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[Reflections about the relationship of science and art].

Science is dealing with the nature, the human beings and the society, and aims to explore the laws of their existence. It uses universal scientific methods, by taking all known laws of nature into consideration. It is free of subjectivity and is guided by a high degree of consciousness. In the author's view, the goal of science is to create a balance between man and nature by exploring the rules of the universe. Art, on the other hand, carries a message about the man and the world, which originates in both emotion and intuition. It intends to impress our feelings and wishes to entertain, create pleasure or make us accept its message. One might wonder about the nature of relationship between art and science. Do we scientists waste our valuable time when dealing with art? Furthermore, is it of any use for artists to deal with science? Ever since the ancient times, scientists have been highly appreciated. Artists, however, used to belong to lower social classes up until the 18th century. Still, the commercial and political life of the Middle Ages were greatly influenced by the guildes, where artists as craftsmen belonged to. Art and science have always been interconnected, although their contents and messages kept changing during the centuries. In the 5th century, sciences were listed among the "septem artes liberales", the "seven free arts". When comparing the creative process of art and science, we might find similarities and differences, some of which will be discussed in the paper. Both research and clinical profession demands devoted work. One of the most valuable form of stress reduction and relaxation is the enjoyment or practice of art. Engagement in art as a form of hobby widens our horizon which in turn stimulates professional work. We might as well agree with the wise saying: Without hobby, one can neither relax nor concentrate.

Art↗

Expression of the pro-apoptotic protein ARTS in astrocytic tumors: correlation with malignancy grade and survival rate.

BACKGROUND: Apoptosis (i.e., programmed cell death) plays a major role in the development of astrocytic tumors, which are the most common tumors of the central nervous system. ARTS, a proapoptotic protein that is localized in the mitochondria, promotes apoptosis by functioning as an XIAP antagonist and a caspase activator. METHODS: To investigate the role of ARTS in astrocytoma, the authors examined protein expression and apoptotic activity in 72 astrocytic tumors, which included low-grade astrocytomas, anaplastic astrocytomas, and glioblastomas. RESULTS: Whereas normal astrocytes did not express the ARTS protein, astrocytoma cells strongly expressed ARTS, and the expression of this protein increased with increasing tumor grade. Furthermore, increased levels of ARTS were significantly associated with higher rates of apoptosis (as measured using the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling [TUNEL] assay as well as an immunohistochemical staining assay for active caspase-3) in these tumors. Levels of two other apoptosis-related proteins, p53 and Bcl-2, also were examined using immunohistochemical methods; ARTS expression was found to be positively correlated with expression of the former and negatively correlated with expression of the latter, which is known to possess antiapoptotic activity. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study suggest that ARTS levels reliably reflect the ability of cells to undergo apoptosis, which serves as a defense mechanism against the development and progression of astrocytoma. Furthermore, ARTS expression, when taken into consideration in combination with tumor grade, was the only independent predictor of survival identified in the current analysis. Thus, the authors conclude that ARTS may possess utility as a prognostic marker, as well as a therapeutic tool, for patients with astrocytoma.

Adolescent↗

Relationship between CD38 expression on peripheral blood T-cells and monocytes, and response to antiretroviral therapy: a one-year longitudinal study of a cohort of chronically infected ART-naive HIV-1+ patients.

BACKGROUND: HIV-1 infection has been associated with high expression of CD38 on peripheral blood (PB) CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells, which has been related with poor prognosis in untreated HIV-1+ patients. In turn, CD38 expression on PB monocytes from HIV-1+ individuals and its behavior after starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) have been poorly studied. METHODS: CD38 expression on PB CD8+ and CD4+ T-lymphocytes and monocytes was prospectively analyzed in 30 ART-naive HIV-1+ patients, using a quantitative multiparameter flow cytometry approach. Patients were tested prior to therapy, and at weeks +2, +4, +8, +12, and +52 after ART. RESULTS: Prior to ART, CD38 expression was significantly increased on PB CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells and monocytes; despite a significant decrease after ART, CD38 expression remained abnormally high on PB CD8+ T-cells and monocytes, even after one year of therapy, in the absence of detectable plasma viral load. The ART-induced early changes on CD38 expression by PB T-cells and monocytes differed among the cell subsets analyzed and patient groups, probably reflecting an interaction between the direct effects of therapy and a redistribution of the PB compartments of T-cells and monocytes. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed that the overall pattern of changes in CD38 expression observed early after starting ART was predictive of a better response to therapy, not only for PB CD8+ T-cells, but also for CD4+ T-cells and monocytes. Accordingly, those HIV-1+ patients, who experienced a more pronounced increase in CD38 expression on both PB CD4+ T-cells and monocytes after 2 weeks of ART, showed a more rapid viral clearance, which might reflect decreased HIV-1 replication in lymph nodes and other tissues, and a partial restoration of hematopoiesis. CONCLUSIONS: Combined quantitative measurement of CD38 expression on PB monocytes, and CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells is a more useful tool for monitoring HIV-1+ patients under ART, rather than quantitation of CD38 expression on PB CD8+ T-lymphocytes alone.

ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1↗

First- and second-trimester Down syndrome screening markers in pregnancies achieved through assisted reproductive technologies (ART): a FASTER trial study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether first- and second-trimester Down syndrome screening markers and screen-positive rates are altered in pregnancies conceived using assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). METHODS: ART pregnancies in the multicenter FASTER trial were identified. Marker levels were evaluated for five types of ART: in vitro fertilization with ovulation induction (IVF-OI), IVF with OI and egg donation (IVF-OI-ED), IVF with ED (IVF-ED), and intrauterine insemination with OI (IUI-OI) or without OI (IUI). Each group was compared to non-ART controls using Mann-Whitney U analysis. RESULTS: First-trimester marker levels were not significantly different between ART and control pregnancies, with the exception of reduced PAPP-A levels in the IUI-OI group. In contrast, second-trimester inhibin A levels were increased in all ART pregnancies, estriol was reduced and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was increased in IVF and IUI pregnancies without ED, and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was increased in ED pregnancies. Second-trimester screen-positive rates were significantly higher than expected for ART pregnancies, except when ED was used. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that ART significantly impacts second-, but not first-, trimester markers and screen-positive rates. The type of adjustment needed in second-trimester screening depends on the particular type of ART used.

Adult↗

Heart specialists' art of care.

Primary care physicians who encourage patients to interact in the medical interview receive high ratings of patient satisfaction with art of care. To determine if this finding holds true in specialty medicine, we designed a two-factor [art of care (high/low); heart specialty (cardiology/cardiovascular surgery)] four-group analogue study. Videotapes for each of the four conditions depicted the first interview between (actor) patient with coronary artery disease and (actor) specialist. The high art of care physicians elicited the patient's story in his own words and encouraged questions and feedback during the interview; the low art of care physicians did not encourage patient interaction. The cardiologists discussed medical treatment and the cardiovascular surgeons discussed surgical treatment. A pilot study of the instrument we developed indicated that the Art of Care Scale, Technical Quality of Care Scale, and Willingness to be Treated Scale demonstrated high internal consistency and that the Art of Care Scale and the Technical Quality of Care Scale defined two dimensions. In the final study, 124 graduate students in education in a midwestern United States university each viewed one videotape and used the instrument to evaluate the physician. Subjects rated the specialists who encouraged patients to interact higher on the Art of Care Scale than specialists who did not encourage interaction. Art of Care Scale Scores predicted subjects' willingness to be treated by the physician they viewed on the videotape. No significant differences in ratings of Art of Care could be attributed to specialty.

Cardiology↗

Hypothalamic expression of ART, a novel gene related to agouti, is up-regulated in obese and diabetic mutant mice.

We have isolated cDNA clones that encode a novel human gene related to agouti. Sequence analysis of this gene, named ART, for agouti-related transcript, predicts a 132-amino-acid protein that is 25% identical to human agouti. The highest degree of identity is within the carboxyl terminus of both proteins. Like agouti, ART contains a putative signal sequence and a cysteine rich carboxyl terminus, but lacks the region of basic residues and polyproline residues found in the middle of the agouti protein. Both agouti and ART contain 11 cysteines, and 9 of these are conserved spatially. ART is expressed primarily in the adrenal gland, subthalamic nucleus, and hypothalamus, with a lower level of expression occurring in testis, lung, and kidney. The murine homolog of ART was also isolated and is predicted to encode a 131-amino-acid protein that shares 81% amino acid identity to humans. The mouse was found to have the same expression pattern as human when assessed by RT-PCR. Examination by in situ hybridization using mouse tissues showed localized expression in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, the median eminence, and the adrenal medulla. In addition, the hypothalamic expression of ART was elevated approximately 10-fold in ob/ob and db/db mice. ART was mapped to human chromosome 16q22 and to mouse chromosome 8D1-D2. The expression pattern and transcriptional regulation of ART, coupled with the known actions of agouti, suggests a role for ART in the regulation of melanocortin receptors within the hypothalamus and adrenal gland, and implicates this novel gene in the central control of feeding.

