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PubMed1995

Prevalence of head injury among four-year college students: a replication and combined results.

In a replication of an earlier study, college students were surveyed to assess the prevalence of diagnosed head injury or prolonged periods of unconsciousness. Results were consistent with previous research and indicated a significant number of college students reported a head injury or a prolonged period of unconsciousness. The major results of the two studies are reported as combined data.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Masking of complex sound--technical notes for realization of constant signal-noise-ratio.

Based on findings regarding unconscious semantic information-processing for meaningful visual stimuli, this paper describes a standardized procedure for the construction of constant signal to noise ratio for the masking of complex sounds. The proposed algorithm is derived from psychoacoustical laws concerning frequency and time-weighting of sound. Spectral characteristics are taken into account by mixing signal and white noise within frequency ranges defined through critical bandwidth ("narrow-band masking"). Furthermore, time-weighting is taken into account using sound-pressure patterns generated through low pass filters which follow the international specification DIN IEC 651 which provides specification for sound-level meters. Hardware and software circuits are described in detail. This proposal overcomes recognized lack of standardized methods in studies addressing unconscious semantic processing of auditory stimuli.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2000

Is visual thinking "imageless thought"?

Two measures of visual problem solving ability and two measures of visual-imaging ability were administered to 99 subjects. Scores on the Emergent Patterns Test, a problem-solving test which requires subjects to think about specific combinations of visual icons and to identify the emergent patterns, did not correlate significantly with scores on either the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire or the Brightness of Visual Imagery Measure. Scores on the Block Visualization Test, which requires subjects to think about blocks being painted and diced and to answer questions about the resulting pieces of block, did not correlate significantly with the scores on the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire and correlated negatively with the scores on the Brightness of Visual Imagery Measure. The three nonsignificant correlations support nineteenth century arguments that vivid imagers tend to construct sensory representations of unconscious visual thoughts, whereas "imageless thinkers" tend not to. The one negative correlation further may suggest that the conscious construction of visual imagery can sometimes interfere with the underlying processes of unconscious visual thinking.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

Creative personality in schizophreniform disorder.

This paper sets forth the contention that a schizophreniform disorder can enhance creativity. Given the usual brief duration of no more than six months, this disorder may enable the resilient ego of a creative person to descend temporarily into the symbolic sea of the unconscious. With such broadening of the person's symbolic experience in the unconscious, in the postpsychotic period the person may be able to forge symbols into novel concepts through a cohesive ego restored to homeostasis.

Creativity↗
PubMed1992

Bipolar depression as the prelude to schizoaffective disorder.

Contending that the mind of a creative person is often characterized by thin boundaries between the ego and the unconscious, this paper proposes how, on the manic side of bipolar depression, a creative ego may temporarily make great strides in intellectuality and creativity. However, as this process proceeds, a creative ego may lose its boundaries with the unconscious, and a schizoaffective disorder may emerge.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1997

"Indirect" suggestion in hypnosis: theoretical and experimental issues.

"Indirect" suggestion is conceptualized in two distinct ways in the literature. From an Ericksonian perspective "indirect" suggestions are theoretically approached as suggestions which can circumvent the censorship of consciousness to reach the "unconscious" where they can activate dormant potentials. In contrast, from a research perspective "indirect" suggestion is operationally defined as a technique. Based on Ericksonian theory, it was claimed that "indirect" suggestion was more effective than traditional, "direct" suggestion. However, this claim could not be empirically substantiated. In this paper it is shown that the theoretical claim is based on questionable assumptions about the existence of the "unconscious" as a reified entity and about the direct and lineal influence of certain suggestions on this entity. Also, it is argued that traditional research strategies which emphasize strict controls are unable to verify or unambiguously refute the Ericksonian claim because these strategies are biased toward "direct" suggestion. Finally, the paper provides a different, contextual perspective on "indirect" suggestion, thereby placing the theoretical and experimental issues in a different context of meaning.

Humans↗
PubMed1981

Informational analysis of consciousness.

