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PubMed1987

Soft-tissue profile changes resulting from retraction of maxillary incisors.

The response of the soft-tissue profile to retraction of the maxillary incisors is still a matter of controversy. The purpose of this study was to improve the clinician's ability to predict the soft-tissue profile changes caused by retraction of the maxillary incisors by quantifying the profile changes, and identifying and quantifying the contribution of the most significant factors responsible for these changes. The cephalometric records of 80 Class II, Division 1 treated female subjects and 53 untreated female subjects were digitized and analyzed by means of a stepwise multiple regression analysis. The statistical assessment of the data suggested the following conclusions: In general, growth was associated with only minimal changes in the soft-tissue profile in a period not exceeding 36 months. The three clinically significant soft-tissue changes occurring in response to orthodontic treatment that included a mean upper incisor retraction of 6.7 mm were the retraction of the upper lip, the increase in the lower lip length, and the increase in the nasolabial angle. Other soft-tissue changes, which were of little clinical significance, included the retraction of the lower lip, the reduction of the interlabial gap, the increase in the thickness of both the upper and lower lips, the increase in the soft-tissue lower facial height and the lower soft-tissue component, which is the distance between lower stomion and soft-tissue menton. The length of the upper lip did not increase with either growth or orthodontic treatment. In general, changes in the lower lip in response to orthodontic tooth movement were more predictable than those of the upper lip. The low degree of predictability associated with the upper lip response to orthodontic tooth movement may be caused by the complex anatomy and/or dynamics of the upper lip, which could not be evaluated by the presently available cephalometric techniques.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Changes in facial profile during orthodontic treatment with extraction of four first premolars.

Soft-tissue profiles were examined in 160 orthodontic patients treated with removal of four first premolars. Records of 10- to 30-year-old patients were selected at random from five sources: patients treated by Charles H. Tweed on file at the Tweed Foundation, patients treated with the Begg technique by the Kesling-Rocke group, patients from two practices with pretorqued, preangulated edgewise appliances, and patients with premolars enucleated at an early age. The mean changes for the total sample included an increase of 5.2 degrees in the nasolabial angle, and retraction of the upper and lower lips 3.4 and 3.6 mm to the E line, respectively. For different measurements, between 5% and 25% of the sample had values indicating more protrusive lips after treatment. In comparisons among groups, the Tweed patients generally exhibited the greatest lower lip retraction. When profile changes were compared to values representing normal (or "ideal") facial esthetics, it was evident that extraction of four first premolars generally did not result in a "dished-in" profile. Approximately 10% to 15% of cases could be defined as excessively flat after treatment. Eighty percent to 90% of patients treated by extraction of four first premolars had soft-tissue measurements that suggested the profile was improved by treatment or remained satisfactory throughout treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

An evaluation of the changes in soft-tissue profile form induced by orthodontic therapy.

In view of the growing concensus that traditional cephalometric appraisals yield data of dubious scientific value, the changes in soft-tissue profile forms were evaluated by an alternative technique. This involved dividing the soft-tissue profile form into a series of triangular finite elements spanning homologous datum points. With the use of techniques derived from continuum mechanics, the changes in soft-tissue profile form were evaluated by computing the degree of distortion in each triangle after treatment (target element) compared with the triangle before treatment (reference element) in terms of specific size and shape parameters. In a comparison of samples of patients with Class I and II malocclusion, varying patterns of facial profile change were noted, depending on the parameters analyzed. The results, therefore, showed that although such techniques offer rigorous cephalometric potential, further investigation is required to identify more appropriate datum points.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1990

