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PubMed2001

Algorithms for deriving crystallographic space-group information. II. Treatment of special positions.

Algorithms for the treatment of special positions in three-dimensional crystallographic space groups are presented. These include an algorithm for the determination of the site-symmetry group given the coordinates of a point, an algorithm for the determination of the exact location of the nearest special position, an algorithm for the assignment of a Wyckoff letter given the site-symmetry group, and an alternative algorithm for the assignment of a Wyckoff letter given the coordinates of a point directly. All algorithms are implemented in ISO C++ and are integrated into the Computational Crystallography Toolbox. The source code is freely available.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2000

How special are objects? Children's reasoning about objects, parts, and holes.

Discrete physical objects have a special status in cognitive and linguistic development. Infants track and enumerate objects, young children are biased to construe novel words as referring to objects, and, when asked to count an array of items, preschool children tend to count the discrete objects, even if explicitly asked to do otherwise. We address here the question of whether discrete physical objects are the only entities that have this special status, or whether other individuals are salient as well. In two experiments, we found that 3-year-olds are just as good at identifying, tracking, and counting certain nonobject entities (holes in Experiment 1; holes and parts in Experiment 2) as they are with objects. These results are discussed in light of different theories of the nature and development of children's object bias.

Attention↗
PubMed1999

A ten-year prospective study of aggression in a special secure unit for dangerous patients.

In a 10-year prospective study inpatient aggression was investigated in a Norwegian special secure unit covering a well-defined catchment area with a population of 240,000. The seven bed special secure unit receives dangerous, psychotic patients for long-term treatment. Only 19 patients were treated during the ten-year study lasting from 1 April 1987 to 1 April 1997. Incidents of aggressive behavior were recorded on the Report Form for Aggressive Episodes by the nursing staff. The study aimed to identify, classify and measure the occurrence of aggressive behavior, as well as the relative frequency of events preceding such behavior. A total of 2021 incidents of aggressive behavior were recorded. Seventy-five per cent of the aggressive acts were verbal or physical threats, while the remaining 25% were physical assaults directed at other persons. Four patients accounted for about 80% of the aggressive encounters. Nursing staff were victims in about 90% of the incidents. Serious physical injury was extremely rare. Situations pertaining to limit-setting and problems of communication accounted for approximately 90% of the precipitants of aggressive behavior. There were no sex differences regarding the occurrence of aggressive behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Melanosomes are specialized members of the lysosomal lineage of organelles.

Melanosomes are specialized subcellular organelles in which melanin is synthesized and deposited. Electron microscopic, cytochemical, genetic, and biochemical evidence all support the contention that melanosomes are specialized lysosomes. The relationship of melanosomes and lysosomes provides a framework in which to understand the pathogenesis of disorders such as the Chediak-Higashi syndrome, allows the testing of hypotheses for the trafficking of proteins to melanosomes, and has important implications for the chemistry of melanization and the potential pharmacologic manipulation of that process. In addition, the lysosome-like nature of melanosomes may provide insight into the processing and presentation of melanosomal antigens by melanoma cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Evolution of ant-cultivar specialization and cultivar switching in Apterostigma fungus-growing ants.

Almost all of the more than 200 species of fungus-growing ants (Formicidae: Attini) cultivate litter-decomposing fungi in the family Lepiotaceae (Basidiomycota: Agaricales). The single exception to this rule is a subgroup of ant species within the lower attine genus Apterostigma, which cultivate pterulaceous fungi distantly related to the Lepiotaceae. Comparison of cultivar and ant phylogenies suggests that a switch from lepiotaceous to pterulaceous fungiculture occurred only once in the history of the fungus-growing ants. This unique switch occurred after the origin of the genus Apterostigma, such that the basal Apterostigma lineages retained the ancestral attine condition of lepiotaceous fungiculture, and none of the Apterostigma lineages in the monophyletic group of pterulaceous fungiculturists are known to have reverted back to lepiotaceous fungiculture. The origin of pterulaceous fungiculture in attine ants may have involved a unique transition from the ancestral cultivation of litter-decomposing lepiotaceous fungi to the cultivation of wood-decomposing pterulaceous fungi. Phylogenetic analyses further indicate that distantly related Apterostigma ant species sometimes cultivate the same cultivar lineage, indicating evolutionarily frequent, and possibly ongoing, exchanges of fungal cultivars between Apterostigma ant species. The pterulaceous cultivars form two sister clades, and different Apterostigma ant lineages are invariably associated with, and thus specialized on, only one of the two cultivar clades. However, within clades Apterostigma ant species are able to switch between fungi. This pattern of broad specialization by attine ants on defined cultivar clades, coupled with flexible switching between fungi within cultivar clades, is also found in other attine lineages and appears to be a general phenomenon of fungicultural evolution in all fungus-growing ants.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nursing care of special populations: issues in caring for elderly people with mental retardation.

