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PubMed2004

Sell a book and cook a dog: misery, memory and space from Siberian camps to Apartheid.

In this article, the life story of a Polish woman in South Africa is used to illustrate that stories of exile are 'matter out of place' in host countries. Space is a central category in both the story of exiles and in the collective history of receiving countries, but it has different emotional, social, cultural and political meanings. Sometimes stories of exile are denied a place in the social memory of a society. Therefore, recollection and making sense of experienced misery in foreign contexts is often a difficult and lonely undertaking. The article links the story to macro-political processes and attempts to answer questions regarding the consequences of the lack of meaningful space for exiles to remember. Collective and national memories and ceremonies are often exclusive and offer no place for 'alien' memories. Therapeutic repertoires often fail to address the emotional value of communal sharing a socio-cultural and (meta) physical space. It is argued that because the state does not take responsibility for providing a (symbolic) space for the mourning and reconciliation of people whose memories are out of place, transcultural psychiatry - its subsystem - will have to reflect on how to provide such a space.

Aged↗

PubMed1989

The neural coding of auditory space.

The barn owl's auditory system computes interaural differences in time and amplitude and derives from them the horizontal and vertical coordinates of the sound source, respectively. Within the external nucleus of its inferior colliculus are auditory neurones, called 'space-specific neurones', that have spatial receptive fields. To activate a space-specific neurone, a sound must originate from a circumscribed region of space, or, if the sounds are delivered to each ear separately, using earphones, the stimuli must have the combination of interaural time and amplitude difference that simulates a sound broadcast from their receptive field. The sound-localization cues are processed in parallel, non-overlapping pathways extending from the cochlear nuclei to the subdivision of the inferior colliculus that innervates the space-specific neurones. Processing in the time pathway involves the coding of monaural phase angle, the derivation of sensitivity for interaural phase difference, and the calculation of interaural time difference (ITD) from interaural phase difference. The last process involves groups of neurones in the inferior colliculus whose collective firing signals a unique ITD, even though the activity of each constituent neurone signals multiple ITDs. The projections of these ensembles to the space-specific neurone endow the latter with a selectivity for ITD. Processing in the amplitude channel, about which less is known, initially involves an inhibitory process that sharpens the directional sensitivity of neurones in a lateral lemniscal nucleus. The inhibition is mediated by a commissural projection from the same lemniscal nucleus of the opposite side. At higher levels of the auditory system, neurones that are tuned to a limited range of interaural amplitude differences are found. It is proposed that at these higher stages, interaural amplitude difference, like ITD, is coded amidst an ensemble of neurones.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

A method for accurate analysis of intermembrane space in organelles enclosed by double envelope membranes.

Centrifugal filtration through a double layer of silicone oil was applied to determine the intermembrane space of organelles enclosed by double envelope membranes, i.e. proplastids, chloroplasts, mitochondria and amyloplasts. The organelles, capable of transporting adenylates by an adenylate translocator located in the inner envelope membrane, were incubated with increasing concentrations of adenylates while maintaining their specific radioactivities constant. Intermembrane spaces were estimated by extrapolation of radioactivities recovered after filtration of the organelles. The values estimated were compared to those obtained employing the classical method measuring the intake of [14C]-sucrose and [14C]-sorbitol which are impermeable to the inner membranes of organelles. The intermembrane space determined by the present method was shown to be uniformly smaller than the sucrose-permeable space which was always smaller than the sorbitol-permeable space.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗

PubMed2002

Activities of the Japanese space weather forecast center at Communications Research Laboratory.

The International Space Environment Service (ISES) is an international organization for space weather forecasts and belongs to the International Union of Radio Science (URSI). There are eleven ISES forecast centers in the world, and Communications Research Laboratory (CRL) runs the Japanese one. We make forecasts on the space environment and deliver them over the phones and through the Internet. Our forecasts could be useful for human activities in space. Currently solar activity is near maximum phase of the solar cycle 23. We report the several large disturbances of space environment occurred in 2001, during which low-latitude auroras were observed several times in Japan.

Extraterrestrial Environment↗

PubMed2004

"Aqua-space", a new headspace method for isolation of natural floral aromas using humidified air as a carrier gas.

A new method called "Aqua-space" was developed for the isolation of the natural fragrances of plants. Living flowers were enclosed in a space under simulated natural conditions, and humidified air was pumped into the space as a fragrance carrier. In a comparison among three isolation methods, i.e., Aqua-space, headspace, and solvent extraction, the Aqua-space method proved to be the most effective in retaining natural fragrances with abundant oxygenated components key to floral fragrances.

Air↗

PubMed1985

The masticator space: the influence of CT scanning on therapy.