Long-term effects of chincap therapy on skeletal profile in mandibular prognathism.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term changes in the skeletal Class III profile subsequent to chincap therapy. The sample consisted of 63 Japanese girls who had skeletal Class III malocclusions before treatment. All underwent chincap therapy from the beginning of treatment. The duration of chincap therapy varied but averaged 4 1/2 years. The samples were divided into the following three groups according to their ages when chincap therapy was started: A group that started at 7 years of age (n = 23), a group that started at 9 years of age (n = 20), and one that started at 11 years of age (n = 20). The data were derived from lateral cephalometric head films, taken serially at the ages of 7, 9, 11, 14, and 17 years. Skeletal facial diagrams were constructed by X-Y coordinates of representative cephalometric landmarks. The data were analyzed statistically. The results of the present study were as follows: (1) The mandible showed no forward growth during the initial stages of chincap treatment in all three groups. (2) Patients who had entered treatment at 7 and 9 years of age appeared to show a catch-up manner of mandibular displacement in a forward and downward direction before growth was completed. (3) There was no statistical difference in the final skeletal profile between the group that had entered treatment at age 7 and the one that had entered at age 11. In conclusion, the skeletal profile was greatly improved during the initial stages of chincap therapy, but such changes were often not maintained thereafter. This finding indicated that chincap therapy did not necessarily guarantee positive correction of skeletal profile after complete growth.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1990

Test-retest variability in children with epilepsy--a comparison of WISC-R profiles.

Reports of test-retest variability appear recurrently in relation to epilepsy. To date, the amount of information available on the stability of cognitive profiles over a number of years is limited. In this study, 45 children were assessed, using the Wechsler Intelligence Test for Children - Revised (WISC-R). The children were retested after a period of at least 2 years. A group of 20 children was tested 3 times. The average follow-up period was 4.2 years. Although most subjects in our sample had a high seizure frequency and continued to have their seizures during the period of follow-up, a marked stability of cognitive profiles is found over a period of time. These profiles show low scores for the subtests Information, Coding, Digit Span, Vocabulary and resemble profiles reported in other studies on subjects with intractable epilepsies.

Anticonvulsants↗
PubMed1993

Poly(GTG)5-associated profiles of Salmonella and Shigella genomic DNA.

DNA hybridization with oligonucleotide probes is a powerful technique to study population genetics and structures. The use of probes which recognize ubiquitously interspersed DNA sequences has a distinct advantage over other techniques (e.g. the analysis of patterns of restriction fragment length polymorphism) in that many independent loci can be detected simultaneously. In this communication, we investigated the use of a trinucleotide repetitive DNA oligonucleotide, poly(GTG)5, in Southern blot analysis of Salmonella serotypes and Shigella species. The strains in this study were isolated over several years from widely disparate geographic locations and can therefore be considered to represent the structure of part of the natural populations of these organisms. In most of the Salmonella serotypes, the poly(GTG)5-associated profile (GTG profile) phenotypes appeared to be clonally stable; in cases where only one isolate of a serotype was tested, the GTG profile was distinct from the others. On the other hand, when GTG profile analysis was applied to Shigella strains, each of the 12 isolates, belonging to the four Shigella species, produced a unique pattern phenotype of both the chromosome and plasmid DNA.

Autoradiography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Distribution profiles of fluoride in three different kinds of rat bones.

The study was performed to reveal the detailed distribution profiles of fluoride in three different kinds of rat bone--humerus, vertebral arch, and parietal bone--and to compare this with the histological appearance of each bone type. Two groups of Wistar rats were provided water ad libitum containing 0 and 100 ppm fluoride, respectively, for 24 weeks. The fluoride distribution profiles across the bone of the three different bones from the outer to the inner surface were determined by means of an abrasive micro-sampling technique. In control animals, both humerus and parietal bones showed higher concentrations at the periosteal and endosteal surfaces, while the vertebral arch showed additional high levels in the middle (containing trabecular bone) of the tissue. In exposed animals, fluoride levels increased greatly in all three bone types. The vertebral and parietal fluoride distribution profiles were relatively unchanged, although humerus fluoride increased from periosteum to endosteum. The differences in fluoride distribution profiles were apparently related to the histological appearances of these bones. The surface area of bone available and the extent of vascularity appear to affect fluoride uptake.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Performance profiles and cut-off scores on the Memory Assessment Scales.