TOPIC: Changes in the life expectancy of people with mental retardation (MR) and its impact on nursing. PURPOSE: To outline issues associated with health care of an aging MR population. Advances in medicine and technology have contributed to gains in life expectancy for people with MR. Nurses, therefore, will be providing increased care for these individuals in both acute and community settings. Nurses and other healthcare providers must be educated concerning the special needs of individuals with MR. SOURCES: Review of CINAHL, MEDLINE, PUBMED, government documents, and policy papers from 1993 to 2003. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses need education and increased exposure to the special clinical challenges of caring for individuals with MR. In addition, accessible and appropriate community-based services are required to enhance the quality of life for people with MR.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Meeting the educational needs of special populations.

We evaluated the Advanced Placement (AP) program from the point of view of intellectually precocious youth and their subsequent educational-vocational outcomes, analyzing normative and idiographic longitudinal data collected across 30 years from 3,937 participants. Most took AP courses in high school, and those who did frequently nominated an AP course as their favorite. Students who took AP courses, compared with their intellectual peers who did not, appeared more satisfied with the intellectual caliber of their high school experience and, ultimately, achieved more. Overall, this special population placed a premium on intellectual challenge in high school and found the lack of such challenge distressing. These findings can inform contemporary educational policy debates regarding the AP program; they also have general implications for designing and evaluating educational interventions for students with special needs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Specialized addictions assessment/referral services in Ontario: a review of their characteristics and roles in the addiction treatment system.

During the past nine years many specialized addiction assessment/referral services have been established in Ontario. These services are expected to receive referrals from all sources, to conduct thorough socio-behavioural assessments, to refer clients to appropriate community resources and to provide case management services appropriate to client needs. Although definitive statements concerning the assessment/referral services are considered premature, the available data suggests that they are generally similar to other types of addiction services with respect to referral sources and client characteristics. However, assessment/referral services are less likely to be restricted to particular types of clients, more likely to use structured assessment procedures and to make referrals to other services. There are significant differences between individual assessment/referral services, particular with respect to referral sources, client characteristics and operating procedures and the extent to which they also provide treatment. These differences partly reflect differences in operating environments. Most communities with assessment/referral services lack generally accessible outpatient services and it remains to be seen how assessment/referral services will evolve as more outpatient services become available. Data from a 1986 survey showed that assessment/referral services saw about 10% of all cases seen within Ontario's specialized addiction treatment system but they were not significant points of entry into this system.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed1992

Smoking: a special need?

The smoking behaviour of 665 children aged 12-15 years with special educational needs was compared with that of a control group of 842 children in mainstream education. Each child was interviewed using a structured questionnaire and reported smoking behaviour was validated against scores on a carbon monoxide monitor. We identified as the most at risk group children with emotional and behavioural disorders. They had the highest smoking rates and were the heaviest smokers. In contrast, children with learning difficulties had slightly lower smoking rates than those of the control. There were significant associations between the children's smoking behaviour and the smoking behaviour of siblings and 'other adults' in the household, belonging to single parent families, low self-esteem and large friendship groups. The reported smoking rates of the families of both groups of special needs children was found to be considerably higher than that in the control group or in the general population.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of the acuity card method to test retarded children in special schools.

