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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Identification of cells from fetal bladder epithelium in human amniotic fluid.

Cultured human amniotic fluid cells consist of five different types of cytokeratin-positive epithelial cells, E-1 to E-5, differing by their size, growth morphology, and cytokeratin pattern, according to our earlier investigations. Using anticytokeratin antibodies in indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) microscopy, we show in this study that cultured urine cells contain four of the cell types found in amniotic fluid. In addition, we used two urothelium-specific antibodies, anti-UMA and anti-Las-86, in combination with cytokeratin antibodies to distinguish urothelium-derived cells in amniotic fluid and urine cell cultures. Two of the epithelial cell types were found to express urothelial antigens and thus to originate from the transitional bladder epithelium. These cells were found in 26 of the 33 amniotic fluid cell cultures and in nine of the ten urine cell cultures.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1985

Two-site "simultaneous" immunoassay with monoclonal antibodies for the determination of surfactant apoproteins in human amniotic fluid.

Monoclonal antibodies against human surfactant apoproteins were prepared, which recognized 37, 34, and 62 kilodalton proteins in human lung lavage fluid and amniotic fluid. Two-site "simultaneous" immunoassay for the surfactant apoproteins was developed using the monoclonal antibodies. The assay was capable of measuring 10-640 ng of the apoproteins per ml of human amniotic fluid. The immunoassay was used to quantitate the apoproteins in 59 amniotic fluid samples from 23 to 41 wk gestation. The concentration of the surfactant apoproteins at less than 30 wk gestation was very low (mean 0.84 micrograms/ml). It then increased 6.5-fold from 34 to 36 wk gestation and 15.5-fold at more than 37 wk gestation. The simultaneous immunoassay with the monoclonal antibodies presented herein seems to be ideal for clinical use because of its high specificity, sensitivity, rapidity, simplicity, and a continuous unlimited supply of the antibodies. The results in this study show that the clinical use of the two-site simultaneous immunoassay with monoclonal antibodies to pulmonary surfactant apoproteins can predict fetal lung maturity more precisely.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1990

Responsiveness of L-S ratio of the amniotic fluid to intra-amniotic administration of thyroxine. Role of fetal age.

Since 1982 we have accelerated fetal maturation with intra-amniotic thyroxine (T4) in more than 140 patients. The purpose of this analysis was to determine the rate of change of the ratio of lecithin to sphingomyelin (L/S) after administration of T4 at different gestational ages, and to compare the responses to the first and the second administration of T4. Fifty-nine cases in which administration of T4 was continued for 2 weeks or more, and in which at least 3 determinations of L/S had been performed, were identified. Gestational age of the fetus at the inititiation of treatment ranged from 26 to 31 weeks (mean 29.3 weeks). Thyroxine was administered weekly in 200 to 500 mcg doses. Administration of T4 prior to the 27th week did not change the L/S. From the 27th and 31st week of gestation, the slope of the L/S, after the initial dose of T4 increased from 0.33/wk to 1.05/wk. In contrast the slope of the untreated patients changed little reaching a maximum of 0.22 at the 33 week. L/S greater than 2 was observed in 80% of cases after 2 weeks of therapy, when it had been initiated after the 26th week. The response to the second dose was about twice that of the first in fetuses less than or equal to 30 weeks, but was similar to that seen after the initial dose in fetuses greater than 30 weeks. Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) was detected in amniotic fluid in 51% of cases after 2 weeks of treatment, and in 6 instances as early as at the 30th week. Responsiveness of L/S to T4 treatment of the fetus is a function of gestational age and of prior exposure to T4.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1983

Bacteriological study of amniotic fluid during labor.

Amniotic fluid from 207 women in labor was analysed at the time of artificial rupture of membranes or by amniocentesis. The following organisms were identified in concentrations of more than 1 000/ml: Staphylococcus aureus (1), Propionibacterium (1), E. coli (1), group B Streptococci (3), Lactobacilli (16). The 6 patient-carriers of pathogens became infected as did 4 of their babies. Leukocyte counts and LDH levels performed on amniotic fluid did not correlate with the appearance of symptoms of infection. Quantitative bacteriology of amniotic fluid seems to be of value in identifying patients at high risk of developing endometritis and/or neonatal sepsis.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Amniotic fluid volume responses to intra-amniotic infusion of lactate in fetal sheep.