The masticator space is an important suprahyoid tissue compartment bounded by the superficial layer of the deep cervical fascia, enclosing the ramus of the mandible plus the masseteric and pterygoid muscles. Pathology of this space has been clinically difficult to diagnose and treat. Twenty-five patients with either tumor or infection involving the masticator space who underwent CT scanning were evaluated retrospectively. Ten patients had infection and 15 had tumor. CT was influential in directing appropriate biopsies or therapy in 24 of 25 patients. It misguided therapy once. The gross anatomic and CT appearance of the normal and the diseased masticator space is described along with pictures of representative cases. A discussion is given of the advantages, disadvantages, and pitfalls of computerized tomography of the masticator space.

Abscess↗

PubMed1998

Creating their own private and public: the male homosexual life space in a Nordic city during high modernity.

In this article I describe the male homosexual life space in a Nordic city during the decades around the Second World War. It consisted almost entirely of outdoor places such as parks, public conveniencies, and streets. It included, in Delph's (1978) words, not only erotic, but also cultural and social oases, fostering an extensive and varied social life and a growing community. Most of this outdoor space was invisible to those other than the participants. It had its own differentiation of, and meanings for, "public" and "private." A poor economy, overcrowding, and the classical modern city helped shape the location and design of the male homosexual life space, as did the participation of many men who did not look upon themselves as "homosexual." During this period, and especially after the Second World War, this life space began to change in a direction pointing towards that of today, that is, towards less outdoor life and more life in homes and semipublic indoor spaces. Better economy, the rise of the welfare state, and diminished overcrowding furthered this movement. Among other things, these changes stimulated the withdrawal of men who did not see themselves as "homosexual." The transformation of the city into the spread out, suburbanized city, with segregation of various functions, contributed to the development, as did the obstruction of parks and toilets as meeting places by public authorities. The law reform of 1944, which decriminalized homosexual erotic acts between adults, was also of importance.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Divine space: contemplating the object behind a religious patient's spatial metaphor.

If we accept that psychic space is fundamentally all about "having somewhere to put what we find" (Winnicott, 1967, p. 99), then the patient's becoming aware of and pointing out the metaphor--and her ability to utilize it--indicates that such "place" is well on the way of having been experienced as available for creative psychic use. In the course of this exposition, I also think we've managed to confirm Charles Taylor's contention that "the self only exists in a space of moral questions, that moral topography is not an external addition, an optional extra, but that the question of being or failing to be a self could not arise outside of this space" (1988, p. 317, emphasis mine). In Bollas's terms (1992, p. 31), makom may be identified as "the place of the complex self." No longer played upon according to the whim of external objects, nor even lost--albeit creatively--in the world of transitional illusoriness, the complex self has attained a modicum of detachment from which high point it questions, challenges, and redefines its relationship to objects. Moses and my patient, each in their own ways, sought out this place in the presence of what they identified as Other. Each individual found a medium for carving out a better sense of internal dimensionality, even though this achievement required relinquishing the concrete comforts of the ever-present object and welcoming a certain degree of existential loneliness. In some sense, the Other's reciprocal sense of loneliness and alterity also has been discerned and must be internalized as well, adding that characteristically bittersweet element increasingly recognized as proper to the domain of the unknown within the very limnal categories of internal space. Ultimately, the makom of utmost psychological relevance to humankind is that place made sacred by internalization. And "there, in the solitary space, we repeatedly contact that essential aloneness that launches our idiom into its ephemeral being" (Bollas, 1989, p. 22).

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Deep neck spaces and their significance in cervical infections].

BACKGROUND: Although rare, deep neck space infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. The surgical approach is necessary in the majority of the cases, and the surgeon must know the complex anatomy of the cervical fasciae and deep neck spaces. PURPOSE: The anatomy of the cervical fasciae and deep neck spaces in reviewed. As an illustration, a series of deep neck space infections is presented. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Four clinical cases are reported: 1) a case of Ludwig's angina with several complications (mediastinitis, pericarditis, pneumonia, pleural effusion and empyema, esophageal fistula and septic shock), 2) a case of cervical abscess that appeared without apparent cause, in a young diabetic patient, 3) a case of abscess of the submandibular triangle, and 4) a case of parapharyngeal abscess that came forth after a dental treatment. Data from history taking, physical examination, X-rays, echography, CT scan and treatment and the follow-up are presented. The image tests were valuable and, in two of the cases, they demonstrated that more than one deep neck space were affected. CONCLUSIONS: The literature reinforces the high mortality and morbidity rates, the diversified etiology (dental infection, intravenous drug abuse, infections of the upper aerodigestive tract and others), and the tracheostomy indication made in about half of the cases. It stresses also the need for combined therapy (antibiotics and surgery). Evaluation with CT scan and other radiologic methods is indispensable to determine the site and extent of the process and to plan properly the treatment.

Abscess↗

PubMed2006

Schwannoma of the retropharyngeal space.