Agouti Signaling Protein↗

ART restorations and glass ionomer sealants in Zimbabwe: survival after 3 years.

Atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) consists of removing demineralised tooth tissues with hand instruments only, restoring the prepared cavity and sealing the adjacent pits and fissures with an adhesive filling material. This relatively painless, no-handpiece, minimal intervention approach to controlling dental caries is described. ART was applied in an oral health care programme in Zimbabwe that was carried out amongst secondary school students from 1994 to 1997. A new glass ionomer (Fuji IX) was used as the restorative and sealant material. Sealants were placed in high caries risk students using the 'press-finger' technique. A total of 297 one-surface ART restorations and 95 glass ionomer sealants were placed in 142 and 66 students, respectively. After 3 years, the lost-to-follow-up percentages for one-surface ART restorations and glass ionomer sealants were 30.6% and 30.5%, respectively. Actuarial (life table) analysis resulted in 3-year survival rates of one-surface ART restorations of 88.3% (95% CI: 92.4%-84.2%), ranging from 94.3% to 65.4% per operator. A total of 28 ART restorations placed in 25 students failed. Reasons for failure related to the material and the operator (11 restorations or 5.3% each), and to caries adjacent to the restoration (one restoration or 0.5%). Reasons for failure were not recorded for five restorations (2.3%). Sealants were placed on surfaces diagnosed as early enamel lesions. After 3 years, 71.4% (95% CI: 81.7%-61.1%) of the fully and partially retained sealants survived with a range of 100% to 55.6% per operator. Of the sealed surfaces 96.3% (95% CI: 100%-92.2%) survived 3 years without developing caries. Experienced operators placed better ART restorations than inexperienced operators. This study has demonstrated that ART with a glass ionomer restorative material and sealants provided high quality preventive and restorative dental care to this student population. ART has become one of the treatment modalities available to oral health workers in managing dental caries.

Adolescent↗

Effectiveness of glass-ionomer (ART) and amalgam restorations in the deciduous dentition: results after 3 years.

This study compared the survival of restorations produced through the atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) approach using glass-ionomer with those produced through the traditional approach using amalgam (MTA) in deciduous dentitions over a period of 3 years. Using a parallel group design, 835 grade 1 children, aged 6-7 years, participated. A total of 482 children were treated through the ART and 353 children through the MTA approach. Eight dentists produced a total of 1891 single- and multiple-surface restorations. After 3 years, 22.1% of the restorations were lost for evaluation. There was a statistically significant difference in the combined survival of all single- and multiple-surface restorations between the two approaches in favour of the ART approach (p = 0.04). The study revealed a 3-year cumulative survival percentage of single-surface ART and MTA restorations of 86.1 and 79.6%, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.03). The main reasons for both single-surface ART and MTA restorations to fail was 'restoration missing' followed by 'gross marginal defect'. The 3-year cumulative survival percentages of multiple-surface ART and MTA restorations were 48.7 and 42.9%, respectively. The difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The 3-year survival percentages of single- and multiple- surface ART and MTA restorations varied widely amongst the 8 operators with an operator effect (p = 0.001) for multiple-surface MTA restorations. It can be concluded that the ART approach using glass-ionomer yielded better results in treating dentinal lesions in deciduous teeth than did the traditional approach using amalgam after 3 years. It is recommended to select the ART approach to complement the other activities of the school oral health programme.

Child↗

Ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTs): emerging actors in cell communication and signaling.

Mammalian ecto ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTs) constitute a family of structurally related proteins expressed on the cell surface or secreted in the extracellular compartment. Using NAD+ as substrate, they transfer ADP-ribose groups onto target proteins. In contrast to intracellular poly(ADP-ribosyl)transferases (PARPs), these enzymes transfer a single ADPR and are thus mono-ARTs. Five paralogs (ART1-5) have been cloned but only four of them are expressed in human due to a defective ART2 gene, and six in the mouse as the result of ART2 gene duplication. The recent determination of the crystal structure of rat ART2 reveals homologies with bacterial ART toxins and provides a molecular basis for understanding the specificity of ARTs for their targets. A combination of different technological approaches reveals that ecto-ARTs are expressed in different tissues with privileged sites such as heart and skeletal muscles for ART1, T lymphocytes for ART2 or testis for ART5. It also indicates that ART expression is highly regulated. ADP-ribosylation of target proteins on cell surfaces or circulating in body fluids leads to reversible post-translational modifications which can inhibit the targets, as known for bacterial ARTs, or activate them, as in the crosstalk between mouse ART2 and the cytolytic P2X7 receptor on T lymphocytes. ART activity in the extracellular compartment provides sophisticated regulatory mechanisms for cell communication. This designates ecto-ARTs as new candidates for drug targeting.

