Proceedings: Anthropometric survey of Western Australian primary school children.
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Age Factors↗
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Results for “school functioning”
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Pulmonary function changes in children associated with fine particulate matter.
During winter months many neighborhoods in the Seattle metropolitan area are heavily affected by particulate matter from residential wood burning. A study was conducted to investigate the relationship between fine particulate matter and pulmonary function in young children. The subjects were 326 elementary school children, including 24 asthmatics, who lived in an area with high particulate concentrations predominantly from residential wood burning. FEV1 and FVC were measured before, during and after the 1988-1989 and 1989-1990 winter heating seasons. Fine particulate matter was assessed using a light-scattering instrument. Analysis of the relationship between light scattering and lung function indicated that an increase in particulate air pollution was associated with a decline in asthmatic children's pulmonary function. FEV1 and FVC in the asthmatic children dropped an average of 34 and 37 ml respectively for each 10(-4) m-1 increase in sigma sp. This sigma sp increase corresponds to an increase in PM2.5 of 20 micrograms/m3. It is concluded that fine particulate matter from wood burning is significantly associated with acute respiratory irritation in young asthmatic children.
Air Pollutants↗
Cognitive and social cognitive development of depressed children and adolescents.
Depressed juveniles show evidence of functional impairment in various cognitive and social domains. Actual school performance seems to be more consistently affected by depression than cognitive and intellectual abilities. In addition, depressed youth appear to be less socially adept than nondepressed peers, although depression does not consistently impair social-cognitive abilities. Indications that depressed youth show mild declines in tested verbal performance over time and that residual problems in social functioning persist after symptomatic recovery suggest that major depression may have negative effects on development in childhood.
Adolescent↗
School and agency collaboration in a cost conscious health care environment.
The need to reduce costs in the health care system has initiated changes that challenge social workers as well as other professions to reassess their roles and functions. While such a reassessment would optimally emerge from collaboration between school and agency, productive communication between them has been limited. This paper suggests ways to initiate this important dialogue by focusing on areas of mutual interest and concern such as (1) the development of adaptations to a cost conscious environment, (2) reassessment of the generalist/specialist balance, and (3) restructuring supervision, consultation, and continuing education. It is suggested that such a focused dialogue might reduce the perceived "widening gap" in communication and empower both school and agency to respond to the crisis with greater creativity and effectiveness.
Communication Barriers↗
Outcome of non-invasive treatment modalities on back pain: an evidence-based review.
At present, there is an increasing international trend towards evidence-based health care. The field of low back pain (LBP) research in primary care is an excellent example of evidence-based health care because there is a huge body of evidence from randomized trials. These trials have been summarized in a large number of systematic reviews. This paper summarizes the best available evidence from systematic reviews conducted within the framework of the Cochrane Back Review Group on non-invasive treatments for non-specific LBP. Data were gathered from the latest Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 2. The Cochrane reviews were updated with additional trials, if available. Traditional NSAIDs, muscle relaxants, and advice to stay active are effective for short-term pain relief in acute LBP. Advice to stay active is also effective for long-term improvement of function in acute LBP. In chronic LBP, various interventions are effective for short-term pain relief, i.e. antidepressants, COX2 inhibitors, back schools, progressive relaxation, cognitive-respondent treatment, exercise therapy, and intensive multidisciplinary treatment. Several treatments are also effective for short-term improvement of function in chronic LBP, namely COX2 inhibitors, back schools, progressive relaxation, exercise therapy, and multidisciplinary treatment. There is no evidence that any of these interventions provides long-term effects on pain and function. Also, many trials showed methodological weaknesses, effects are compared to placebo, no treatment or waiting list controls, and effect sizes are small. Future trials should meet current quality standards and have adequate sample size.
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
Outcome for acute bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia in infancy.