Acuity cards were used to measure the visual acuity of students at a special school for retarded children, including some who were profoundly retarded and spastic. Almost all children could be tested by two testers on each of two days, and the agreement between different tests was good for children with acuities better than 0.2. Children with poorer acuities had poorer agreement between different test results. High success rate in testing and generally good inter-test agreement indicate that acuity cards can be used in a special school setting to obtain information about the vision of retarded children, who are much more likely than other children to suffer from poor vision.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The views and expectations regarding dental care of the parents of children with special dental needs: a survey in the County of Cheshire, England.

A postal questionnaire of multiple-choice design was sent to 122 parents of children with special dental needs in the county of Cheshire, England, with the aim of determining parents' views and expectations of dental care. Replies were received from 85 (70%). Eighty respondents (94%) were in favour of preventive dental advice being given to their children and 83 (98%) felt that an explanation should be given of the risk to general health posed by dental disease or its treatment. A high proportion of parents felt that simple dietary and oral hygiene advice was necessary, that the benefits of fluoride supplementation should be explained and that free fluoride supplements should be issued. The 'family dentist' was most favoured as the source of advice, closely followed by a community dental officer. Likewise the dental surgery was the most popular location for receiving advice, and doctors' surgeries were the least favoured. Parental support for regular school dental screening examinations of all children was extremely high and parents thought that special-needs children should be examined more frequently.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1992

The deliberate self-harming behaviour of patients within a British special hospital.

Within more conventional discourse amongst health-care professionals, 'deliberate self-harm' is largely conceived in pejorative terms. Unlike other so-called 'pathological' behaviour for which the 'sick' are not held wholly responsible, this particular behavioural mosaic carries within its very conception quite different connotations of 'intentionality'. This project constituted a retrospective survey of the phenomenon amongst patients resident within a British special hospital, over a 6-month period, in 1987, prior to the establishment of a unit for disturbed females in November of that same year. It illustrated that the scale, and nature, of the problem was comparable to any of the other much-publicized accounts that have emerged from other custodial establishments. It is the contention, here, that patient characteristics alone are an insufficient explanation for the level of self-harm that prevails and that significant, alternative considerations are available. It is intended that this paper should contribute to the evaluation of the clients' predicament, and the institutional management of their self-harm, within an environment such as a special hospital in the hope that a clearer understanding, and strategy, may be elaborated.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Problematizing special observation in psychiatry: Foucault, archaeology, genealogy, discourse and power/knowledge.

Special observation by mental health professionals is the recommended approach for those people deemed as at risk or risky. Recent research and academic writing have challenged the benefits of observing people/patients who are defined as 'at risk', and a more human engagement process is being recommended. Despite this assault, practice has not changed substantively, suggesting a need for a thorough exploration and questioning of the practices and process. The paper outlines three Foucaultian approaches to historical analysis. It applies aspects of Foucault's archaeology/genealogy, discourse and power/knowledge to explore the practices of special observation as a means of controlling risk, especially suicide risk. We identify the regulatory function of the 'gaze', professional codes and government policy in relation to restricting professional practices. We argue that observation can be related to moral therapy, wherein the person relinquishes madness for responsibility through a disciplinary process and, in governing risk, a 'professional industry' is created. The regulation of statements about people with mental health issues are exposed and related to what can be said and done by professionals. Finally, we look at productive power in relation to observation, and how it is intimately related to resistance. We conclude with 'soft' recommendations for practice discursively produced through the writing of the paper.

Archaeology↗
PubMed1979

Special provisions for women doctors to train and practise in medicine after graduation: a report of a survey.

The findings of a survey of 3262 women doctors registered between 1945 and 1974 are reported. The results are based on 2433 returned questionnaires (75% response). The survey confirmed that the special forms of assistance provided to enable women doctors to continue training and to work after graduation are inadequate. Although the Women Doctors' Retainer Scheme and part-time training schemes are suited to women's needs, they are insufficiently publicized, inflexibly administered and limited in availability. The need for a counselling service for women doctors is not met. Facilities for child care on NHS premises are very deficient. With more substantial provision of all these forms of assistance to women doctors, the scope and extent of their contribution to medicine could be increased. The Medical Register is an unreliable means of ascertaining the numbers and whereabouts of women who may require this special assistance. The main problem now is not a lack of ideas about suitable provision for women doctors, but the implementation by the relevant authorities of the proposals already made, to enable both women doctors themselves and the NHS to benefit.