ADP Ribose Transferases↗

[The cost-effectiveness of ART and resin sealant on caries prevention].

OBJECTIVE: Pit and fissure sealants have been widely used to caries prevention. More often, ART is used in caries treatment. ART was used to prevent caries in recent years. However,the cost-effectiveness of ART that is used to caries prevention still remains unclear. The aim of the present research was to compare the cost-effectiveness of ART with that of resin sealant in caries prevention for primary school children. METHODS: Two hundred and twelve children aged 7 to 9 years old took part in this research. The molar of every child on one side of the mouth was sealed by light-cure resin sealant(Concise,3M) and by chemically firmed glass ionomer (Ketac-molar, ESPE) on the opposite side. The routine methods were used to seal teeth and the cotton rolls and suction were used to keep dry. The time for manipulation,amount of materials and times for repetition in the program were recorded. The retained rate of sealed material on the teeth was checked month after treatment. RESULTS: The results indicated the time for manipulation,cotton rolls and times for repetition in sealant was respectively 3.54 (min.), 2.52 and 0.04 (times) in sealant and 3.18 (min.),1.13 and 0.03 (times) in ART. The material of ART was more expensive than of resin sealant. Respectively,the costs of glass ionomer and resin sealant were 3.77 and 0.93(Yuan). However, the cost of equipment used in sealant were much more expensive than that used in ART. Furthermore, there was no significantly difference between sealant and ART in the remaining rate. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that ART is more cost-effective than sealant on caries prevention.

English Abstract↗

[Art in undergraduate medical education].

BACKGROUND: During the last decades attempts have been made at integrating art in medical education. What should be the form, content and objectives of such teaching? MATERIAL AND METHOD: We address this question on the basis of a review of articles in medical journals from 1990 until May 2001 about art and undergraduate medical education. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION: A common reason for integrating art in undergraduate medical education is that art may act as a balance to the dominance of natural science. One pedagogical approach is to use art as a tool for training skills. Many articles emphasise that teaching art should also contribute to the personal and professional development of medical students. The majority of articles report on courses in literature and medicine. Art is often taught in small or medium-sized groups; courses may last from single lessons to programmes over years. The aim of art courses may be the development of skills, but also one of facilitating personal growth and professional development.

Art↗

The prevalence of dyslexia among art students.

It is widely held opinion that dyslexia is associated with remarkably artistic creativity. Speculations on different brain structures and brain functions have been proposed as an explanation. Very few objective studies have been reported that confirm the conjectures on the relationship between dyslexia and artistic creativity. Two studies are reported on the prevalence of dyslexia among university students-one group of art students and one group of students from non-art disciplines. The admission to the art schools were extremely demanding, possibly implying that the students were genuinely talented, and that their choice of training did not reflect a compensation for failure in conventional academic fields. Art academy students reported significantly more signs of dyslexia than non-art university students. Objective testing showed that art students had significantly poorer phonological skills than non-art students. Thus, according to self-reports combined with objective testing, the incidence of dyslexia was far higher among art students.

Adult↗

Art therapy with adult bone marrow transplant patients in isolation: a pilot study.

Psycho-social interventions for cancer patients in isolation for bone marrow transplant (BMT) have been advocated in the recent literature. It is not clear what type of interventions would be most appropriate. This study was conducted at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), with three aims. (1) To test the feasibility of introducing art therapy as a supportive intervention for adult BMT patients in isolation. Nine patients were seen in art therapy sessions twice a week while in isolation, and were helped to develop free personal images. The three art therapists used the same art therapy program as a model. (2) To assess how patients would use the program. Forty-two images were made by the nine patients during the art therapy sessions. A thematic analysis of the images showed that the patients used art therapy effectively in three ways: (a) to strengthen their positive feelings, (b) to alleviate their distress, and (c) to clarify their existential/spiritual issues. (3) The third aim was to identify which patients would most benefit from art therapy. Our results suggest that the non-verbal metaphorical modality of art therapy may be especially beneficial for patients who need to deal with emotional conflicts, and with feelings about life and death, in a safe setting.

Adult↗

Distance art groups for women with breast cancer: guidelines and recommendations.

