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PubMedDate not supplied

[Possible mechanism of long-term anti-arrhythmia and local anesthetic effect of quaternary ammonium compounds].

In experiments with dialized neurons of L. stagnalis mollusc the recovery of Na-current (INa) after its depression by local anesthetic trimecaine and its quaternary derivative N-ethyltrimecaine (G-88) was studied. A full recovery of INa within tens of seconds after washing off trimecaine but not G-88 was observed. The half-time for vanishing of INa use-dependent depression by G-88 was 17 minutes, and there was no substantial vanishing of tonic INa block even after an hour of G-88 washing off. A hypothesis is advanced that the long recovery time of INa is one of the mechanisms providing long pharmacological action of quaternary antiarrhythmic and local anesthetic ammonium compounds.

Acetanilides↗
PubMed1997

Factors contributing to the survival of poultry associated Pseudomonas spp. exposed to a quaternary ammonium compound.

Resistance to benzalkonium chloride (BC) among Pseudomonas spp. isolated from poultry carcasses was determined and strategies for elimination of resistant strains evaluated. This investigation showed that resistance was quite common, about 30% of the isolates being able to grow in 200 micrograms ml-1 BC. Pseudomonas fluorescens strains were generally less susceptible than strains of Ps. lundensis and Ps. fragi. An overnight incubation in medium containing 200 micrograms ml-1 BC was sufficient to reduce the susceptibility of two Pseudomonas strains to the lethal effect of BC significantly. Adding EDTA enhanced the lethal effect of BC, but the effect was reduced after growing cells in medium containing BC and EDTA. Growth in medium with a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) rendered the cells more susceptible to chlorine, phenolics, and alkylaminoacetate. These results indicate that alternating use of QACs with these compounds can be used to avoid build-up of resistant strains. In addition, increased temperatures improved the lethal effect of BC and should be considered when planning disinfection routines.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Interaction of pinaverium (a quaternary ammonium compound) with 1,4-dihydropyridine binding sites in rat ileum smooth muscle.

1. The interaction of pinaverium bromide, a quaternary ammonium compound, with binding sites for (L-type) calcium channel blockers was investigated in rat ileum smooth muscle. 2. Pinaverium inhibited [3H]-(+)-PN200-110 ([3H]-(+)-isradipine) specific binding to tissue homogenates incompletely (Ki 0.38 microM; maximal inhibition 80%). In contrast, binding to single cell preparations (obtained by collagenase treatment) and to saponin-treated homogenates was completely inhibited. These data are compatible with the view that, in untreated homogenates, 20% of [3H]-(+)-isradipine binding sites are not accessible to pinaverium because it is associated with sealed inside-out vesicles. 3. Pinaverium bromide increased the apparent KD of [3H]-(+)-isradipine binding to saponin-treated homogenates but did not significantly affect the Bmax value. Moreover, the dissociation rate constant of [3H]-(+)-isradipine binding was not changed by pinaverium. These data suggest that pinaverium interacts with the dihydropyridine binding site in a competitive manner. However, in contrast to uncharged dihydropyridine calcium antagonists, pinaverium inhibited, rather than stimulated, [3H]-diltiazem binding to rat brain membranes (at 30-37 degrees C). 4. Although Bmax values of [3H]-(+)-isradipine were similar in homogenates prepared from tissue and cells (collagenase-treated), the KD value was significantly higher in cell homogenates (166 vs 95 pM). Similarly, the Ki value of pinaverium was higher in cell preparations than in tissue homogenates (0.77 vs 0.38 microM). Thus, collagenase can significantly modify the dihydropyridine recognition site.5. The competitive interaction of pinaverium, a permanently charged drug, with [3H]-(+)-isradipine bound to intact cells and its absence of interaction with [3H]-(+)-isradipine bound to sealed inside-out vesicles imply that the dihydropyridine receptor lies near the external surface of the plasma membrane.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Intrinsic and acquired resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds in food-related Pseudomonas spp.