The clinical and respiratory function characteristics of 200 children 7 years after their admission to hospital with acute lower respiratory tract infection in infancy have been presented. Results were subsequently analysed according to disease category (bronchitis, bronchiolitis, or pneumonia) at initial presentation. Within each diagnostic category recurrent cough and wheeze, a tendency for colds 'to go to the chest', medication, absence from school, and family doctor consultations were significantly increased. Ventilatory function was diminished and bronchial reactivity increased when compared with matched controls. Studies of a different design are required to elucidate the mechanisms whereby symptoms are increased, ventilatory function impaired, and bronchial reactivity increased after severe lower respiratory infection in infancy.
Bronchiolitis, Viral↗
[Physiological and hygienic problems of students' health].
Diseases found in students of higher educational institutions of Leningrad are consequence of the functional and organic disturbances, that appeared in preschool and school periods of life, and they also are developed during the period of studying at higher educational institutions under exposure to unfavourable factors--climatic-ecological ones and factors specific for the Institutes (high level of psychoemotional stress, disturbances of the hygienic standard for working, rest, nutrition etc.). While studying at the higher educational institution changes occur in the functional status of the cardio-vascular system, vegetative influences on it, and also of the system of external breathing.
Hemodynamics↗
[Analysis of factors affecting family function].
The purpose of this study was to identify the degree of family function and to determine factors influencing family function. The subjects for this study were 451 adults and high school students among the general population from J city. Data were collected by questionnaire from Sept. 1 to Nov. 30, 1989. The measurement tool was the Family Function Questionnaire (APGAR) developed by Smilkstein. Data were analysed by statistical methods including Mean, S.D, t-test and ANOVA. The following results were obtained: 1. The mean Family APGAR score was 5.70 +/- 0.11, in a range from 0-10. 2. Scores from 0 to 6, which fall into the dysfunctional family range, were recorded for 266 families (59.6%). 3. Significant variables among general characteristics influencing family function were age, sex, marital status, educational levels, monthly income and occupation (p less than .001). 4. Significant variables among family characteristics influencing family function were family life cycle (p less than .01), utilization of family resources (p less than .01) and family atmosphere (p less than .001).
Family↗
Relationships between oral parafunctions and functional disturbances and diseases of the stomatognathic system among children aged 7-14 years.
Data from an interview and clinical examination in a study of 440 randomly selected school children were analyzed with regard to relationships between signs and symptoms of functional disturbances and diseases in the stomatognathic system. A correlation was found between reported clicking sounds from the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and pain when opening the mouth wide. Children who had been treated orthodontically or who were undergoing such treatment did not differ from other children in the frequency of signs and symptoms. Correlations were found between recurrent headaches and tenderness in TMJ and TMJ muscles. Reported pain in the temple region was also correlated to tenderness in the TMJ and TMJ muscles. Further correlations were found between recurrent headaches and oral parafunctions such as lip-cheek-biting and nail-biting and also among nail-biting, tooth clenching, tooth-grinding, and frontal dental wear. Children who reported oral parafunctions had more frequent interferences in RP and tenderness in TMJ muscles. There were correlations between irregular movements of the lower jaw and interferences in RP as well as mediotrusion interferences. Finally, a strong correlation was found between tenderness of the TMJ (laterally and posteriorly) and tenderness of the TMJ muscles.
Adolescent↗
Sex differences in how older students influence younger student smoking behaviour.
The purpose of this study was to examine sex differences in how the smoking behaviour of close friends and older peers at school influence smoking onset and progression among 10,843 grade 9, 10 and 11 students from 29 secondary schools in Ontario, Canada. In lower-risk student populations (i.e., students with no smoking friends or one smoking friend), males and females were both at a similar level of risk for occasional smoking as a function of the smoking rate of older students at their school. Among higher-risk student populations (i.e., students with three or more close friends who smoke), the smoking rate of older students at school did not influence the risk of occasional smoking. The odds of a female student being a regular smoker increased as the prevalence of smoking among older students at her school increased regardless of her close friends' smoking behaviour. However, among male students, the influence of older student smoking at school on the odds of regular smoking was moderated by the number of close friends who smoke. It appears that the prevalence of older student smoking at a school is more influential among younger female students, whereas the smoking behaviour of close friends appears to be more influential among younger male students. This new finding provides unique insight for tailoring and targeting future school-based smoking prevention initiatives.