OBJECTIVE: In human and ovine fetuses, severe anemia is associated with elevated fetal blood and amniotic lactate levels and polyhydramnios. In ovine fetuses, intravascular infusion of sodium lactate elevates fetal plasma and amniotic lactate levels and produces polyhydramnios. The present study tested the hypothesis that an elevated amniotic lactate concentration in the absence of an increased fetal plasma lactate would be associated with an increase in amniotic fluid volume (AFV). METHODS: Eight chronically catheterized, late-gestation fetal sheep were studied over 5 days. Twice each day, we measured blood gases and pH, electrolytes, glucose, lactate, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations, as well as osmolality of fetal blood, maternal blood, amniotic fluid, and fetal urine. Amniotic fluid volume was measured once daily. During experimental days 2 to 4, lactic acid was infused into the amniotic compartment to achieve an amniotic lactate concentration of approximately 20 mmol/L. Statistical analysis was by analysis of variance and regression. RESULTS: Amniotic fluid lactate levels averaged 2.2 +/- 0.4 mmol/L (mean +/- standard error) before infusion and 18.9 +/- 3.3 mmol/L during the 72-hour infusion, falling to 5.8 +/- 1.2 mmol/L postinfusion (P < .001). Fetal plasma lactate averaged 1.8 +/- 0.1 mmol/L on day 1 and increased by 1.4 +/- 0.6 mmol/L on day 4 (P < .001). Fetal urine flow was unchanged and averaged 0.54 +/- 0.08 mL/min over the 5 days. Amniotic fetal volume was 821 +/- 186 mL on day 1, increased nonsignificantly by 99 +/- 95 mL on day 4, and remained unchanged on day 5. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that if amniotic lactate acts osmotically to increase AFV, the effect is small. Thus, the primary site of action of elevated fetal lactate levels appears to be at the placenta rather than the intramembranous pathway.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed2005

Echocardiographically detected mass "in transit" in early amniotic fluid embolism.

BACKGROUND: Amniotic fluid embolism is a catastrophic illness related to the passage of fetal material into the pulmonary circulation causing cardiovascular collapse. CASE: A 29-year-old female sustained cardiopulmonary arrest during delivery presumably due to amniotic fluid embolism. A right atrial mass "in transit" was detected by echocardiography. It had an appearance and pattern of motion that was suggestive of a gelatinous consistency and is likely to have been an amniotic fluid embolus. There was also evidence of acute right ventricular overload. CONCLUSION: We recommend that echocardiography be considered early on such conditions to gain more insight into the pathogenesis of this complication.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

IL 1-like activities present in murine amniotic fluid. A significantly larger amount of IL 1 beta-like activity is present in the amniotic fluid of autoimmune NZB mice.