Informational analysis of neurophysiological processes leads to the conclusion that the unconscious and subconscious comprise especially algorithmic processes, which take place according to precise rules, and awareness and consciousness comprise especially heuristic processes, for which the nervous system does not provide precise rules. The part played by awareness and consciousness is to find the processing rules of information which cannot be algorithmically processed. This paper describes the way that awareness and consciousness manage to discover the processing rules of information and the manner of their contribution to the adaptation of the unconscious and of the subconscious to the very variable conditions of the environment.

Awareness↗
PubMed1979

Severe poisoning in a child caused by a small dose of clonidine.

A girl aged 1 year 9 months ingested a single tablet of 0.3 mg of clonidine. She became soon drowsy and unconscious with bradycardia and severe hypotension. Bradycardia was antagonized promptly by atropine, and blood pressure was corrected by giving intravenous fluids. The level of consciousness fluctuated for 6 to 8 hr from alertness to unconsciousness. Serum concentrations of clonidine were only about two times higher than the mean therapeutic values in adults in the treatment of hypertension. Thus small doses of clonidine seem to be potentially dangerous for small children.

Bradycardia↗
PubMed2006

Coverage of coma in headlines of US newspapers from 2001 through 2005.

OBJECTIVE: To review journalists' preferences and accuracy in reporting comatose states. METHODS: Using the Lexis-Nexis database, we selected newspaper headlines from January 1, 2001, through December 31, 2005, that included the words coma, comatose, unconsciousness, vegetative state, awakening, and brain dead. RESULTS: We identified 340 stories by headlines. The median age of persons in coma was 26 years. Coma cases in men were twice as common as those in women. In 71% of coma cases, the cause of coma was associated with motor vehicle crashes or violence. Persistent vegetative state was reported in 25 articles (7%), frequently when a family or physician conflict emerged. In 33 stories (10%), coma was medically induced but not mentioned in the headline. Three "miracle" recoveries involved resumption of speech in patients in a minimally conscious state. CONCLUSION: Few news reports had gross inaccuracies or misrepresentations; however, definitional difficulties of unconscious states with the reporters remain. The reporting of coma may be biased toward violence and trauma. Medically induced coma was present in 1 of 10 reports but rarely mentioned in the headline.

Coma↗
PubMed1987

[Conscious levels of processing a preceding stimulus and priming effect].

This study was conducted to investigate how two different conditions of processing a prime would affect the lexical decision time of a target. One condition was called the conscious condition, where a prime was presented for 250 ms and a subject was instructed to expect any target from that prime. Another condition was the unconscious condition, where a prime was briefly exposed and followed by a pattern mask so that a subject could not identify it. The effect of an associative strength of prime-target relatedness was also investigated. The associative strength of prime-target relatedness in the related condition was relatively weak in Exp. I, and strong in Exp. II. In the conscious condition, facilitation and inhibition were found both in Exp. I and in Exp. II. On the other hand, in the unconscious condition, only inhibition was found in Exp. I, but only facilitation in Exp. II. These results suggest that automatic activation and attention system were both needed to account for priming effect.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Clinical effects and management of eucalyptus oil ingestion in infants and young children.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the symptoms and signs of eucalyptus oil poisoning in infants and young children, to estimate the toxic dose and to recommend management strategies. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective analysis of case histories of children admitted to the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, between 1 January 1981 and 31 December 1992 with a diagnosis of eucalyptus oil poisoning. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographic data, circumstances of ingestion, doses, clinical effects, management, complications and duration of hospital stay. RESULTS: 109 children (mean age, 23.5 months; range, 0.5-107) were admitted; clinical effects were observed in 59%. Thirty-one (28%) had depression of conscious state; 27 were drowsy, three were unconscious after ingesting known or estimated volumes of between 5 mL and 10 mL, and one was unconscious with hypoventilation after ingesting an estimated 75 mL. Vomiting occurred in 37%, ataxia in 15% and pulmonary disease in 11%. No treatment was given for 12%. Ipecac or oral activated charcoal was given for 21%, nasogastric charcoal for 57%, and gastric lavage without anaesthesia for 4% and under anaesthesia for 6%. All patients recovered. Hazardous treatment and overtreatment were common. For 105 children, mean hospital stay was 22 hours (range, 4-72 h) and for 13 patients mean intensive care unit stay was 18 hours (range, 4-29 h). In 27 patients who ingested known doses of eucalyptus oil, 10 had nil effects after a mean of 1.7 mL, 11 had minor poisoning after a mean of 2.0 mL, five had moderate poisoning after a mean of 2.5 mL and one had major poisoning after 7.5 mL (P = 0.0198). CONCLUSIONS: Ingestion of eucalyptus oil caused significant morbidity in infants and young children. Significant depression of conscious state should be anticipated after ingestion of 5 mL or more of 100% oil. Minor depression of consciousness may occur after 2-3 mL. Airway protection should precede gastric lavage.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Malaria in children, with special reference to cerebral malaria (author's transl)].