We report a rare case of schwannoma arising from the retropharyngeal space. A 24-year-old man presented a 2-month-history of a foreign body sensation in the throat and gradually progressing dysphagia when he swallowed solids and liquids. The patient had no odynophagia, fever, or blood in his saliva. Computed tomographic scans and magnetic resonance images revealed a well-defined and oval mass, measuring about 40 mm x 20 mm in size, in the retropharyngeal space. Because the tumor existed in the retropharyngeal space and was the adequate size, the patient underwent trans-oral resection under the direct laryngoscope without the need for skin incision. On the basis of the histological findings, the tumor was diagnosed as a schwannoma. It was mostly composed of spindle cells arranged in short bundles and fascicles, with focal palisading of the nuclei. The neoplasm arising from the retropharyngeal space is quite rare, because of few anatomical structures in the space. The post-operative course was uneventful, and the patient is currently free from disease 30 months after surgery. Diagnosis, clinical behavior, and treatment of retropharyngeal schwannoma are reviewed from perusal of the literature. When schwannomas are located in the pharynx, they may cause foreign body sensation or dysphagia. Therefore, when a foreign body sensation in the larynx is present, a thorough diagnostic procedure should be performed to evaluate the morphology of the upper aerodigestive tract.

Adult↗

PubMed1971

Discrete-trials spaced responding in the pigeon: the dependence of efficient performance on the availability of a stimulus for collateral pecking.

Four pigeons were exposed to a discrete-trial schedule in which only responses spaced by at least 6 sec were reinforced. After 45, fifty-trial sessions, they failed to meet the spacing requirement in over 90% of the trials. When an alternative, non-contingent key (pecks on which had no consequence) was illuminated concurrently with the first key, the spacing performance of the three pigeons that pecked the non-contingent key improved so that they were obtaining 75% of the possible reinforcers. These data demonstrated the importance of collateral behavior in mediating spaced performance. It was suggested that pigeons may successfully refrain from responding on the spacing procedure only when another stimulus correlated with reinforcement is available for pecking, and that the form that collateral behavior takes may, in general, be non-arbitrary, and species dependent.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Diversity in medicinal chemistry space.

The chemical universe containing organic molecules within a reasonable molecular weight is vast and largely unexplored. Estimations of possible numbers of unique molecules range from 10(13) to 10(180). These numbers have to be compared with the few tens of millions of compounds currently known. Design of libraries that populate the medicinally relevant chemical subspace and tools that help to maximise the chance of identifying leads are necessary. This review describes various molecular representations that lead to the definition of chemical space, drug space or activity space. Strategies for compound selection in such spaces are discussed, as well as potential sources of diversity that could be used to explore the medicinal space in quest of new drugs.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2006

Double hepatic arterial phase MRI of the liver with switching of reversed centric and centric K-space reordering.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the clinical feasibility and usefulness of a 2D spoiled gradient-recalled echo MR sequence with serial switching of reversed centric and centric k-space reordering for high-spatial-resolution gadolinium-enhanced double hepatic arterial phase (HAP) MRI of the liver. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: MR images (frequency, 512; phase encoding without interpolation, 224; 6-mm thickness with 1-mm gap; 30 slices per 18 seconds) were obtained with multiphase imaging in which central k-space line data were filled 10, 21, 49, and 181 seconds after arrival of contrast medium in the abdominal aorta for the early HAP (reversed centric reordering, center of k-space lines acquired at end of acquisition), late HAP (centric reordering, center of k-space lines at beginning of acquisition), portal venous phase (centric reordering), and equilibrium phase (centric reordering), respectively, in 102 consecutive patients with suspected liver disease, including 48 untreated hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in 35 patients. Images were quantitatively assessed for degree of contrast enhancement in the abdominal aorta, spleen, portal trunk, liver parenchyma, hepatic veins, and HCCs. Images were qualitatively assessed for the effectiveness of contrast enhancement in each phase and for degree of image degradation due to artifacts. RESULTS: Enhancement of the abdominal aorta peaked in the early HAP, of the portal trunk in the late HAP, and of the hepatic parenchyma and veins in the portal venous phase. Mean HCC-to-liver contrast peaked in the early HAP and turned to a negative value in the portal venous and equilibrium phases. Sufficient image quality was achieved in 99 (97%) of the patients. One of the other three patients had motion artifacts due to body motion, and the other two had unsatisfactory respiratory suspension. Scan timing for early and late HAP was optimal in 74 (73%) of the patients, for late HAP lagged in 20 (20%), for early HAP was premature in six (6%), and for early HAP lagged in five (5%) of the patients. CONCLUSION: We confirmed the feasibility and usefulness of a 2D gadolinium-enhanced double HAP spoiled gradient-recalled echo sequence incorporating serial switching of reversed centric and centric k-space reordering. This method has the potential for use in high-spatial-resolution double HAP MRI for the diagnosis of hypervascular HCC.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

CT of the pretracheal retrocaval space.

