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PubMed2002

Direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription medications: implications for patients with cancer.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To review the phenomenon of direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising of prescription medications in the media, with an overview of pertinent studies in the literature regarding patients' and healthcare professionals' perspectives on DTC advertising. DATA SOURCES: Journal articles, media, and clinical experience. DATA SYNTHESIS: DTC advertising of prescription medications is extremely prevalent in U.S. society. Advertising of medications is an expensive business; yearly spending is expected to reach $7.5 billion by 2005. Although opinions vary regarding DTC advertising, healthcare professionals, including oncology nurses, must be prepared to discuss DTC-advertised medications and treatments with their patients. CONCLUSIONS: Communication is the key to helping patients decipher the deluge of DTC advertisements in the media and determine the accuracy of this ever-increasing source of medical information. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Oncology nurses need to be aware of the increases in DTC advertising of prescription medications and the importance of guiding patients through appropriate medication choices by education.

Advertising↗
PubMed2004

Media credibility and informativeness of direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising.

In this article, we report the results of a study conducted to determine consumer perceptions of the media credibility and informativeness of direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising (DTC advertising) and to examine how those perceptions are influenced by consumer predispositions and demographic characteristics, especially consumer age. This study specifically surveyed older consumers, who are the most significant market segment for prescription drugs and particularly susceptible and vulnerable to commercial persuasion. Older consumers' perceptions of DTC advertising were found to be neutral but their evaluation of informativeness was found to be more positive. Attitude toward DTC advertising and DTC advertising familiarity predicted perceived credibility across various media and attitude toward DTC advertising was the most prominent predictor of perceived informativeness. Age and usage of different media were also found to predict credibility and informativeness of DTC advertising in certain types of media. This study's findings provide insight into how older consumers evaluate various DTC advertising media as an information source.

Advertising↗
PubMed2003

Influence of the legislation on the advertisement of psychoactive medications in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: The regulations on the advertisement of medications aim to encourage and promote an improved health care and the rational use of medications. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the influence of three regulations on the advertisement of medications: the "Export act", published in the United States in 1986; the "WHO's Criteria", published in 1988, and the Resolution 102/2000 of the Collegiate Board of Directors of the ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária- Brazilian Sanitary Surveillance Agency), on the advertisement of psychoactive medications. METHOD: We collected advertisements that were published in Brazilian psychiatric journals before and after the regulations were established. The contents of the advertisements were analyzed according to a program created based on the regulation's demands. RESULTS: In the 118 analyzed issues there were 199 different advertisements on 85 psychotropic drugs. We observed that, regardless the studied medication, the information about restrictions of use, such as adverse drug reactions, interactions, contraindications, warnings and precautions, does not appear very often, and when it does, its print sizes were smaller than that of the information favoring the use, such as indication, presentation and dosage. After the publication of the regulations, only 38.2% of the advertisements had all the essential technical information, and 35.3% were irregular in some way. CONCLUSION: The data suggest that there was very little influence of the regulations on the advertisement of psychotropic drugs in Brazil. Consequently, other control measures are necessary in addition to the regulations.

Advertising↗
PubMed1983

Alcohol consumption while viewing alcoholic beverage advertising.

Three hypotheses related to viewing alcoholic beverage advertising were examined: (1) alcohol advertising cues drinkings, (2) alcohol advertising prompts faster drinking, and (3) drinkers are more influenced by alcohol advertising when they are drinking. Alcoholic beverage advertisements did not increase either the quantity of liquor poured in mixed drinks or the rate of drinking. However, subjects with an alcoholic predrink who viewed alcohol advertisements second, drank more and reached higher blood alcohol concentrations than alcohol predrinkers who viewed the alcohol advertisements first. In some situations, distilled spirits advertisements may encourage continued drinking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Pharmaceutical advertisements in prescribing software: an analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess pharmaceutical advertisements in prescribing software, their adherence to code standards, and the opinions of general practitioners regarding the advertisements. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Content analysis of advertisements displayed by Medical Director version 2.81 (Health Communication Network, Sydney, NSW) in early 2005; thematic analysis of a debate on this topic held on the General Practice Computer Group email forum (GPCG_talk) during December 2004. OUTCOME MEASURES: Placement, frequency and type of advertisements; their compliance with the Medicines Australia Code of Conduct, and the views of GPs. RESULTS: 24 clinical functions in Medical Director contained advertisements. These included 79 different advertisements for 41 prescription products marketed by 17 companies, including one generic manufacturer. 57 of 60 (95%) advertisements making a promotional claim appeared noncompliant with one or more requirements of the Code. 29 contributors, primarily GPs, posted 174 emails to GPCG_talk; there was little support for these advertisements, but some concern that the price of software would increase if they were removed. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that pharmaceutical promotion in prescribing software should be banned, and inclusion of independent therapeutic information be mandated.