The increased role of neuropsychologists in the courtroom has led to an increased effort in the detection of possible symptom exaggeration/malingering. Whereas domain specific measures of malingering have traditionally been used in this detection process, the identification of performance profiles and cut-off scores on standard neuropsychological assessment instruments may provide an alternate strategy. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of performance profiles and cut-off scores in discriminating traumatic brain injury (TBI) litigants suspected of malingering from those not suspected of malingering on the Memory Assessment Scales (MAS). Results suggest that TBI litigants suspected of poor effort will perform globally at a lower level than TBI litigants not suspected of poor effort on nearly all MAS indices, however, the performance profiles of each group was similar. Cut-off scores, especially when used in combination, were also effective in correctly classifying individuals in the two groups. The present findings warrant further research examining the utility of the proposed cut-off scores separately and concomitantly. Such research will aid the clinical neuropsychological practitioner in interpreting aberrant performance profiles on the MAS in forensic situations.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Prevention profiles: Understanding youth who do not use substances.

This study replicates innovative profiles of prevention among students not using substances but who may be at different risks for acquisition. Using the Transtheoretical Model constructs of Decisional Balance and Temptations, cluster analyses were performed on four independent samples of students (n=1240) in the USA, England and Israel. For each sample, the same four distinct profiles emerged. ANOVAs indicated that the processes of prevention varied significantly across these profiles. The prevention profiles were extended to youth in Elementary, Middle, and High Schools and from a focus on single substances to multiple substances, including alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs. Implications for developing prevention programs are also discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Single intraocular pressure measurements and diurnal intraocular pressure profiles.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the probability of a single intraocular pressure measurement to be the highest measurement within a diurnal intraocular pressure profile. DESIGN: Hospital-based clinical, observational study. METHODS: The study included 3,025 day-and-night intraocular pressure profiles measured on 1,072 eyes of 547 Caucasian glaucoma patients or glaucoma suspects. Applanation tonometry was performed at 7 am, noon, 5 pm, 9 pm, and midnight. RESULTS: Intraocular pressure measurements were highest at 7 am, noon, 5 pm, 9 pm, and midnight, respectively, in 20.4%, 17.8%, 21.3% 13.9%, and 26.7% of the profiles, respectively. The measurement taken at 7 am was significantly (P < .001) closest to the maximal value of the profile. CONCLUSIONS: Any single intraocular pressure measurement taken between 7 am and 9 pm has a higher than 75% chance to miss the highest point of a diurnal curve. Intraocular pressure may be measured at different times of the day to have the best chance of observing the maximal value.

Circadian Rhythm↗
PubMed2004

Changes in the African American female profile as depicted in fashion magazines during the 20th century.

This study evaluated changes in the profiles of African American women presented in fashion magazines during the 20th century. Twenty-six variables were measured on a total of 119 profile photographs collected from various fashion magazines published in the 1940s through the 1990s. The photographs were divided into 6 groups corresponding to the decade in which they were published. A 1-way analysis of variance was performed, and between-group differences were examined with a Tukey multiple comparison procedure. Significant between-group differences (P <.01) were found for anteroposterior lip position, nasolabial angle, and interlabial angle, with increased fullness and more anteriorly positioned lips in the more recent decades. No significant differences were found for the frontonasal angle, the nasal tip angle, and the relationship of the chin to the upper face (total facial angle). Esthetic standards for the African-American female profile changed during the 20th century and, similar to the standards for the white profile, show a trend toward fuller and more anteriorly positioned lips.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Facial profile evaluation in Japanese-Brazilian adults with normal occlusions and well-balanced faces.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to establish the norms of soft-tissue profile analysis for a sample of Japanese-Brazilian adults. METHODS: Facial-profile photographs were taken of 60 Japanese-Brazilians (30 men, 30 women) with normal occlusions and balanced faces, ranging in age from 18 to 30 years. The facial-profile variables were measured by computerized means and compared with white norms by using the independent t test. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found in the Japanese-Brazilian sample compared with the white norms. Japanese-Brazilian women had more anteriorly positioned glabellae, smaller nasal projections, and more opened nasolabial angles than white American women. Japanese-Brazilian men had more anteriorly positioned glabellae, smaller noses, larger protrusions of the upper and lower lips, less projected B'-points, and more obtuse nasolabial angles than white American men. CONCLUSIONS: A single norm for facial-profile esthetics does not apply to all ethnic groups. The normative data for the Japanese population should be used as a guide for comparison during diagnosis, and the orthodontist and the maxillofacial surgeon should also consider each patient's perception of beauty, to establish an individualized treatment plan.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Diurnal glycemic profile in obese and normal weight nondiabetic pregnant women.

