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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Temporary and selective anosmia in tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) caused by chemical treatment of the olfactory epithelium.

Tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) were trained to respond to two dissimilar odorants (i.e., cyclohexanone, dimethyl disulfide) but not to a third odorant (n-butanol). When the training criterion was met, the animals were anesthetized and given nasal lavages of saline or odorants in saline. Lavage with cyclohexanone decreased responding to cyclohexanone but not dimethyl disulfide, and vice-versa, in later behavioral tests. Likewise, ethyl acetoacetate lavage produced selective response decrements to cyclohexanone. Lavage with n-butanol had no effect on responding to presentations of either cyclohexanone or dimethyl disulfide. The effects of lavage increased with increasing odorant concentration. Thus, lavage with 0.05 M cyclohexanone or ethyl acetoacetate produced more persistent response decrements than lavage with 0.01 M concentrations of either odorant. Such results are consistent with several testable interpretations, including the possibility the response decrements could reflect the nature of odorant-receptor interactions.

1-Butanol↗
PubMed1995

The genetic basis for specific anosmia to isovaleric acid in the mouse.

The detection and discrimination of odorants in mammals is thought to be mediated by a family of 100-1000 seven transmembrane domain receptor proteins, although none of these putative olfactory receptors have been shown to bind individual odorants with high affinity. We have used a genetic approach to identify the genomic regions responsible for the differential ability of two inbred mouse strains to detect a single odorant, isovaleric acid. Results obtained with a behavioral assay were consistent with a limited number of genes conferring the ability to detect isovaleric acid. One genetic location mapped to a 0.3 cM region between D4MIT37 and D4MIT156 on mouse chromosome 4. A second locus mapped to the distal end of mouse chromosome 6. The most likely cause of the behavior difference between the two strains of mice is the loss of the receptor protein or proteins responsible for recognizing isovaleric acid. High resolution genetic mapping provides a novel approach to the identification of genes critical for the detection of particular odorants.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The effect of anosmia on MK-801-induced behaviour in mice.

Systemic administration of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists induces a well defined behaviour in rodents characterized by, for example increased locomotion and ataxia. It is not clear in what brain region(s) NMDA antagonists induce this behaviour. We have studied the possible involvement of olfactory pathways by making adult mice anosmic via intranasal injection of zinc sulphate, a procedure that is known to destroy the olfactory epithelium. The NMDA antagonist MK-801 was given intraperitoneally (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) and the animals were scored for locomotion and ataxia 60-90 min later. Before MK-801 administration, olfactory-lesioned mice did not differ from non-lesioned controls with regard to locomotion or ataxia. MK-801 caused locomotor activation (> or = 0.2 mg/kg) and ataxia (> or = 0.5 mg/kg) in both groups. In general, olfactory-lesioned animals showed more locomotion and less ataxia after MK-801 administration than non-lesioned animals. Lesioned animals displayed 2.0- (P < 0.05) and 3.7-fold (P < 0.05) more extensive locomotor activation than non-lesioned animals after 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg of MK-801, respectively. No difference in the degree of ataxia was seen between the two groups at 0.5 mg/kg, whereas non-lesioned animals showed a 2.1-fold higher degree of ataxia after 1.0 mg/kg of MK-801, indicating that the enhanced MK-801-induced locomotor activation in olfactory-lesioned mice was not simply due to less ataxia. These results suggest that olfactory input is involved in NMDA antagonist-induced behaviour.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Estrogen-receptor occurrence in the female mouse brain: effects of maternal experience, ovariectomy, estrogen and anosmia.

Maternal behavior (ultrasound-induced pup-searching and retrieving) was studied in eight groups of female house mice with various hormonal backgrounds, experience with pups and function of the olfactory system. In their brains, estrogen receptor immunoreactive (ER-IR) cells were localized and quantified. All animals of all groups had ER-IR cells in a 'reliable subset' of brain areas, the medial preoptic area (MPOA) and ventromedial (VMH) and arcuate nucleus (ARH) of the hypothalamus. In another subset of brain areas, the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA) and cortical (CA) and medial (MA) amygdaloid nucleus, ER-IR cells can be expected in at least some animals of all experimental groups ('expected subset'). In a variable subset of additional brain areas (bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, BNST; suprachiasmatic nucleus, SC; lateral septal nuclei, LS; paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, PVH; entorhinal and piriform cortex, ENT, PIR; subiculum, SUB; hippocampus, HPC; periventricular gray of the midbrain, PVG), ER-IR cells occurred only in some animals of some groups. Numbers of ER-IR cells in a given brain area, volumes occupied by these cells, and cell densities varied considerably among the groups. A covariation of cell counts and volumes was significant for most brain areas indicating that increases of numbers of ER-IR cells relate mainly to volume increases within a given brain area. Experience with pups correlated with an increase of ER presence in the AHA, VMH, ENT, PIR, SUB, HPC and PVG, however, only in the presence of estrogen. Estrogen and pup-experience together led to an increased ER presence in mainly the VMH, ENT and PIR, however, only in females with intact olfaction. Full maternal behavior (retrieving, ultrasound recognition) occurred after the high pregnancy- or experience-induced ER content was reduced to lower levels. The ER occurrence in lactating and experienced virgin females differed, however, in the AHA, BNST, SC, PVH, ENT, PIR, SUB, HPC and PVG showing that the maintenance of maternal behavior can run under different profiles of ER content in the brain. Ovariectomy and/or prolonged high blood-estrogen levels correlated significantly with decreased levels of ER-IR cells in most brain areas which could not be increased by pup-experience.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Acute anosmia in the mouse: behavioral discrimination among the four basic taste substances.

The importance of taste and smell in discrimination of tastes was examined in normal and anosmic mice. We studied the influence of olfaction on taste sensation using behavioral and electrophysiological methods in both normal animals and animals made anosmic mice by destroying their olfactory receptor cells with zinc sulfate (ZnSO(4)) solution. Electrophysiological responses from chorda tympani nerves showed that peripheral taste receptor cells transmitted taste signals normally to the central nervous system, even when the olfactory senses were abnormal. Behavioral observations showed that mice with abnormal olfaction could not differentiate tastes.

Animals↗