AIMS: To determine the sensitivity of a strain used for disinfectants testing (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442) and food-associated isolates to benzalkonium chloride and didecyl dimethylammonium chloride (DDAC). To determine whether the increase in bacterial resistance after adaptation to DDAC can be associated with phenotypic changes. To test the activity of alternative disinfectants to eliminate resistant Pseudomonas spp. METHODS AND RESULTS: Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 was among the most resistant strains tested using a bactericidal suspension test. Growth of a sensitive Ps. fluorescens in gradually higher concentrations of DDAC resulted in stable higher resistance and to some cross-resistance to several antibacterial agents, with the exception of disinfectants containing chloramine T, glutaraldehyde or peracetic acid. It was shown by microscopy that adaptation was followed by loss of flagella, and slime formation. Removal of the slime by sodium dodecyl sulphate resulted in partial loss of the acquired resistance. CONCLUSIONS: Pseudomonas spp. may adapt to survive against higher concentrations of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), but resistant strains can be eliminated with chemically unrelated disinfectants. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The work supports the rotation of disinfectants in food processing environments for avoiding the development of bacterial resistance to QACs. The alternating disinfectants should be chosen carefully, because of possible cross-resistance.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1997

Determination of the quaternary ammonium compounds dequalinium and cetylpyridinium chlorides in candy-based lozenges by high-performance liquid chromatography.

The retention behavior of the quaternary ammonium compounds benzalkonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride and dequalinium chloride on a 100 x 4.6 mm id cyanopropyl stationary phase column is reported as a function of organic modifier and ionic hydrophobic mobile phase additive concentrations. Optimum liquid chromatographic mobile phases using different mobile phase additives are reported which are suitable for the determination of cetylpyridinium chloride and dequalinium chloride in a variety of candy-based lozenge formulations. The quantitative aspects of assays based on the separation of active ingredients and formulation excipients were established. The generality of application of the assay methods was evaluated by determining the quaternary ammonium content of different lozenges and comparing the values obtained with the stated dose.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antimuscarinic action of an alkane-bis-ammonium compound alone and in combination with (+)-benzetimide.

Heptane-1,7-bis-(dimethyl-3'-phthalimidopropylammonium bromide) ('C7/3-phthalimido-propyl') in concentrations of 10(-7) to 0.5 X 10(-3) inhibited negative inotropic responses to carbachol or acetylcholine to a similar extent in the electrically stimulated isolated guinea-pig left atrium. However, the degree of antagonism of responses to carbachol was less than expected for a competitive antagonist when the higher concentrations of 'C7/3-phthalimido-propyl' were employed. When 'C7/3-phthalimido-propyl' was combined with competitive antagonists such as (+)-benzetimide, atropine or homatropine the degree of antagonism was greater than expected for combination of 2 competitive antagonists. Qualitatively similar results were obtained in the presence of practolol (1.5 X 10(-5) M). The results obtained with 'C7/3-phthalimido-propyl' are shown to agree with theoretical predictions for a metaffinoid antagonist which influences the affinities of both agonists and competitive antagonists by combining with a regulatory site distinct from, but interdependent with the binding sites for agonists and competitive antagonists. Further, it is shown that the alkane-bis-ammonium compound produces a much greater reduction in the affinity of carbachol than that of the competitive antagonists and as a consequence causes 'supra-additive' effects when combined with a competitive antagonist. The reduction in the affinity of (+)-benzetimide produced by 'C7/3-phthalimido-propyl' did not differ significantly from the reduction in the affinities of atropine or homatropine.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1996

Flow cytometry for rapid assessment of viability after exposure to a quaternary ammonium compound.