OBJECTIVE: A paucity of data exists concerning the normal glycemic profile in nondiabetic pregnancies. Using a novel approach that provides continuous measurement of blood glucose, we sought to evaluate the ambulatory daily glycemic profile in the second half of pregnancy in nondiabetic women. STUDY DESIGN: Fifty-seven obese and normal weight nondiabetic subjects were evaluated for 72 consecutive hours with continuous glucose monitoring by measurement interstitial glucose levels in subcutaneous tissue every 5 minutes. Subjects were instructed not to modify their lifestyle or to follow any dietary restriction. For each woman, mean and fasting blood glucose values were determined; for each meal during the study period, the first 180 minutes were analyzed. RESULTS: For the study group, the fasting blood glucose level was 75 +/- 12 mg/dL; the mean blood glucose level was 83.7 +/- 18 mg/dL; the postprandial peak glucose value level was 110 +/- 16 mg/dL, and the time interval that was needed to reach peak postprandial glucose level was 70 +/- 13 minutes. A similar postprandial glycemic profile was obtained for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Obese women were characterized by a significantly higher postprandial glucose peak value, increased 1- and 2-hour postprandial glucose levels, increased time interval for glucose peak, and significantly lower mean blood glucose during the night. No difference was found in fasting and mean blood glucose between obese and nonobese subjects. CONCLUSION: Glycemic profile characterization in both obese and normal weight nondiabetic subjects provide a measure for the desired level of glycemic control in pregnancy that is complicated with diabetes mellitus.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Risk profile in hypertension genesis: A five-year follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: Pathogenesis of primary hypertension remains unclear, because many heterogeneous factors (diet, physiologic, and psychological factors) are simultaneously involved. We have conducted an original analysis to study the influence of the combination of these factors on BP evolution. METHODS: Seven homogeneous clusters were constituted from 213 healthy normotensive subjects taking into account 10 variables. Those variables used to cluster homogeneous "risk profiles" are usually considered as potential risk factors for hypertension: age, body mass index, alcohol consumption, sodium/potassium urinary ratio, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate response to mental stress, baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), job demand, job latitude, and behavioral pattern (personality score). Five-year BP evolution (DeltaSBP or Deltadiastolic BP [DBP]) was compared between risk profiles. RESULTS: Four clusters of subjects representing about 50% of the population had a significantly higher 5-year DeltaSBP (>or=5 mm Hg) compared to the 5-year DeltaSBP of the two clusters in which SBP did not increase. These four clusters had a low BRS. Two profiles that group six unfavorable risk factors had the most detrimental 5-year DeltaSBP. Interestingly, perceived high job demand in a cluster of younger subjects with a high personality score and a low BRS had also a detrimental SBP evolution. CONCLUSIONS: The major interest of this study is to highlight that hypertension development is not univocal between subjects and that different combinations of factors could explain differential BP evolution in groups of subjects sharing the same risk profile. A lower BRS was a consistent predictor for detrimental 5-year BP evolution.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Plasma estrone sulphate (E1S) and estradiol-17beta (E2beta) profiles during pregnancy and their relationship with the relaxation of sacrosciatic ligament, and prediction of calving time in Holstein-Friesian cattle.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the plasma E(1)S and E(2)beta profiles during pregnancy and their relationship with the relaxation of sacrosciatic ligament in Holstein-Friesian cattle (n=37) and then to predict the calving time on the basis of E(1)S and E(2)beta profiles and relaxation of the ligament. Blood samples were collected at 4 weeks intervals from days 100 to 190, at 2 weeks intervals from days 190 to 250, every week from days 250 to 270 and thereafter every day from day 270 of gestation until the day after calving. The relaxation in the ligament was measured by using two scales as a distance at a schedule similar to blood sampling plus 5 days postpartum. One scale was kept firm exactly parallel to the ligament between the sacrum and the tuber ischii and other scale was erected perpendicularly to the first scale with the bottom just touching the ligament and the depth was measured in the second scale from the point where it touched the ligament to the point where it touched the first scale. Plasma samples were analyzed for E(1)S and E(2)beta by enzyme immunoassay. E(1)S concentration was low at day 100 (0.8+/-0.3 ng/ml), then increased progressively and drastically to reach the level of 28.4+/-3.6 ng/ml on the day before calving and declined significantly (p<0.05) at 9.5+/-3.1 ng/ml within 1 day postpartum. There was a gradual increase in concentration of E(2)beta from day 100 of gestation (0.1+/-0 ng/ml) until day 4 prepartum (0.6+/-0 ng/ml). Thereafter, it increased drastically and reached the peak level of 1.0+/-0.1 ng/ml (p<0.05) on the day before calving and declined markedly at 0.4+/-0.1 ng/ml within 1 day postpartum (p<0.05). Corresponding to E(1)S and E(2)beta concentrations, a gradual increase in the relaxation of the ligament was observed from day 100 of gestation (8+/-1mm) until day 2 prepartum (24+/-2mm). Thereafter, it showed a significant increase (p<0.05) within 1 day before calving (31+/-2mm) and almost no difference between day 1 prepartum and day 1 postpartum. A marked decrease (p<0.05) was observed thereafter until day 3 postpartum (10+/-2mm) and no significant change between days 3 and 4 as well as 4 and 5 postpartum. The increment of E(2)beta by >or=0.20 ng/ml from the preceding day concentration was 85.2% accurate for predicting calving within 24h in many of the cows (23 of 37) in the herd. The increment in ligament relaxation measurement by >or=5mm from the preceding day measurement was the most efficacious to predict calving within 24h with the highest accuracy (93.9%) in high proportions of cows (31 of 37) in the herd. In conclusion, plasma E(1)S and E(2)beta concentrations and relaxation of sacrosciatic ligament increased gradually as gestation advanced and reached the peak level on the day before calving. The relaxation in the ligament corresponded well to plasma E(2)beta concentrations. Prediction of calving was possible by E(2)beta profile and relaxation in the ligament but not by E(1)S profile. The increment in ligament measurement by >or=5mm from the preceding day measurement was the most useful and accurate in predicting calving within 24h. It is economical and easily applicable in the field condition.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation response and effectiveness of thyroid hormone replacement treatment on lipid profile and function in elderly patients with subclinical hypothyroidism.

