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PubMed1987

Bonding of teeth.

Discolouration and altered morphology of teeth are clinical problems commonly presented by patients seeking dental treatment. These patients usually complain of poor dental aesthetics, impaired speech as well as adverse psychological effect. Recent advances in the development of tooth-coloured materials, techniques in the application of these materials and treatment of tooth surfaces to accept and retain such materials have made it possible for the aforesaid dental conditions to be corrected by the process of bonding tooth-coloured materials to the teeth affected. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of bonding these new materials to tooth structure. 60 patients were selected with spacing of teeth ranging from 0.5-3.0 mm in width. Using the acid-etch regime, the tooth surface was prepared to receive a composite material which was applied with light-polymerisation equipment. The clinical evaluation of retention was made after 1, 6, 12 and 24 months. The results showed that overall 89.2% of the composite restoration were still bonded to tooth structure after a 2-year period. This may be seen as a favourable success rate which could be improved with further material and technique advancement. The implications are discussed.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2006

Fracture resistance of different partial-coverage ceramic molar restorations: An in vitro investigation.

BACKGROUND: The authors conducted a study to evaluate the influence of preparation design on reliability and fracture resistance of press-ceramic posterior partial-coverage restorations (PCRs) under fatigue. They compared the results for PCRs fabricated of a new press ceramic (IPS e.max Press-VP 1989/4, Ivoclar-Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) with results for ceramic inlays and unprepared molars. METHODS: The authors randomly divided 96 human upper molars into six equal groups. Control group NP specimens remained unprepared. Control group IN specimens received a mesio-occlusal-distal (MOD) inlay preparation. The test groups received PCR preparation designs based on group IN's inlay design, with additional cuspal reduction that increased from group to group. The authors fabricated 16 ceramic inlays and 64 PCRs of IPS e.max Press and luted them adhesively. All specimens underwent masticatory fatigue loading (1.2 million cycles, 1.6 hertz, 98 newtons), 5,300 thermal cycles and observation for fracture patterns. Afterward, the authors loaded all surviving specimens until fracture. RESULTS: No fractures occurred during the exposure to the masticatory simulation. After undergoing loading in a universal testing machine, the groups showed no significant differences in fracture strength values (P = .6026). Thus, the different preparation designs of the PCRs demonstrated no significant influence on the restorations' fracture resistance. The median failure loads ranged from 1,567 to 1,960 newtons. CONCLUSION: All-ceramic PCRs for molars made of IPS e.max Press were shown to be fracture-resistant, results comparable with those of natural unprepared teeth. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: When a posterior ceramic PCR is indicated, the clinician should perform a defect-oriented preparation that preserves tooth structure. Further clinical investigations are recommended to verify the authors' in vitro results.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Occlusal caries formation in vitro: comparison of resin-modified glass ionomer with fluoride-releasing sealant.

The purpose of this laboratory study was to evaluate caries-like lesion formation in occlusal enamel adjacent to a light-cured resin-modified glass ionomer utilized as a pit and fissure sealant and a conventional light-cured, fluoride-releasing sealant. Fluoride-free prophylaxis was done on occlusal surfaces of 12 caries-free mandibular molar teeth that had not been exposed to the oral cavity. Occlusal surface morphology was examined by SEM on the uncoated specimens. Each tooth was then sectioned into 2 portions buccolingually, producing mesial and distal tooth halve. Occlusal surfaces of mesial tooth halves were prepared for an experimental light-cured resin-modified glass ionomer (RMG) sealant (PH-SE II, ESPE), and for comparison, a light-cured fluoride-releasing pit and fissure (PFS) sealant (Helioseal F, Ivoclar) was placed on occlusal surfaces of the corresponding distal tooth halves. The sealed occlusal surfaces were examined uncoated by SEM to compare RMG and PFS adaptation. After thermocycling in artificial saliva, caries-like lesions were formed in the occlusal surfaces adjacent to RMG and PFS. Longitudinal sections were taken for comparison of lesion formation adjacent to RMG and PFS. Mean lesion depths in occlusal surfaces were 64 +/- 17 mm for RMG, and 116 +/- 27 mm for PFS (p < 0.05, paired t-test). Occlusal lesions terminated at the point where bonding occurred between the occlusal enamel and RMG or PFS. SEM surface topography demonstrated adequate adaptation of the materials with obliteration of the typical pit and fissure surface morphology by both RMG and PFS. While both the resin-modified glass ionomer and fluoride-releasing sealant materials protected the pit and fissure enamel from caries development, the resin-modified glass ionomer reduced the extent of caries involvement in the adjacent unsealed occlusal incline enamel, when compared with the resin sealant.

Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Post and core for endodontically treated teeth].

The literature is replete with the various techniques used in the restoration of pulpless teeth. Controversies surround the most clinically successful procedures and general dentist is confronted daily with the dilemma of choosing the best treatment modality. Endodontically treated posterior teeth present restorative problems. The remaining tooth tissue requires special treatment to prevent further destruction. This report presents an effective method for succeeding extension and protection for endodontically treated teeth. The advantages of the post-core system against other types of restoration, as well the indications are reviewed. In this paper the preparation of the tooth and the construction of a post-core by the direct and indirect method are described.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Stress in teeth restored with gold and copper-aluminum alloys under distributed force. Finite element method].

The author studied the stress distribution which occurs in casted metalic restoration a gold alloy type II and a copper-aluminum, with cavity preparation of both types: intracoronal or extracoronal cavity using the finite elements method in a first right inferior molar. The conclusion was that the mechanical performance of both are very similar. Stress occurred in a dental structure which alloy cast restoration are smaller than that occurred in a tooth without cavity preparation. The cavity preparation with intracoronal shows a better stress distribution in the dentine than that with extracoronal. In the region near the buccopulpal line angle occurs a stress concentration in despite of the type of the cavity metallic alloy used.

Aluminum↗
PubMed2006

Correction of congenitally missing lateral incisors with porcelain veneers.

The ability of the dental professional to improve a patient's smile has become a benchmark in modern aesthetic dentistry. When one type of tooth is transformed into another through the restorative process, special care must be taken to ensure correct preparation and gingival contours to create the illusion that the teeth are in their correct position. With accurate digital photographic planning, active patient consultation, detailed tooth preparation, and a meticulous laboratory sequence, porcelain laminate veneers can be functional and can achieve the aesthetic expectations of the patient.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Restoration of endodontically treated teeth: a review of the literature.

Once the individual components of the Richmond crown were isolated from the post-core-crown complex, each was subjected to scrutiny. Consensus declared that the core portion should resemble the ideal preparation for a vital tooth. Current techniques allow the dentist to create an "ideal" preparation to accommodate clinical conditions such as occlusion and esthetics. Post construction evaluation can be divided into two categories: retention and stress distribution. Research has demonstrated that threaded posts screwed into tapped post holes were the most retentive, followed by cylindrical posts, and the tapered posts were the least retentive. In photoelastic stress distribution studies, cylindrical posts showed the most favorable patterns, with screw posts demonstrating the least desirable configurations. There is no exclusive technique that satisfies all criteria for success. Compromise is common and the method with more advantages and fewer disadvantages is chosen. Stress distribution is of greater importance than retention because a post can be recemented if dislodged from a tooth. However, if the root fractures, the tooth is commonly lost. Cementation of posts has received limited attention. Some posts with vents are commercially available, but there is little evidence that this effectively decreases hydrostatic pressures during cementation. An important consideration is the choice of materials. Traditionally, pulpless teeth were restored with cast gold posts covered with either complete gold crowns or gold crowns with acrylic resin veneers. These materials had a similar modulus of elasticity and coefficient of thermal expansion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Crowns↗
PubMed1984

Fracture properties of human enamel and dentin in an aqueous environment.

SEM fractography and work-of-fracture techniques were used to investigate the fracture properties of human enamel and dentin as a function of the temperature of an aqueous environment. Both enamel and dentin were found to be anisotropic with respect to mechanical failure but were found to have little variation in fracture properties with respect to temperatures from 0 degree to 70 degrees C. Fractographs of a naturally fractured tooth were consistent with experimental findings. The results of this research indicate that natural fracturing of teeth probably cannot be explained on the basis of a reduced work of fracture resulting from chewing hot or cold foods. It was also shown that if dentin surfaces can be kept below 100 degrees C during cavity preparation, the restored tooth will not be weakened by an irreversible reduction of its work of fracture.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

An advanced approach for computer modeling and prototyping of the human tooth.