Advertising↗
PubMed1990

'Puffing' in medical advertising expands liability.

Advertising is nothing new to the medical profession, although for many years reputable doctors did not advertise their skills. In 1975, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) successfully argued in a case that was appealed to the Supreme Court that the AMA had unlawfully restricted medical advertising. While the FTC usurped the job of policing medical advertising, it seems to regard medical adverstising as a local problem not worthy of FTC attention. It has avoided setting standards for medical advertising and has failed to initiate significant enforcement against deceptive medical advertising. This article briefly reviews the historical role of advertising in modern American medicine and discusses advertising in relation to risk management.

Advertising↗
PubMed1988

Ten- to sixteen-year-olds' perceptions of advertisements for alcoholic drinks.

Groups of children discussed a number of issues concerning advertising, including advertisements they liked and disliked. The findings suggest that advertisements for alcoholic drinks become increasingly salient and attractive over the years 10 to 14. For example, although 10-year-olds rarely mentioned advertisements for alcoholic drinks when talking about favourite television commercials, the older children tended to do so almost immediately. There were also consistent developmental trends in their descriptions of liked and disliked qualities of advertisements and of the symbolism in commercials for alcoholic drinks. Whereas the 10-year-olds' comments tended to be tied to what is specifically shown in commercials, the older children tended to go beyond this and alluded to much more complex imagery, much in the same way that adults do. For example, the 14- and 16-year-olds tended to see larger and beer commercials as promoting masculinity, sociability and working-class values. These findings indicate that advertising campaigns for alcoholic drinks aimed at older teenagers and young adults present qualities which younger teenagers find attractive. We suggest it is no longer tenable for advertisers to absolve themselves of any responsibility by saying that advertisements for alcoholic drinks are targeted only at adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The attitudes of consumers toward direct advertising of prescription drugs.

Attitudes about prescription drug advertising directed to consumers were assessed in 1,509 persons who had viewed prototypical advertisements for fictitious prescription drug products. Although many subjects were generally favorable toward the concept of drug advertising directed to consumers, strong reservations were also expressed, especially about television advertising. Prescription drug advertising did not appear to undermine the physician's authority, since respondents viewed the physician as the primary drug decision-maker. However, the physician was not perceived as the sole source of prescription drug information. Television advertising appeared to promote greater information-seeking about particular drugs; however, magazine ads were more fully accepted by subjects. Furthermore, magazine ads led to enhanced views of the patient's authority in drug decision-making. The greater information conveyed in magazine ads may have given subjects more confidence in their own ability to evaluate the drug and the ad. Ads that integrated risk information into the body of the advertisement were more positively viewed than ads that gave special emphasis to the risk information. The results suggest that consumer attitudes about prescription drug advertising are not firmly held and are capable of being influenced by the types of ads people view. Regulation of such ads may need to be flexed to adapt to the way different media are used and processed by consumers.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Qualifications required in advertisements for hospital pharmacy management positions.

Advertisements for pharmacy management positions were analyzed to determine the extent to which advanced degrees or experience were required. Advertisements were collected from three professional journals for 1971-1981 for the following positions: director and assistant director of pharmacy services, director and assistant director of clinical services, director and assistant director of drug information, and clinical coordinator. The following information was obtained from each advertisement: position title, educational degree required or preferred, number of beds in institution, type of ownership of institution, residency required or preferred, and experience required or preferred. Of 224 advertisements analyzed, 124 were for directors of pharmacy, 59 for assistant directors of pharmacy, and 41 for clinical management positions. No degree was required or preferred in 85 of the advertisements. A degree qualification was specified for all the clinical management positions; 37 out of 41 required a Pharm.D. or advanced degree. Advertisements for directors and assistant directors requiring and advanced degree were evenly divided between Pharm.D. and M.S. degrees. Since 1979, the number of advertisements not specifying a degree appears to have decreased and the number specifying M.S. or Pharm.D. to have increased. Managerial experience was mentioned in 51 of 183 advertisements for directors and assistant directors. For clinical management positions, only 6 specified managerial experience and 22 required clinical experience. Many employers specified residencies as qualifications. Advanced degrees are increasingly in demand for management positions. Advancement opportunities in the future may not be as promising as in the past for pharmacists who hold only B.S. degrees.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tobacco advertising and coverage of smoking and health in women's magazines.