The use of flow cytometry to rapidly assess the viability of Pseudomonas spp. and Staphylococcus spp. after exposure to a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) was investigated using rhodamine 123 (Rh 123), Stain A (LIVE Stain) accumulating in viable but not in dead cells (Live/Dead Baclight bacterial viability kit, Molecular Probes Inc., Eugene, OR, USA), and Sytox green (Molecular Probes) accumulating in dead but not viable cells. Staining conditions were optimized for each stain. The fraction of viable cells after exposure to benzalkonium chloride was determined by using the three staining techniques and colony counts on agar medium. For all Staphylococcus spp. tested there was a high correlation the methods based on flow cytometry and colony counts irrespective of which stain was used. Although viable, all Pseudomonas spp. tested accumulated Rh 123 poorly and about 30% failed to accumulate LIVE stain as well. However, the correlation between colony counts and Sytox green labelling of Pseudomonas spp. was high. Our results indicate that flow cytometry together with live or dead cell labelling can be used to study the bactericidal effect of QACs. The methods based on LIVE stain and Sytox green were simpler and less time consuming than Rh 123 labelling. Only Sytox green could be used with all strains of Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas tested.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1986

Electrophysiologic, antiarrhythmic and cardiovascular actions of UM301, a quaternary ammonium compound.

The electrophysiologic, antiarrhythmic and cardiovascular actions of UM301 were evaluated in a variety of animal models. UM301 (range, 4.5-10 mg/kg i.v.) converted ouabain-induced ventricular tachycardia to normal sinus rhythm in the anesthetized dog. UM301 (10 mg/kg i.v.) suppressed the ventricular arrhythmias observed in a modified 2 day postinfarction dog preparation; normal sinus rhythm was maintained in excess of 120 min in these conscious animals. The ventricular fibrillation threshold was elevated in four animals after pretreatment with UM301 (5 and 10 mg/kg i.v.) without interfering with electrical cardioversion. In one animal, the spontaneous conversion of ventricular fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm was observed after pretreatment with UM301. In anesthetized dogs, 2 to 8 days after myocardial infarction, UM301 (5 and 10 mg/kg i.v.) prevented the reinduction of re-entrant ventricular tachyarrhythmias using programmed pacing techniques. The antiarrhythmic and antifibrillatory actions of the therapeutic doses of UM301 (i.e., 5 mg/kg i.v.) were associated with significant increases in the refractoriness of atrial, ventricular and atrioventricular conducting tissue. Higher doses of UM301 (10 mg/kg i.v.) progressively increased refractoriness, and the highest dose of UM301 tested (20 mg/kg i.v.) increased refractoriness further and depressed cardiac conduction in these tissues. Acute cardiovascular studies in anesthetized dogs showed that only the highest dose of UM301 tested (20 mg/kg i.v.) produced a significant decrease in the right ventricular force of contraction, cardiac output and arterial pressure. These data demonstrate that UM301, a quaternary ammonium compound, possesses both antiarrhythmic and antifibrillatory properties in various experimental animal models. The antiarrhythmic efficacy of UM301 can be observed in the absence of depressant cardiovascular actions.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Carrier-mediated transport system for choline and its related quaternary ammonium compounds on rat intestinal brush-border membrane.

The characteristics of the intestinal transport system for choline were investigated using isolated brush-border membrane vesicles from rat small intestine. In spite of the diminutive lipid solubility, the uptake of choline by membrane vesicles reflected smooth permeation into intravesicular space rather than the binding to the membrane surface. Physiological conditions, present in the intact intestine, such as an inward-directed Na+ or H+ gradient and inside negative membrane potentials, didn't directly involve in choline transport across the brush-border membrane. Moreover, an outward-directed H+ gradient had no significant effect on the time course of choline transport. However, in the absence of a driving-force, the initial uptake of choline exhibited a saturable manner. A kinetic analysis of the initial uptake rate gave an apparent Km of 159 microM. Furthermore, unlabeled choline caused both cis-inhibition and trans-stimulation for labeled choline transport, suggesting the existence of a carrier-mediated transport system for choline, classified as so-called 'facilitated diffusion'. Since tetramethylammonium, acetylcholine, and N1-methylnicotinamide caused both cis-inhibition and trans-stimulation, they appear to be accepted as the substrate of choline carrier. On the other hand, quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) such as those which possessed hydrophobic parts in their molecules exhibited only cis-inhibition. They also inhibited Na(+)-dependent D-glucose transport, indicating that they influenced various carrier-mediated transport systems non-specifically due to interaction with the membrane. These findings strongly suggest that the choline transport system on the brush-border membrane of rat intestine recognizes only small molecular QACs as its substrate.

Animals↗