Adolescent↗
The physician and physical education of the school child.
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Adolescent↗
[World Health Organization strategies "Towards Unity for Health" and the social responsibility of medical schools].
One may wonder why multiple endeavours conducted worldwide over the last five decades to reform health systems have not achieved their expected outcomes. In light of increasing fragmentation, the current health system must be substituted by a true systems vision along with political will to create a unity of action between the five main stakeholders, namely: policy-makers, health care service managers, professionals and professional associations, academic institutions including medical schools, and civil society. Such synergy can only be established if the partners share the same commitment to core values such as quality, equity, relevance and cost-effectiveness in the health care field. Through its functions of providing education, training, research, and services, the medical school has the potential to induce reflection and stimulate action leading to a more coherent, effective, and equitable health system and policies.
Academic Medical Centers↗
Developing a model for clinical and basic science teaching skills.
This report describes a model for identifying sets of teaching abilities considered to be effective for medical school teaching staff, based on roles teachers assume and functions they are expected to perform as instructors. The specification of these teaching abilities was the first step in the development of a comprehensive course on Medical Instruction at the Basic Institute of Medical and Agricultural Biology of the State University of Sao Paulo, Botucatu, Brazil, where the senior author is employed. The work was based on the assumption that medical school teachers are expected to assume a variety of teaching roles and that identification and specification of the abilities that define their roles can result in more effective and efficient teaching.
Brazil↗
Role stress and strain among nondoctorally prepared undergraduate faculty in a school of nursing with a doctoral program.
Initiation of a doctoral program within existing schools of nursing causes significant change in organizational structure and function. The role expectations of the current faculty change as well. The purpose of the qualitative study was to identify if role stress and strain are present in nondoctorally prepared undergraduate nursing faculty in a southern university school of nursing with a doctoral program. The design was a qualitative, open-ended interview. The primary research question was: Does the initiation of a doctoral program in a school of nursing impose role stress and strain on nondoctorally prepared faculty members? Academic educators will find our results interesting because faculty report that role stress and strain affect both their teaching and decisions to remain in academia. Use of these findings may contribute toward improved role relationships, better role performance, greater job satisfaction, and decreased job turnover.
Adult↗
[Level of knowledge among medical students about hypercholesterolemia].
The general practitioner plays a fundamental role in the control of hypercholesterolemia as a risk factor of atherosclerosis; therefore, education about this issue should be an important part of the undergraduate curriculum. Thus, we carried out the present study to investigate whether the curriculum in our medical schools provides the necessary knowledge to the primary care physician to carry out this function. To this end, we distributed a questionnaire to 585 medical students of different years in the Córdoba School of Medicine. Most students have a clear idea of the importance of cardiovascular disease as a cause of death. The level of knowledge about basic pathogenetic aspects of plasma lipoproteins is considerable. The students are acquainted with the adequate dietary interventions for the management of the patient with hypercholesterolemia, and they learn the advantages of consuming blue fish and olive oil. However, the level of knowledge about drug therapy is disappointing. Finally, most of them declared to be in favour of a personal approach to the prevention of atherosclerosis with diet. We conclude that the overall level of knowledge and personal approach of the students of that particular School of Medicine permits an optimistic view in the field of prevention of coronary atherosclerosis.
Coronary Artery Disease↗
Effects of cognitive ability and affect on school mathematics performance and feelings of difficulty.