Career Mobility↗
PubMed1995

Mivacurium in special patient groups.

In special patient groups, drug response may be different from that in the healthy adult patient. Mivacurium dose requirements vary with age, and children require larger doses to obtain any given degree of block, but the elderly often require smaller doses. However, the dose requirements of the neonate do not necessarily differ greatly from those of the adult. There is a relationship between the duration of action of a bolus dose as well as infusion requirements to maintain block and the plasma cholinesterase activity. Patients with renal disease may have a decreased cholinesterase activity and may require smaller doses of mivacurium. Patients with severe liver disease may have a marked decrease in cholinesterase activity, and in these patients a substantially smaller dose of the drug may be needed to obtain and maintain any given degree of block. If the variation in dose requirements is kept in mind and the degree of block appropriately monitored, mivacurium may be used with safety in special patient groups, such as children, the elderly, or those with renal or hepatic impairment.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Coevolutionary arms races: increased host immune defense promotes specialization by avian fleas.

We investigated the relationship between host defense and specialization by parasites in comparative analyses of bird fleas and T-cell mediated immune response of their avian hosts, showing that fleas with few main host species exploited hosts with weak or strong immune defenses, whereas flea species that parasitized a large number of host species only exploited hosts with weak immune responses. Hosts with strong immune responses were exploited by a larger number of flea species than hosts with weak responses. A path analysis model with an effect of T-cell response on the number of host species, or a model with host coloniality directly affecting host T-cell response, which in turn affected the number of host species used by fleas, best explained the data. Therefore, parasite specialization may have evolved in response to strong host defenses.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Anabolic ornithine carbamolytransferase of Pseudomonas. The bases of its functional specialization.

The anabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase of Pseudomonas appears to be extremely specialized. Unlike the other carbamoyltransferases studied, this enzyme catalyzes the phosphorolytic cleavage of citrulline with a very poor efficiency. The main goal of this paper is to understand what, in the catalytic process, causes this directed functional specialization. On the basis of kinetic data and thermodynamic properties of the reaction, it appears that the reaction mechanism is the same as for ornithine carbamoyltransferases from other sources, that is, of the sequential ordered type, where carbamoylphosphate is the first substrate to be bound and phosphate the last product to be released. In addition to this, and here lies the difference with other ornithine carbamoyltransferases, the anabolic transferase of Pseudomonas forms a binary dead-end complex with citrulline, leading to inefficient binding of phosphate and citrulline to the enzyme. Therefore the phosphorolytic cleavage of citrulline is equally inefficient. It should be mentioned that the affinity of the enzyme for citrulline at its catalytic site is low as compared to other transferases.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1991

Outpatient treatment of chronic venous ulcers in a specialized clinic.

Chronic leg ulcers have many different causes and therefore need an accurate diagnosis in order to give the most effective treatment. A specialized clinic was set up in Fremantle Hospital in July 1988 with the aims of performing a thorough clinical and laboratory assessment to establish the cause of ulceration in every patient, and treating patients according to the cause of ulceration. Patients with arterial, neoplastic or dermatological conditions were treated as appropriate for their diagnosis and patients with other chronic ulcers were managed as outpatients where possible. Patients were seen between July 1988 and July 1989. Only 43% had purely venous ulcers, 32.6% had a venous component plus some other abnormality, and 5.2% were purely arterial. Using an outpatient treatment regimen, 67% of all ulcerated limbs and 73.7% of limbs with purely venous ulcers were healed within 6 months. Only 11 patients with venous ulceration (15 limbs) failed on this therapy and required admission during the observation period. The initial ulcer size was shown to influence the time to total healing of the limb. The healing rates achieved compare favourably with studies from other specialized centres and suggest that the majority of patients with chronic leg ulcers can be treated successfully using ambulatory outpatient dressing techniques.

Adult↗

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