Rapid progress in studies of cytokines have clarified their roles in processes of lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation. However, the involvement of these molecules in lymphopoiesis during embryonic development has not yet been well documented. In this study we screened for possible existence of cytokines that influence lymphopoiesis in murine amniotic fluid (AF) obtained from non-autoimmune prone "normal" strains of mice (CBA/J, BALB/c, A/J, SWR, and C57B/6) and autoimmune-prone NZB mice. Significant colony stimulating activity-1 (CSA-1)-like activities were found in AF of all of the strains tested, but relatively low activities were present in AF of NZB mice. No interleukin 2 (IL 2) or interleukin 3 (IL 3)-like activities were detected, Weak IL 1-like activity was found in AF of most of the strains tested; however, the results of the standard thymocyte proliferation assays varied with each AF sample. This variation is probably related to the presence of nonspecific inhibitors including alpha-fetoprotein in murine AF. Therefore, pooled AF from CBA and NZB strains of mice were subjected to several purification procedures to assess the actual amount of IL 1-like activity present in murine AF. After (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and hydrophobic phenyl-Sepharose chromatography, the measurable level of IL 1-like activity could be increased significantly. With lentil-lectin affinity chromatography, IL 1-like activity was completely dissociated from CSA-like activity. Moreover, a significantly larger amount of IL 1-like activity was found in NZB AF fractions (approximately sixfold higher). Apparent pI values estimated by preparative isoelectric focusing (IEF) were 5.9, 7.2, and 7.4 in CBA AF fractions, and 6.5 and 7.3 in NZB AF fractions. The NZB AF fraction with pI of 7.3 showed significantly higher IL 1 activity than the other fractions studied. These partially purified molecules were found to be resistant to pH 2 and the reducing agent, 2-mercaptoethanol, but were inactivated by heat (56 degrees C, 1 hr) or trypsin. None of the fractions showed IL 2-like activity but some that had IL 1-like activity induced IL 2 production in a IL 1-dependent, IL 2-producing B lymphoma cell line. Apparent m.w. of these IL 1-like activities were 14,000, 14,500, 17,000, 18,000, and 21,000 in CBA AF fractions, and 15,000, 19,000, and 21,000 in NZB AF fractions according to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed2003

Presumed antepartum amniotic fluid embolism.

BACKGROUND: Amniotic fluid embolism is seldom recognized in nonperipartum patients. The pathophysiology is uncertain and diagnosis imprecise, making management after stabilization difficult. CASE: A 37-year-old woman at 28 weeks' gestation presented with signs and symptoms consistent with amniotic fluid embolism including disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. A ventilation-perfusion scan demonstrated unmatched perfusion defects, but other radiographic studies were negative; the patient was treated with heparin. Four days after presentation she had spontaneous rupture of membranes followed by hypoxemia, necessitating cesarean delivery. A pulmonary arteriogram after the operation showed multiple filling defects; the patient was discharged on warfarin. CONCLUSION: Amniotic fluid embolism is a difficult diagnosis to make, at best. Anticoagulation may be a therapeutic option.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis by trehalase enzyme assay in amniotic fluid.

Amniocentesis and amniotic fluid trehalase enzyme assay were offered to 14 pregnant women at a 1 in 4 risk for a child with cystic fibrosis. Twelve of these pregnancies were screened at the 18th week of gestation; ten proceeded to term, seven following the finding of a normal trehalase activity and three despite the low enzyme level in amniotic fluid. In all ten cases prenatal diagnosis proved to be correct. In two cases with low enzyme activity parents opted for termination at the 19th week, and with PAS-Alcian Blue staining some slight histochemical lesions characteristic of cystic fibrosis were seen in the exocrine glands, including the pancreas and intestinal mucosa, of both fetuses. The total protein content in the meconium of these fetuses was significantly higher than in the controls. Results suggest that trehalase assay in the amniotic fluid is a potential prenatal test for cystic fibrosis and it appears that in fetuses with cystic fibrosis some histochemical and biochemical abnormalities can be observed as early as the 19th week of gestation. The role of ultrasound examination as an additional procedure for the prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis is also discussed.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1987

Prostaglandin concentrations in amniotic fluid of women with intra-amniotic infection and preterm labor.

This study was undertaken to examine the effects of intrauterine infection and preterm labor on the amniotic fluid concentrations of prostaglandins in women with premature rupture of the membranes. Amniotic fluid was obtained from four groups of patients with premature rupture of the membranes: group 1, patients without labor or infection; group 2, patients with labor but without infection; group 3, patients with an intra-amniotic infection but without labor; group 4, patients with both infection and labor. Prostaglandins E2 and F2a were measured by radioimmunoassays. Preterm labor, in the absence of infection, was not associated with significant increases in amniotic fluid concentrations of prostaglandins. Women with preterm labor and intra-amniotic infections had higher amniotic fluid concentrations of prostaglandins than women with preterm labor in the absence of infection or women with intra-amniotic infection in the absence of labor. These observations are compatible with the participation of prostaglandins in the mechanisms of onset of preterm labor associated with intra-amniotic infection.

Adult↗