Those who live in areas where Malaria is endemic, acquire immunity by continuous contact. This immunity cannot be acquired during a short holiday. Children in endemic areas acquire a more severe form of malaria during the period of developing immunity and more often suffer complications like acute hemolytic anemia and, in the case of plasmodium falciparum infection, cerebral malaria. This is a report of 39 cases of cerebral malaria which corresponds to an acute encephslopathy with high temperatures, generalized tonic-clonic spasms and unconsciousness. All children were between 6 months and 5 years old. Cerebral malaria at higher ages is rarely seen in Malawi. But its frequency depends on the intensity of endemic infection and the geographic distribution of the types of malaria. 11 (29%) of the 39 children died. Treatment was with chloroquine against which there was no resistance in East Africa for falciparum infections and with plasmaexpanders. In 1 case permanent neurologic changes a spastic cerebral paresis, were seen. Unconsciousness lasting more than 36 hours appears to be a bad prognostic sign. The CSF is clear and normal except for an occasional rise in protein never higher than 90 mg%.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Helmet hazards. Do's & don'ts of football helmet removal.

EMS providers must use extreme caution when evaluating and treating an unconscious football player, especially when the extent of the injury remains unknown. Suspect any unconscious football player has an accompanying spinal injury until proven otherwise. If the football player isn't breathing or the possibility of respiratory arrest exists, it's essential that certified athletic trainers and EMS providers work quickly and effectively to remove the face mask and administer care. In most situations, the helmet doesn't need to be removed in the field. Proper management of head and neck injuries includes leaving the helmet in place whenever possible, removing only the face mask from the helmet and developing a plan to manage head- and neck-injured football players using well-trained sports medicine and EMS providers. EMS agencies should work with their local high school or college athletic trainers to practice these removal techniques prior to the start of the football season.

Emergency Treatment↗
PubMed1975

Therapeutic misalliances.

This paper explores aspects of the psychopathology of the patient-therapist relationship, and specifically defines and illustrates the concept of therapeutic misalliances. After a review of the relevant literature, two extended clinical vignettes are presented in order to explore efforts by both patient and therapist to create and modify conscious and unconscious misalliances. A tentative effort is made to delineate attempts on the part of the patient to "cure" his therapist of countertransference difficulties that have contributed to a therapeutic misalliance. Such efforts are based on the patient's extensive unconscious perceptions of his therapist's difficulties and these are documented in detail. In discussing this clinical material, the following are considered: The means of recognizing therapeutic misalliances from the therapist's subjective awareness and from the patient's associations; the interfering and therapeutically helpful aspects of the creation and analytic resolution of misalliances; the techniques through which therapeutic misalliances may be modified; the motives in both the patient and therapist or analyst that prompt the creation of misalliances; the curative aspects of the patient's positive introjective identification with the therapist and the damaging aspects of incorporative identifications with a therapist who is in difficulty; the importance of the adaptational-interactional framework in understanding the patient-therapist and patient-analyst relationships; and the importance of the therapist's personality and behavior, in addition to his role in providing the patient with well-timed and meaningful interpretive interventions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

'Projective transidentification': an extension of the concept of projective identification.

