it is smaller than membrane-bound equine class I molecules; it occurs in a high molecular mass complex of 200-300 kd in serum; and the serum levels of the equine molecule are similar to that of the Q10 molecule (about 30 micrograms/ml). A soluble molecule is also detected in the sera of species related to the horse; it has in fact been found in all the wild members of the order Perissodactyla so far tested. However, it was not detected in the serum of members of the orders Carnivora, Sirenia, Proboscidea, Artiodactyla, and Primates that were tested, nor in the serum of members of the order Rodentia other than in that of the genus Mus.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Intraperineural localization of lamellated sensory corpuscles in the skin and oral mucosae of the adult cat and miniature pig.

Lamellated sensory corpuscles in the perioral tissues of the adult cat and the adult miniature pig were studied by light and electron microscopy. In the cat lip, over half of the lamellated corpuscles existed in an aggregate form associated with other nerve elements and blood capillaries in peripheral nerve swellings, while the remainder existed in an isolated form. Conversely, almost all the lamellated corpuscles in the miniature pig existed in an aggregate form in nerve swellings. Most of the intraperineural lamellated corpuscles showed ultrastructural characteristics of simple corpuscles. However, some of the intraperineural lamellated corpuscles exhibited interlaced arrangements of tortuous axon terminals and cytoplasmic lamellae resembling the arrangement in Meissner corpuscles. Immunohistochemical staining using anti-neuron specific enolase also revealed the presence of intraperineural, Meissner-like corpuscles in the cat lip. This study indicates that intraperineural localization of lamellated corpuscles is common in carnivora and artiodactyla and that the intraperineural lamellated corpuscles are heterogeneous in their ultrastructural pattern.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Amino acid sequences of hemoglobin beta chains of five species of pinnipeds: Neophoca cinerea, Otaria byronia, Eumetopias jubatus, Pusa hispida, and Pagophilus groenlandica.

Pinnipeds (Otariidae, Odobenidae, and Phocidae) in the order Carnivora have one or two types (Hb I and Hb II) of hemoglobin components. These hemoglobins consist of identical beta chains and different alpha chains. We determined the complete amino acid sequences of the hemoglobin beta chain of three species of Otariidae (Australian sea lion, South American sea lion, and northern sea lion) and two species of Phocidae (ringed seal and harp seal) from intact beta chain and chemical cleavage fragments. The sequences are similar to beta chains of the already known sequences of pinnipeds. These sequences were compared with those of other carnivores (Mustelidae, Ursidae, Canidae, and Felidae) and adult human hemoglobin beta chain. Using Artiodactyla (pig) as an outgroup, we find that the tree constructed by means of phylogenetic analysis shows that Odobenidae is closest to Otariidae, and that Otariidae and Odobenidae are closer to Mustelidae than to Phocidae.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Microsatellite polymorphism in intron 1 of the bovine myostatin gene.

Microsatellites within genes have become important because of their association with genetic diseases in humans. A novel microsatellite was identified in the first intron of the bovine myostatin gene. It is characterized by a mononucleotide core motif that exhibits polymorphic sequence variants (from 12 to 21 repeats) within and between some bovine breeds. Structural analysis of the microsatellite region in bovines as well as in closely related species permitted to trace the possible mechanisms for its structural evolution across the order Artiodactyla.

Animals↗