Positive effect of thyroid hormone replacement (THR) on lipid profile is well defined. Effectiveness of THR on lipid profile and function among elderly patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) has not yet been concluded. This is a population-based cross-sectional study. Twenty-six elderly patients with SCH were compared with 31 patients with clinical hypothyroidism (CH). Before the study neither group had received THR therapy. Data on lipid profile, demographic, functional, and cognitive status were obtained at baseline. SCH was defined as an elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level (> 4.67 mU/l) and normal serum free thyroxine (FT(4)) level. Total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides (TG) were measured after overnight fast. The level of lower density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was calculated. Both studied groups received levothyroxyne replacement and re-evaluated after 3 months of euthyroidism. Functional and cognitive status were evaluated by the activity of daily living (ADL) and mini mental state evaluation (MMSE), respectively. Participants with SCH did not differ from patients with CH regarding age, gender, cognitive, and functional status, and prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CD) was similar in both groups. Most patients (24/26) with SCH had TSH levels lower than 10 mU/l. Response to THR therapy regarding the improvement of blood levels of TC, LDL, and TG had a non-significant trend, which seemed to be better in patients with SCH than in those with CH. Decreases, TC/HDL and LDL/HDL ratios were greater in patients SCH (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0004, respectively) than in patients with CH. Improvement in cognitive and functional status and decrease in mean blood pressure and body mass index (BMI) were found in both of studied groups. It was shown that THR among patients with SCH is beneficial not only by improvement in lipid profile, as well as by improvement in cognitive and functional status, but also in decreasing blood pressure and BMI.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2006