This study examines the extent of tobacco advertising and the coverage of smoking and health in all Irish produced women's magazines for 1989-93. There were 805 pieces in 402 magazines of which 684 (85%) were tobacco advertisements, 48 (5.7%) were new briefs; 27 (3.4%) were advice columns; 16 (2%) were feature articles; 15 (1.9%) were health promotion advertisements dealing with smoking and pregnancy; 10 (1.2%) were letters and 5 (0.61%) were editorials. Topics covered by the 106 articles on smoking were: smoking cessation-43 (40.6%); general health issues 35 (33%); smoking in pregnancy-4 (3.8%) and passive smoking 17 (16%). Of the 106 articles, 4 were negative about measures to control smoking. Four cigarette brands accounted for 70% of the advertisements. No tobacco advertisement carried the warning that "Smoking when pregnant harms your baby" or "Smoking kills". The 385002 cm2 of space devoted to tobacco advertising and negative messages about the dangers of tobacco and health represents 1.95% of total magazine space and is 14.5 times greater than the 26575 cm2 of positive messages about the dangers of smoking. That these magazines advertise tobacco without adequately covering the harmful effects of tobacco would suggest a degree of hypocrisy in their stated concern for women's health and lends further strength to the principle of a total ban on all tobacco advertising.

Advertising↗
PubMed1996

[Drug advertising in medical journals].

OBJECTIVE: To find the percentage of pages of advertising in 6 Spanish medical journals and compare their principal features with the criteria of the international committee of editors of medical journals. DESIGN: A descriptive crossover study. SETTING: The Spanish general medical journals with the highest circulation. PARTICIPANTS: All the issues of journals published between January and March 1993 (n = 56) were selected in order to calculate the average percentage of advertising. To analyse the adverts, all the adverts in 32 issues (n = 657) were selected by means of stratified random sampling of journals from the period July 1992 to June 1993. RESULTS: The average number of advertising pages was 39.16%. 7.8% were publicity articles with or without an advertisement. Adverts filled the best pages of the journals. In 11.7% of cases the adverts were connected with articles in the journal; in 23.9% they were inserted within article. 13.4% of the adverts analysed were for drug products with doubtful or nil intrinsic value; and 34.5% were pharmaceutical novelties (marketed after 1991). The therapeutic groups with most advertisements were ACE inhibitors (13.2%), analgesics (7.8%), calcium antagonists (7.2%) and AINE (7.2%). Paracetamol (6.1%) was the active principal advertised most often. CONCLUSION: The percentage of advertising seems excessive in all the journals except one and very much above the non-advertising informative material. There should be improvement by bringing journals into line with international editorial criteria.

Advertising↗
PubMed1990

Consumption and advertising of alcoholic beverages in Australia, 1969-86.

The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between alcohol consumption per adult (>/=15 years old) and expenditure on alcohol advertising per adult in Australia for the 18 years from 1969 to 1986. In addition, analyses were made of the extent to which annual changes in consumption were related to annual changes in advertising. The results showed that at the macro or aggregate level, alcohol advertising appeared to have little or no effect on alcohol consumption. By contrast, the level of consumption was positively related to the level of advertising 42 months later. In the very short term, an increase in consumption was followed by a decrease in advertising, and vice versa. The Australian results were found to be consistent with a large number of overseas studies which failed to find that alcohol advertising increased total consumption, although the advertising may have affected brand and beverage preferences. Attention is drawn to a number of methodological issues relevant to the study, and in particular the need for evaluation studies of specific advertising campaigns.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

[Adequacy of drug advertisements distributed to prescribers in Southern Brazil]

Drug advertisements for prescription drugs gathered from private clinics and hospitals in southern Brazil were analyzed. None of the 127 advertisement inserts that were analyzed complied with all the criteria specified by Brazilian legislation. The official Brazilian generic drug name was present in 95% of the advertisements, but always in finer and/or fainter print. With regard to the WHO ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion the study showed that only 59% of the advertisement inserts declared the product composition and only 43% provided information on precautions, and in most of these cases (73%(, the precautions were in fine print and difficult to read. Most of the advertisements declared the product dosage in more properly-sized print. The main advertising claims were efficacy, safety, faster action, and high tolerability. In conclusion, the analysis demonstrated that most advertisements fail to comply with either the Brazilian legislation on medicinal products and/or the WHO ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion. To improve this situation it thus seems necessary to develop more effective instruments to monitor quality of information provided to prescribers by the drug advertisers.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Physicians, formula companies, and advertising. A historical perspective.

The recent advent of new advertising campaigns for infant formulas aimed at the general public via television commercials, newspapers, free formula coupons, and lay periodicals has disrupted a comfortable symbiotic relationship between infant food manufacturers and the medical profession that has endured for more than 50 years. In the late 19th century, physicians were concerned about the advertising claims of these products and generally felt that indications and directions for their use should be the province of the physician. Between 1929 and 1932, the American Medical Association, through its Committee on Foods and "Seal of Acceptance," essentially required the entire formula industry to advertise only to the medical profession. Since 1932, the US formula industry has developed into a $1.6 billion market. In 1988, Nestlé (absent from the US infant formula industry since the 1940s) acquired the Carnation Company and launched an advertising campaign to the general public for its formula products. Bristol Myers/Mead Johnson, in cooperation with Gerber Products Company, quickly followed suit. These actions threaten to once again remove the realm of infant feeding from the exclusive supervision of the medical profession. The new multimedia public advertising campaigns may increase the cost of infant formula to the general public and have a negative impact on the incidence of breast-feeding. In addition, formula advertising campaigns will likely increase the danger of advertising hyperbole and affect the level of financial support by formula companies for scientific meetings, medical research, education, and social events at medical meetings.