Questions about the concept of projective identification still persist. The author presents the following hypotheses: Klein's traditional view and Bion's extension and revision of it can be thought of as occupying a continuum in reverse. He postulates that Bion's concept of communicative intersubjective projective identification (which the author renames 'projective transidentification') is primary and inclusive of Klein's earlier unconscious, omnipotent, intrapsychic mode but includes Bion's 'realistic' communicative mode as well. The author hypothesizes, consequently, that intersubjective projective identification constitutes both the operation of an unconscious phantasy of omnipotent intrapsychic projective identification solely within the internal world of the projecting subject--in addition to two other processes: conscious and/or preconscious modes of sensorimotor induction, which would include signaling and/or evocation or prompting gestures or techniques (mental, physical, verbal, posturing or priming) on the part of the projecting subject; followed by spontaneous empathic simulation in the receptive object of the subject's experience in which the receptive object is already inherently 'hard-wired' to be empathic with the prompting subject.

Consciousness↗
PubMed1992

[The working alliance is St. Stephan's cathedral. Epistemological considerations of the Heinrich Deserno lecture, "Analysis and the working alliance" (1990)].

With the term "working alliance", as it was discussed by R.R. Greenson in noted publications, an understanding of work was introduced that corresponds with the dominant contemporary idea of work as a purely instrumental and technical process which is alien to the original "spirit" of Freudian Analysis. The author shows that psychological work, which in analysis is carried out cooperatively by analyst and analysand, needs transference to be successful, a transference with the help of which the analysand is able to discuss and specify his unconscious psychological conflicts. In Greenson's understanding the working alliance--supposedly neurosis-free--appeals to the rational part of the ego and introduces a normative understanding of reality. The transference relationship, by contrast, gives room to those psychic forces which refuse to obey the authority of the ego and its tendencies to conventionalize and suppress unconscious material.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Consciousness and altered consciousness.

The notion of consciousness in the English scientific literature denotes a global ability to consciously perform elementary and intellectual tasks, to reason, plan, judge and retrieve information as well as the awareness of these functions belonging to the self, that is, being self-aware. consciousness can also be defined as continuous awareness of the external and internal environment, of the past and the present. The meaning of consciousness is different in various languages, but it invariably includes, the conscious person is capable to learn, retrieve and use information. Disturbance or loss of consciousness in the Hungarian medical language indicates decreased alertness or arousability rather than the impairment of the complex mental ability. Awareness denotes the spiritual process of perception and analysis of stimuli from the inner and external world. Alertness is a prerequisite of awareness. Clinical observations suggest that the lesions of specific structures of the brain may lead to specific malfunction of consciousness, therefore, consciousness must be the product of neural activity. "Higher functions" of human mental ability have been ascribed to the prefrontal and parietal association cortices. The paleocerebrum, limbic system and their connections have been considered to be the center of emotions, feelings, attention, motivation and autonomic functions. Recent evidence indicates that these phylogenetically ancient structures play an important role in the processes of acquiring, storing and retrieving information. The hippocampus has a key role in regulating memory, learning, emotion and motivation. Impaired consciousness in the neurological practice is classified based on tests for conscious behavior and by analyzing the following responses: 1. elementary reactions to sensory stimuli--these are impaired in hypnoid unconsciousness, 2. intellectual reactions to cognitive stimuli--these indicate the impairment of cognitive contents in non-hypnoid unconsciousness. Obviously, disturbance of elementary reactions related to alertness and disturbance of intellectual performance overlap. In conditions with reduced ability to react to or to perceive external stimuli the cognitive disturbance of consciousness cannot fully be explored.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Religious roots of antisemitism].

In agreement with Freud, the author characterizes the unconscious structure of ecclesiastic and of contemporary racist anti-Semitism as paranoid projections of unconscious guilt feelings and of profound narcissistic injury. Chasseguet-Smirgel's thesis concerning the perverse character of anti-Semitism and Ostow's attempt to relate anti-Semitism to apocalyptic ideas are discussed as well.

Freudian Theory↗

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