The CD8+ T-lymphocyte profile as a modifier of iron overload in HFE hemochromatosis: an update of clinical and immunological data from 70 C282Y homozygous subjects.

Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is a clinically heterogeneous disease. Among other factors, the individual immunological profile of CD8+ T-lymphocytes has been described to influence the severity of iron overload, with low numbers being negatively correlated with the total amount of body iron stored. With the objective of testing the modifier effect of the individual CD8+ T-lymphocyte profile on the levels of iron stores with age in HH, we reviewed the clinical and immunological data from a group of well-characterized C282Y homozygous HH subjects, regularly followed-up for a period of 20 years. A total of 70 subjects were analyzed. Sixty-four were adults (> or = 18 years): 42 males (mean age 47 +/- 14; range 22-75 years) and 22 females (mean age 46 +/- 14; range 19-65 years). Six were younger than 18 years, 5 males (mean age 9 +/- 4; range 5-14 years) and 1 female (15 years). The characterization of subjects included measurements, at diagnosis, of the iron parameters, transferrin saturation (TfSat) and serum ferritin, quantification of total body iron stores (TBIS) removed by phlebotomies, presence of associated clinical manifestations, and the T-cell immunophenotype (CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes) determined by flow cytometry. In general, statistically significant lower values of TfSat (67 +/- 17% vs. 89 +/- 14%, P = 0.0006) and ferritin levels (58 +/- 9 vs. 949 +/- 233 ng/ml, P = 0.02) were found in the young subjects in comparison to adults. After the age of 18, however, no further effect of age was significantly found on the biochemical iron parameters either in males or females. A modifier effect of the individual CD8+ T-lymphocyte profile on the association between iron stores and age was demonstrated by multiple regression analysis, where a significant correlation between TBIS and age was found only in males with low (< or = 0.41 x 10(6)/ml) CD8+ T-cell numbers (R2 = 0.43, P < 0.0001). In conclusion, in the present population of C282Y homozygous subjects, the CD8+ T-lymphocyte profile could be considered a modifier of the iron overload with increasing age in males, with low numbers predicting a severe outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Circadian cortisol profiles and psychological self-reports in shift workers with and without recent change in the shift rotation system.

Cortisol profiles including the cortisol rise in the first hour after awakening (CAR) were assessed during shift work and days off (eight saliva samples per shift). Participants were 102 healthy permanent day and night shift workers (comparison groups) and former permanent day and night shift workers after implementation of a new fast-forward rota including morning, evening, and night shifts. Results show that the CAR is detectable in day as well as night shifts. In permanent night workers cortisol profiles appear to be blunted during night work and days off. However, circadian cortisol profiles are not disturbed in former night workers who recently switched to the fast rotating shift schedule. In contrast, implementation of night work in former day workers seems to lead to initially blunted cortisol profiles that normalize after a short adjustment period. Results of a psychological assessment including exhaustion, chronic stress, effort-reward imbalance, and ratings of sleep quality and sleep length are also presented.

Adult↗

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