This paper presents a systematic and practical method for constructing accurate computer and physical models that can be employed for the study of human tooth mechanics. The proposed method starts with a histological section preparation of a human tooth. Through tracing outlines of the tooth on the sections, discrete points are obtained and are employed to construct B-spline curves that represent the exterior contours and dentino-enamel junction (DEJ) of the tooth using a least square curve fitting technique. The surface skinning technique is then employed to quilt the B-spline curves to create a smooth boundary and DEJ of the tooth using B-spline surfaces. These surfaces are respectively imported into SolidWorks via its application protocol interface to create solid models. The solid models are then imported into Pro/MECHANICA Structure for finite element analysis (FEA). The major advantage of the proposed method is that it first generates smooth solid models, instead of finite element models in discretized form. As a result, a more advanced p-FEA can be employed for structural analysis, which usually provides superior results to traditional h-FEA. In addition, the solid model constructed is smooth and can be fabricated with various scales using the solid freeform fabrication technology. This method is especially useful in supporting bioengineering applications, where the shape of the object is usually complicated. A human maxillary second molar is presented to illustrate and demonstrate the proposed method. Note that both the solid and p-FEA models of the molar are presented. However, comparison between p- and h-FEA models is out of the scope of the paper.

Anatomy, Cross-Sectional↗
PubMed2000

Marginal microleakage in bonded amalgam restorations: a combined in vivo and in vitro study.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the marginal microleakage in bonded amalgam restorations in teeth extracted a month after restoration placement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine teeth in a patient scheduled for complete extraction were selected. In each tooth, a buccal prepared cavity was treated with Scotchbond Plus and filled with high copper amalgam. In four teeth, a lingual unlined restoration was also prepared as control. A month later, all the teeth were extracted; seven teeth were immersed for 48 hours in a 0.05% basic fucsine dye solution and then sectioned. Sections were observed with a stereomicroscope at 10X. Results were statistically evaluated using a nonparametric Mann-Whitney test for independent data. The remaining two teeth were sectioned and observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). RESULTS: Stereomicroscopic analysis revealed that 80% of bonded specimens did not exhibit dye infiltration at the enamel margin; the same percentage of bonded specimens showed partial infiltration at the cervical margin. In the unlined control specimens, there was a complete dye infiltration at both margins. SEM analysis revealed a good adaptation between resin and tooth and between resin and amalgam. CONCLUSION: Bonded amalgam restorations are effective in reducing marginal microleakage, particularly at the enamel margin.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Tooth devitalization via implant placement: a case report.

This case report documents the devitalization of an adjacent tooth during osteotomy preparation for implant placement. The fixtures were placed without consulting the patient's dentist. Furthermore, radiographs were not taken during stage 1 surgery. The patient started to experience painful symptoms 1 month after fixture placement, and a radiograph was taken at that time. It revealed periapical pathology on the mandibular left canine, through which the base of the implant penetrated. This traumatic injury at the tooth's apex undoubtedly caused its devitalization. Prompt removal of the fixture and endodontic therapy on the canine resulted in repair of the osseous site within 3 months.

Cuspid↗
PubMed1993

Applications of the air-powder polisher in clinical orthodontics.

Air polishers are relatively new devices that have provided dentistry with an alternative method for cleansing the tooth surface. Many publications attest to the efficacy of the instrument in plaque and stain removal while advising the practitioner of potential health risks to the patient. In spite of the information available, little research has been published concerning air polishing procedures in the treatment of the tooth surface before placement of the orthodontic bracket. In light of the research supporting the efficacy of plaque and stain removal, the use of the air polisher has been shown to have no detrimental influence on the bonding of the resin bracket cement to the tooth surface. It would appear that the system may be ideal for use in conjunction with orthodontic treatment. The air-powder polisher has been found to be the most effective method of plaque removal for orthodontic patients without causing breakage of elastics or wires or loss of zinc phosphate or composite material. Another application for the air-powder polisher in the orthodontic practice is surface preparation of the tooth before bracket placement. The instrument should be held approximately 4 to 5 mm from the tooth surface, at a 60 degree angle for anterior smooth surfaces, at an 80 degree angle for posterior smooth surfaces, and at a 90 degree angle for occlusal surfaces. A constant circular motion should be used, with an exposure time of 30 to 60 seconds.

Air Pressure↗

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