Research on cognitive ability and affect has indicated that both of them may function at various levels of generality (LG). This study aimed to investigate the possible effects of LG on school mathematics performance and related feelings of difficulty. Two hundred forty-three students of seventh, eighth, and ninth grades of both genders participated in the study. They were tested with cognitive ability tasks, affective questionnaires, and two school mathematics batteries. The difficulty of each of the school mathematics task was also rated on a 4-point scale. The two school mathematics batteries and affective questionnaires were re-administered 1 year after the first testing. Rates of difficulty were also taken. Path analysis showed that performance was mainly influenced by cognitive ability factors, whereas feelings of difficulty were influenced by performance, cognitive ability, and affective factors. The long-term relations between cognitive and affective factors are discussed.
Adolescent↗
Adolescents' exposure to community and school violence: prevalence and behavioral correlates.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this research was to study adolescents' perceptions of violence in their communities and schools and examine the relationship between these reports and their emotional and behavioral functioning, controlling for the effects of family violence and other sociodemographic variables. METHODS: Respondents included 935 urban and suburban high school students who completed the Youth Self-Report (YSR) as well as measures assessing their perceptions of community, school, and family violence. RESULTS: This sample of high school students was exposed to high levels of violence in their communities and schools. Over 45% of the students reported witnessing severe forms of violence such as a shooting or stabbing in their communities or schools during the year prior to the study. Hierarchic regression analyses revealed that for males, exposure to community and school violence was a significant predictor of aggressive acting-out behaviors, even when controlling for the effects of family violence and other sociodemographic variables. For girls, only exposure to school violence was a significant predictor of aggression. The results for internalizing scores (depression, withdrawal) were less impressive, particularly for males. CONCLUSIONS: The high levels of violence exposure of adolescents in their communities and schools and the associated increase in behavior problems suggest the need for developing school and community intervention programs to treat violence and its impact.
Adolescent↗
Intramedullary spinal cord tumors in children under the age of 3 years.
Over a 13-year period extending from 1980 to 1993, 27 children less than 3 years of age underwent operation for removal of an intramedullary spinal cord tumor (IMSCT). The majority (18 of 27) of children had undergone surgery before being referred to New York University (NYU) Medical Center. The most common reasons for radiological investigation were pain (42%), motor regression (36%), gait abnormalities (27%), torticollis (27%), and progressive kyphoscoliosis (24%). Forty procedures were performed in 27 children. Nine children underwent two operations and two children underwent three procedures. A gross-total resection was achieved in 72% of the procedures. There was no surgical mortality. A comparison of the preoperative and 3-month postoperative functional grades for the first NYU procedure (NYU-1) yielded the following findings: 20 patients' conditions remained the same, five patients improved, and two patients deteriorated. The functional outcomes of a second operation (NYU-2) were similar. The majority of the children (24 of 27, 89%) had histologically determined low-grade lesions. There were 12 patients with low-grade astrocytomas (Grades I-III), eight with gangliogliomas, two with ganglioglioneurocytomas, one with a glioneurofibroma, and one child with a mixed astro/oligodendroglioma. Two children had anaplastic astrocytomas (Grades II-III) and one child had a glioblastoma multiforme. In a median follow-up review of 76 months, two patients died and two patients were lost to follow up. The 3- and 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) rates were 81.7% (standard error of the mean (SEM) 0.083) and 76.2% (SEM 0.094), respectively. Eight of 24 patients suffered a recurrence within a mean time of 45.4 +/- 28.9 months. All were treated with surgery (NYU-2). Lesions recurred in three of 12 children with low-grade astrocytomas, two of eight children with gangliogliomas, one child with an anaplastic astrocytoma, one child with a ganglioglioneurocytoma, and one child with a glioblastoma multiforme. At follow-up review, most of these children were doing well. Sixteen are in functional Grades I or II and 18 children attend a normal school system. The authors conclude that surgery for the removal of IMSCTs in children less than 3 years of age can be performed radically and safely. The postoperative functional performance is determined by the degree of the preoperative deficit. It is, therefore, of utmost importance to diagnose and treat these children as early as possible. Spinal cord tumors should be recognized as potentially excisable lesions on their initial presentation and when they recur. The optimum treatment for malignant lesions is still to be determined.
Child, Preschool↗
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