To overcome barriers that prevent women with breast cancer from attending support groups, innovative formats and modes of delivery both need to be considered. The present study was part of an interdisciplinary program of research in which researchers from counseling psychology, psycho-oncology, nursing, computer science, and fine arts have explored art making as an innovative format and telehealth as a mode of delivery. For this study, we conducted focus groups and interviews with 25 people with expertise about breast cancer, art, art therapy, and distance delivery of mental health services to generate guidelines for distance art-based psychosocial support services to women with breast cancer. A qualitative analysis of the focus group and interview data yielded guidelines for developers and facilitators of distance art groups for women with breast cancer pertaining to (a) emotional expression, (b) emotional support, (c) emotional safety, and (d) accommodating individual differences, plus special considerations for art therapy groups. Further research is needed pertaining to the use of computers, involvement of art therapists, and screening out vulnerable clients.

Art Therapy↗

The art of nursing.

It is a common assumption that nursing is an art. Art in this sense is sometimes taken to mean a fine art, and sometimes a skill or craft. This paper reviews some of the arguments for nursing as an art and concludes that nursing is not a fine art, but that it is an art in the more general sense of a craft or skill performed by people. It is further argued that, in most instances, to say that nursing is an art tells us little or nothing that is useful and the word 'art' is redundant in this context.

Art↗

The use of art therapy to detect depression and post-traumatic stress disorder in pediatric and young adult renal transplant recipients.

Pediatric and young adult renal transplant recipients may experience feelings of depression and emotional trauma. A study was conducted to (1) determine the prevalence of depression and emotional trauma and (2) assess the utility of the Formal Elements of Art Therapy Scale (FEATS). Sixty-four renal transplant recipients, 6-21 yr of age, were evaluated using self-report measures (CDI and Davidson) and art-based assessments. Subject art was analyzed by art therapists using seven of the 14 elements of the (FEATS), to assess depression. Unlike CDI and Davidson self-report testing, all patients were able to complete the art-based directives. When self-report measures and art-based assessments were combined, 36% of the study population had testing results consistent with depression and/or post-traumatic stress. The FEATS assessments identified a subset of patients who were not identified using the self-report measures. There was a correlation between CDI and Davidson scores (p < 0.0001), Davidson scores correlated with hospital days (p = 0.05), and FEATS correlated with height Z score (p = 0.04) and donor type (p = 0.01). Patients who required psychological interventions including antidepressant therapy, psychological counseling and psychiatric hospitalization during the year after the study were identified as depressed. Sensitivity for FEATS and CDI were 22 and 50% respectively. The results suggest that while art therapy may be of utility in the identification of pediatric and young adult transplant recipients who are suffering from depression, FEATS analysis appears to lack sufficient sensitivity to warrant its use in this population. Study of other quantitative art-based assessment techniques may be warranted.

Adolescent↗

Psychological aspects of art collecting.

WHAT impels the art collector to acquire works of art? Art historians have steadfastly turned their backs on this question, and psychiatrists and psychoanalysts have not had much to say on the matter either. Patients, after all, do not seek psychiatric services because they are collectors. Yet to anyone at all familiar with art collectors, it is clear that their reasons for collecting are both diverse and complex. They may range from relatively pure ones like those suggested in the passage from Börne, just as applicable to art as to poetry, all the way to the much crasser ones alluded to by Rush. Here I shall have nothing to say about those who collect for profit pure and simple, who may even buy paintings in wholesale lots only to stash them away in a warehouse until they have risen in value. This breed, which has increased apace with the feverish growth of the art business in recent years, does not collect art for art's sake. It is rather to the collector whose motives for collecting are primarily nonmonetary that I want to turn my attention.

Aggression↗

Medical education and the arts: a survey of U.S. medical schools.

BACKGROUND: Although the literary arts initiated the movement to include the humanities in medical education, little is known about the incorporation of other art forms. PURPOSE: A study was designed to determine the variety of arts-related activities in U.S. medical schools. METHODS: Questionnaires were mailed twice to each of the U.S. medical school deans requesting information about arts-related required and elective courses, extracurricular activities, course and activity titles, and funding sources. RESULTS: Of 100 respondents (78%), 21 offer arts-related required courses, 42 offer electives, and 89 offer extracurricular activities. School-based funds were listed in 67 schools and endowments in 13. CONCLUSION: Exposure to a variety of the arts is commonplace in U.S. medical schools. Almost half the schools involve the arts in the curriculum and over two thirds support arts-related extracurricular programs. Further investigation is necessary to determine the numbers of students involved, degree of involvement, and the impact on learning and practice.

Art↗