The ability of computed tomography to visualize the normal pretracheal retrocaval (PTRC) space and its contents, at the level of the azygous arch, was investigated in 127 normal subjects. The scan level which shows the azygous vein entering the posterior aspect of the superior vena cava was analyzed. The perimeter of the PTRC space could be accurately delineated by following the trachea, azygous arch, superior vena cava, and aorta. The size, density, and contents of the PTRC space were measured. The surface area of the PTRC space increases significantly with the degree of mediastinal adiposity (p less than 0.0001), age (p less than 0.0001), and aortic unfolding (p less than 0.001). The mean density of the PTRC space was negative in the majority of subjects but varied from -107 to +48 H. Normal lymph nodes (azygous nodes) were detected in 88.1% of subjects. More than one lymph node was present in 29.9% of subjects. Three nodes were visible in each of nine subjects. There were 160 lymph nodes with a diameter of 5.5 +/- 2.8 mm visable in the 127 subjects. Eleven nodes were larger than 10 mm. Normal azygous lymph nodes can be visualized and subtle enlargement of these nodes detected.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1989

The laminar space in the diagnosis of rotational flexion injuries of the cervical spine.

We measured the distance between the spinolaminar line and the articular pillars of the cervical spine (the laminar space), identified on lateral radiograph, to determine the diagnostic value of changes in this measurement in cases of unilateral facet dislocation. Twenty-seven cases of unilateral facet dislocation were compared with 70 normal spines and with 29 cases of hyperflexion injuries without unilateral facet dislocation. Abrupt alteration of the laminar space between two adjacent levels was found to be an accurate measure of rotation of the spine at the levels concerned; on the basis of this alteration, we were able to correctly diagnose 23 of 27 cases of unilateral facet dislocation and 22 of 23 cases of unilateral facet dislocation between C2 and C6. In only two of the 70 normal cases was a similar alteration of the laminar space seen, and one of these was due to a previous fracture. In none of the 29 cases of hyperflexion injury without unilateral facet dislocation was there abrupt alteration of the laminar space. We conclude that abrupt alteration of the laminar space is an accurate determinant for rotational anomalies of the cervical spine and, in particular, for unilateral facet dislocation.

Cervical Vertebrae↗

PubMed1989

Hard palate and retropalatal space in adult Japanese dry skulls.

This is a basic study designed to elucidate the correlation between the lengths of the hard palate and retropalatal space. We also measured the mean lengths of the hard palate and the retropalatal space, emphasizing on measuring the mean proportional lengths of the hard palate and retropalatal space in relation to the total lengths of these two. This osteometric study was done on 89 adult Japanese dry skulls involving, the measurement of five linear dimensions including two modified dimensions. The lengths of the hard palate had a statistically significant correlation with the retropalatal space length. Clinical significance of this study is that, it will be advantageous for the better assessment of the bony anatomy of palatal inadequacy patients, with speech problems, resulting from abnormalities in the palate and the velopharyngeal port. This study also reports a new term "RETROPALATAL SPACE" to represent the gap in the base of dry skulls between the posterior border of the hard palate and the anterior margin of the for-a men magnum.

Asian People↗

PubMed1983

Intercorrelations among white space responses on Rorschach, ego strength, conformity, and self-esteem.

The present study was undertaken to determine the magnitude of relationship between the white space responses (S) on the Rorschach and ego strength, as determined by Barron's Ego Strength Scale. Correlations between the white space response (S) and conformity, as measured by the conformity scale of the Jackson Personality Inventory, and S and self-esteem, as measured by the self-esteem scale of the Jackson Personality Inventory, were also investigated. For 44 female and 12 male undergraduates the correlation between white space responses and ego strength was non-significant, as were correlations between white space responses and ego strength, conformity, and self-esteem. Intercorrelations among ego strength, conformity, and self-esteem were significant. Also, white space responses (S) and the total number of responses (R) were significantly correlated.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Further evidence relating mental capacity, short-term storage space, and operational efficiency.

According to R. Case, a subject's Total Processing Space is the sum of his Short-term Storage Space (STSS) and Operating Space (OS). Case has hypothesized a trade-off between the two, that is, an increase in operational efficiency leads to a decrease in Operating Space and consequently more Short-term Storage Space is available for information processing. To test this hypothesis 137 high school students were tested to estimate operational efficiency (assigned a time limit to finish the Figural Intersection Test), Pascual-Leone's Structural M-capacity, Ms (i.e., STSS in Case's model), and Functional M-capacity, Mf. Besides other results a significant positive correlation of .37 was obtained between operational efficiency and Ms/STSS, which suggests that subjects find it difficult to distribute attentional load from one reserve (OS) to another (STSS).

Adolescent↗

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