Advertising↗
PubMed1995

Advertised foods on children's television.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the quantity and nutritional value of foods advertised on children's television following new regulations and an expanded number of networks. RESEARCH DESIGN: Children's television hours were surveyed (with use of a method modeled on previously published studies, for purposes of comparison). SETTING: Seven local network affiliates; all but one are broadcast nationally. RESULTS: Children viewed an average of 21.3 commercials per hour, each lasting an average of 28.6 seconds. Food advertisements accounted for 47.8% of these commercials. Ninety-one percent of advertised foods are high in fat, sugar, and/or salt. Compared with data collected before new regulations and networks, children now watch more numerous but shorter commercials. Cereals and sweet snacks are advertised proportionately less. Processed foods, canned and prepared foods, and dairy products are more frequently advertised. The proportion of foods high in fat, salt, and sugar has not changed. CONCLUSIONS: Commercials advertising unhealthy foods account for a large portion of children's televised viewing time. Current regulations and the incursion of cable networks into the children's television market have not meaningfully impacted the nature or number of food advertisements.

Advertising↗
PubMed2002

Tobacco advertising in the United States: a proposal for a constitutionally acceptable form of regulation.

Lorillard Tobacco Co. v Reilly is the latest in a series of Supreme Court cases striking down public health regulation of advertising as a violation of the First Amendment. In its decision, the Supreme Court significantly reduced the scope of constitutionally acceptable forms of regulation of tobacco advertising and created an almost insoluble dilemma for public health authorities. Control over advertising, along with taxes and restrictions on smoking in public settings, plays an important role in the public health response to tobacco. Those committed to reducing the patterns of cigarette-related morbidity and mortality should broaden their advertising-related strategies and consider the role that greater disclosure of the health harms of tobacco can have on reducing consumption. Toward this end, we propose a comprehensive system of taxation and regulation designed to increase public appreciation and comprehension of the health risks of cigarettes. First, we consider a tax to be levied on tobacco advertising and promotion or, as an alternative, a new excise tax, the proceeds of which would be used exclusively to fund a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-directed national antitobacco campaign. Second, all print advertising should be required to carry public health warnings equivalent to 50% of the space devoted to the advertisement. Third, manufacturers should be required to devote one full side of cigarette packages to graphic pictorials displaying the dangers of smoking. The tobacco industry would no doubt respond by declaring such efforts an unwarranted burden, an example of constitutionally suspect compelled speech. However, this would be a battle worth engaging, because it might have an impact on tobacco-related morbidity and mortality in the United States.

Advertising↗
PubMed1994

Food advertisements during children's Saturday morning television programming: are they consistent with dietary recommendations?

Children in the United States spend more time watching television than they do in any other activity except sleep. Given the number of food commercials to which children are exposed, we thought it would be of interest to examine current food advertising during children's television programs and to assess whether the products advertised are consistent with dietary recommendations for good health. The 52.5 hours of children's Saturday morning television we viewed from five major networks contained 997 commercials selling a product and 68 public service announcements. Of the 564 food advertisements (56.5% of all advertisements), 43.6% advertised foods classified in the fats, oils, and sweet food group. The most frequently advertised product was high-sugar cereals. We found that commercials broadcast during children's Saturday morning programming promote foods predominantly high in fat and/or sugar, many of which have relatively low nutritional value. As such, the diet presented on Saturday morning television is the antithesis of what is recommended for healthful eating for children. We conclude that the issue of television food advertising to young children be revisited on a national level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Attitudes of adolescents and parents of adolescents concerning condom advertisements on television.

The major television networks have considered airing condom advertisements. A Louis-Harris poll entitled "Attitudes About Television, Sex and Contraceptive Advertising" conducted in early 1987 concluded that at least 60% of adult Americans were in favor of such advertisements. To better understand the attitudes of adolescents and parents of adolescents in a private practice setting toward contraceptive advertisement on television, the present study was performed. Between March and June 1987, 108 parents of adolescents, 100 adolescent females, and 90 adolescent males filled out a questionnaire asking their opinions of such advertisements. Eighty-three percent of the parents, 89% of adolescent females, and 92% of adolescent males approved of such advertisements. The data suggest that a majority of adults and adolescents approve of condom advertisements on television. The use of the media to take advantage of the present opportunity to educate and promote birth control and disease prevention to our adolescent population may be beneficial.

Adolescent↗